The Kweilin incident occurred on August 24, 1938 when a Douglas DC-2 airliner named Kweilin carrying 18 passengers and crew was shot down by Japanese aircraft in China. There were fourteen fatalities. It was the first civilian airliner in history to be shot down by hostile aircraft.[2] The pilot was American and the crew and passengers Chinese. As it was unprecedented for a civilian aircraft to be attacked, there was international diplomatic outrage over the incident. In the United States, it helped solidify the view that Japan was morally wrong in their war against China,[3] however the incident was not enough to spur the US into action against Japan despite Chinese entreaties.[4] The Kweilin was rebuilt, renamed as the Chungking and destroyed by the Japanese army in a second attack two years later.
Kweilin Incident
DC-2 number 32 Kweilin[note 1] was owned by China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC), one of the first commercial airlines in China. It was operated under contract by Pan American pilots and management who were mostly American in 1938.[5] The plane was on a routine civilian passenger flight from the British colony of Hong Kong to Wuzhou, the first stop en route to Chongqing and Chengdu in Sichuan province. From Hong Kong, Chengdu was over 750 miles (1,210 km) to the northwest. The flight had fourteen passengers, plus a steward,[6] radio operator Joe Loh,[note 2] copilot Lieu Chung-chuan,[note 3] and American pilot Hugh Leslie Woods.[7]
The Kweilin left Hong Kong at 8:04am.[7] At 8:30am, soon after entering Chinese airspace, Woods spotted eight Japanese pontoon-fitted planes in what he believed to be an attacking formation. Woods took evasive maneuvers by circling into a cloud bank and was fired upon by the Japanese planes, their intentions made clear. As the DC-2 was unarmed, Woods put it into a fast dive to find a place to make an emergency landing, but the fields were rice paddies crisscrossed with dikes. Woods saw a river and made a perfect water landing with no injuries or damage; the plane was designed to float. However, Woods soon discovered he was the only person aboard who knew how to swim and the swift current bore the plane into full view of the circling Japanese planes.[8] They began to strafe it with machine gun fire. Woods saw an unused boat on shore and swam to retrieve it. During the swim he was repeatedly strafed with machine gun fire but was not hit.[9] On reaching shore, he saw the plane had drifted far down river and was so riddled with bullets it was sinking with only the tail and wing still visible. After about an hour of continuous attacks the Japanese planes left.[2] The survivors were Woods, the radio operator Joe Loh and a wounded passenger, Lou Zhaonian.[note 4] The dead included two women, a five-year-old boy and a baby. One victim had been hit thirteen times.[11]
It was speculated that the reason for the attack was to assassinate Chinese President Sun Yat-sen's only son, Sun Fo, who was expected to be on the Kweilin.[12] In fact Sun Fo had taken an earlier flight that day with a different airline, Eurasia. Sun Fo later claimed a secretary had made a mistake and had publicly announced the wrong flight. It was speculated that Sun Fo intentionally announced his departure on the wrong plane, in effect sacrificing the Kweilin so that his real flight could travel unmolested.[11] While the Japanese government never officially acknowledged why or if they attacked the Kweilin, they said henceforth that while they took care they would not accept responsibility for civilian aircraft flying in a war zone.[13][14] The Japanese Foreign Office claimed not to have fired on the aircraft but to have chased it as it was behaving suspiciously.[14] A Japanese-language newspaper, The Hong Kong Nippo, admitted that although Sun Fo was the object of the attack, "our wild eagles intended to capture [him] alive."[15]
The incident was widely reported, due, in part, to its novelty as the first time a civilian airliner had ever been brought down by hostile aircraft.[2] A popular newsreel, titled Kweilin Tragedy, showed to sell-out crowds for weeks in Hong Kong.[16] It had an interview with Woods and showed the "mutilated airplane, scattered mail bags, and bullet-riddled corpses."[16] After the incident, CNAC and other carriers began making night flights over China, using a new technology developed in Germany, "Lorenz", that allowed pilots to follow an auditory radio homing-beacon to the destination.[17] There was diplomatic outrage over the incident. In the United States, it helped solidify the popular view the Japan was morally wrong in the war against China,[3] but the incident was not enough to spur the US into action against Japan despite Chinese entreaties.[4]
On September 6 an aircraft of the Sino-German Eurasian Aviation Company was attacked near Liuzhou by Japanese fighters while flying from Hong Kong to Yunnan. The company had already stopped flights to Hankou after the Kweilin attack.[18]
Kweilin restored as Chungking
Architect and bridge engineer Chang-Kan Chien (Qian Changgan) was killed on board the Chungking
The Kweilin was retrieved from the river bottom, re-built, and put back into service as DC-2 number 39, the Chungking. [note 6][19] Its former name was not advertised in order to assuage superstitious passengers who might not want to fly in an unlucky plane.[20] On October 29, 1940, American pilot Walter "Foxie" Kent landed Chungking at the rural Changyi Airfield in Yunnan with 9 passengers and 3 crew including himself. Unknown to Kent, who was low on fuel,[19] the airstrip had been attacked by five Japanese fighters minutes before and they were still circling nearby. The Japanese saw the DC-2 land and attacked it just as it rolled to a stop. The first bullet to enter the plane killed Kent instantly. The remaining passengers and crew tried to exit the plane but were either hit while inside or caught in the open while running across the airstrip. Nine were killed (2 crew and 7 passengers). The Chungking then burst into flames and would never fly again.[21] Unlike the unprecedented Kweilin Incident two years earlier, attacks on commercial aircraft had become more common during the course of World War II. It received some local coverage for about a week but was not an international incident. For CNAC it was their second loss to a Japanese attack.[22]
Chang-Kan Chien,[note 7] an American-educated Chinese architect and bridge engineer who oversaw the construction of a strategic bridge on the Burma Road, was among the passengers killed on the Chungking. After his death, the Chinese government named the bridge Changgan Bridge in his honor.[1]
^ abcHu Zhuoran (胡卓然) (July 18, 2014). 侵华日军曾击落中国民航客机 [Japanese invading forces shot down a Chinese civilian aircraft] (in Chinese). Sina. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014.
^ abcCrouch, p. 158. Quote: "No civilian airliner in history had ever been shot down by hostile air action."
^ abCrouch, p. 168. Quote: "Fifteen months of blatant aggression had evaporated whatever goodwill most Americans felt toward Japan. It had become obvious which side held the moral high ground, and why, and although the overwhelming majority of Americans had absolutely no interest in fighting for China, if a few of their compatriots were willing, the average citizen was quite prepared to allow them to do so."
^ abCrouch, p. 167. Quote: "in relating the shoot-down and Madame Sun's address, an editorial in Hong Kong's South China Morning Post noted that:
one of these days, the Great Democracies may find out that there is something, after all, for which no price can be fixed, they may learn that the only proper and wise way to deal with the aggressors is to demand an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. In short, there will be a time when the peace-loving nations will be compelled to meet force by force. Until then, nothing can check Japan from her career of truculent destruction."
