LGBT rights in Asia
Asia homosexuality laws.svg
StatusLegal in 29 out of 50 states
Legal in 7 territories
Gender identityLegal in 23 out of 50 states
Legal in 1 territory
MilitaryAllowed in 9 out of 50 states
Allowed in 2 territories
Discrimination protectionsProtected in 14 out of 50 states
Protected in 4 territories
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsRecognized in 4 out of 50 states
Recognized in 4 territories
RestrictionsSame-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 5 out of 50 states
AdoptionLegal in 2 out of 50 states
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Laws governing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are complex in Asia, and acceptance of LGBT persons varies widely. Same-sex sexual activity is outlawed in at least twenty Asian countries. As of 2023, Cyprus, Israel and Taiwan provide a wider range of LGBT rights – such as same-sex relationship recognition, while at least nine countries, such as Georgia, Singapore and Thailand, have enacted protections for LGBT people. In Afghanistan, Brunei, Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen homosexual activity is punishable with the death penalty.[1][2] In addition, LGBT people also face extrajudicial executions from non-state actors such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Hamas in the Gaza Strip.[3][4] While egalitarian relationships have become more frequent in recent years, they remain rare.[2][5][6]

Historical discrimination towards homosexuality in much of the region includes when Genghis Khan banned homosexual acts in the Mongol Empire and made them punishable by death.[7][8] Many Asian countries have collectivist cultures, wherein aggression is generally accepted by society if it is used to protect the honor of a family. Homosexuality is generally considered to be dishonorable, so homophobic aggression in the name of protecting familial honor is common.[9] The Fatawa-e-Alamgiri of the Mughal Empire mandated a common set of punishments for homosexuality, which could include 50 lashes for a slave, 100 for a free infidel, or death by stoning for a Muslim.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]

In 2019, a survey by The Economist found 45% of respondents in the Asia-Pacific believed that same-sex marriage is inevitable in the region, while 31% of respondents disagreed. Furthermore, three-quarters of those surveyed reported a more open climate for LGBT rights compared to three years ago. Of those reporting an improving climate for LGBT people, 38% cited a change in policies or laws. Meanwhile, 36% said coverage of LGBT issues in mainstream media was a major factor. The top reasons cited for diminishing openness was anti-LGBT advocacy by religious institutions.[17][18]

Laws regarding homosexuality in Asia Same-sex sexual activity legal .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  Marriage performed   Foreign same-sex marriages recognized   Other type of partnership   Legal guardianships or unregistered cohabitation (stripes: non-binding certificates)   Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)   No recognition of same-sex couples   Restrictions on freedom of expression Same-sex sexual activity illegal   Prison on books, but not enforced   Prison   Death penalty on books, but not enforced   Enforced death penalty vte
Laws regarding homosexuality in Asia
Same-sex sexual activity legal
  Marriage performed
  Foreign same-sex marriages recognized
  Other type of partnership
  Legal guardianships or unregistered cohabitation
(stripes: non-binding certificates)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Restrictions on freedom of expression
Same-sex sexual activity illegal
  Prison on books, but not enforced
  Prison
  Death penalty on books, but not enforced
  Enforced death penalty

Legislation by country or territory

Main article: LGBT rights by country or territory
This table:

Central Asia

The accessibility of this section is in question. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Information on making sections more accessible can be found at WikiProject Accessibility. (August 2021)
LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan
Yes
Legal since 1998[19]
No
No
No
Yes
Since 2022[20]
No
Yes
[21]
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan
Yes
Legal since 1998[19]
No
No
Constitutional ban since 2016[22]
No
Emblem-question.svg
No
Yes
Requires sex reassignment surgery[23][21]
Tajikistan Tajikistan
Yes
Legal since 1998[19]
No
No
No
Emblem-question.svg
No
Yes
Requires sex reassignment surgery[24][21]
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan
No
Male illegal
Penalty: up to 2 years imprisonment.
Yes
Female always legal[19]
No
No
No
Emblem-question.svg
No
No
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan
No
Male illegal
Penalty: up to 3 years imprisonment.
Yes
Female always legal[19]
No
No
No
No
No
No

Eurasia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Abkhazia Abkhazia
(Disputed territory)
Yes
Legal after 1991
No
No
No
Emblem-question.svg
No
Emblem-question.svg
Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes
Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[19]
Yes
Civil partnerships since 2005
Yes
Legal since 2014
Emblem-question.svg
Yes
UK responsible for defence
Yes
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[25]
Emblem-question.svg
Armenia Armenia
Yes
Legal since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[19]
No
No
/
Yes
Constitutional ban since 2015[26][27]. Foreign same-sex marriages are recognized since 2017.
No
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples.
No
[28]
No
No
Republic of Artsakh Artsakh
(Disputed territory)
Yes
Legal since 2000
No
No
Constitutional ban since 2006[29]
No
Emblem-question.svg
No
Emblem-question.svg
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan
Yes
Legal since 2000[19]
No
No
No
No
No
No
Cyprus Cyprus
Yes
Legal since 1998
+ UN decl. sign.[19]
Yes
Civil cohabitation since 2015[30]
No
No
Yes
[31]
Yes
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[32]
Yes
Forbids some discrimination based on gender identity.[33]
No
Gender change is not legal.
Georgia (country) Georgia
Yes
Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[19]
No
No
Constitutional ban passed but yet to take effect (Court decision pending)
No
Emblem-question.svg
Yes
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[34]
Yes
Requires sterilization and sex reassignment surgery for change[35]
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan
Yes
Legal since 1998[19]
No
No
No
Yes
[36]
No
Yes
Requires sex reassignment surgery, sterilization, hormone therapy and medical examinations[21]
Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus
(Disputed territory)
Yes
Legal since 2014[37][38][19]
No
No
No
No
Yes
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[37][38]
Yes
Legal, requires surgery for change[39]
Russia Russia
Yes
Male legal since 1993
Female always legal[40][19]
No
Illegal de facto in Chechnya, where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation.
No
No
Constitutional ban since 2020[41]
No
Yes
[42]
No
Yes
Requires sterilization for change[35]
South Ossetia South Ossetia
(Disputed territory)
Yes
Legal after 1991
No
No
No
Emblem-question.svg
No
Emblem-question.svg
Turkey Turkey
Yes
Legal since 1858[19]
No
No
No
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples.
No
No
Yes
Requires sterilisation and sex reassignment surgery for change[43]

West Asia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Abkhazia Abkhazia
(Disputed territory)
Yes
Legal after 1991
No
No
No
Emblem-question.svg
No
Emblem-question.svg
Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes
Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[19]
Yes
Civil partnerships since 2005
Yes
Legal since 2014
Emblem-question.svg
Yes
UK responsible for defence
Yes
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[44]
Emblem-question.svg
Armenia Armenia
Yes
Legal since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[19]
No
No
/
Yes
Constitutional ban since 2015[45][46]. Foreign same-sex marriages are recognized since 2017.
No
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples.
No
[47]
No
No
Republic of Artsakh Artsakh
(Disputed territory)
Yes
Legal since 2000
No
No
Constitutional ban since 2006[48]
No
Emblem-question.svg
No
Emblem-question.svg
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan
Yes
Legal since 2000[19]
No
No
No
No
No
No
Bahrain Bahrain
Yes
Legal since 1976[19]
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery.[49]
Cyprus Cyprus
Yes
Legal since 1998
+ UN decl. sign.[19]
Yes
Civil cohabitation since 2015[30]
No
No
Yes
[31]
Yes
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[32]
Yes
Forbids some discrimination based on gender identity.[33]
No
Gender change is not legal.
Egypt Egypt
Yes
/
No
Ambiguous. Male de jure legal, but de facto illegal since 2000
Penalty: Up to 17 years imprisonment with or without hard labour and with or without fines under broadly-written morality laws.[19][50]
No
No
No
No
No
No
Georgia (country) Georgia
Yes
Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[19]
No
No
Constitutional ban passed but yet to take effect
No
Emblem-question.svg
Yes
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[51]
Yes
Requires sterilization and sex reassignment surgery for change[35]
Iran Iran
No
No
Illegal
Penalty: 74 lashes for immature men and death penalty for mature men (Although there are documented cases of minors executed because of their sexual orientation)[52]. For women, 100 lashes for women of mature sound mind and if consenting. Death penalty offense after fourth conviction.[19]
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Legal gender recognition legal if accompanied by a medical intervention[53]
Iraq Iraq
Yes
Legal since 2003[54]
No
No
No
No
No
No
Israel Israel
Yes
Legal since 1963 (de facto), 1988 (de jure)[55]
+ UN decl. sign.[19][56]
Yes
Unregistered cohabitation since 1994.
No
/
Yes
Foreign same-sex marriages are recognized and recorded in the population registry
Yes
Since 2008[57]
Yes
Since 1993; Includes transgender people[58]
Yes
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[59][60][61]
Yes
Almost full recognition of gender's ID without a surgery or medical intervention (Excluding changing gender and name in birth certificate) ;[62] equal employment opportunity law bars discrimination based on gender identity[63][64][65]
Jordan Jordan
Yes
Legal since 1951[19]
No
No
No
Emblem-question.svg
No
Yes
Allowed since 2014[66]
Kuwait Kuwait
No
Male illegal
Penalty: Fines or up to 6-year prison sentence.
Yes
Female always legal[19][67]
No
No
No
No
No
No
Lebanon Lebanon
Yes
/
No
Ambiguous. Illegal under Article 534 of the Penal Code. Some judges have ruled not to prosecute individuals based on the law, however, this has not been settled by the Supreme Court and thus homosexuality is still illegal.[68] However, a 2017 court ruling claims that it is legal, but the law against it is still in place.
Penalty: Up to 1 year imprisonment (rarely enforced).
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Legal gender change allowed, but sex reassignment surgery required[69]
Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus
(Disputed territory)
Yes
Legal since 2014[37][38][19]
No
No
No
No
Yes
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[37][38]
Yes
Legal, requires surgery for change[39]
Oman Oman
No
Illegal
Penalty: Fines and prison sentence up to 3 years (Only enforced when dealing with "public scandal").[19]
No
No
No
No
No
No
Laws against forms of gender expression.
State of Palestine Palestine
 West Bank:
Yes
Legal since 1951 (As part of Jordan)[19]
Gaza:
No
Male illegal
Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment.
Yes
Female always legal[19]
No
No
No
Emblem-question.svg
No
No
Qatar Qatar
No
No
Illegal
Penalty: Fines, up to 7 years imprisonment[19] Death penalty for Muslims.
No
No
No
No
No
No
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia
No
No
Illegal
Penalty: Prison sentences of several months to life, fines, castration, torture or death can be sentenced on first conviction. A second conviction merits execution.[19]
No
No
No
No
No
No
Laws against forms of gender expression.
South Ossetia South Ossetia
(Disputed territory)
Yes
Legal after 1991
No
No
No
Emblem-question.svg
No
Emblem-question.svg
Syria Syria
No
Illegal in the Syrian Arab Republic
Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment (Law de facto suspended)[70][19]
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender
Turkey Turkey
Yes
Legal since 1858[19]
No
No
No
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples.
No
No
Yes
Requires sterilisation and sex reassignment surgery for change[71]
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates
No
No
Death, life in prison, floggings,[72] fines, deportation, chemical castration,[73][74] forced psychological treatments,[75] honor killings,[73] vigilante executions,[76][77] beatings,[78][79] forced anal examinations,[80] forced hormone injections,[81] and torture.[78][82]
No
No
No
No
No
No
In September 2016, the Government passed Federal Decree No 4, a series of changes to reduce doctors' criminal liability. The new law allows doctors to perform medical intervention on intersex people so as to "correct" their sex, effectively removing either the male or female genitalia. Sex reassignment surgery remains illegal. [83][84][85] Laws used to criminalize gender expression.
Yemen Yemen
No
No
Illegal
Penalty: Unmarried men punished with 100 lashes of the whip or a maximum of one year of imprisonment, stoning for adultery is not enforced. Women punished up to three years of imprisonment; where the offense has been committed under duress, the punishment is up to seven years detention.[19]
No
No
No
No
No
No

South Asia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Afghanistan Afghanistan
No
No
Illegal
Penalty: Death penalty[86]
No
No
No
No
No
No
Bangladesh Bangladesh
No
Illegal for males and females
Penalty: 10 years to life imprisonment (Occasionally enforced).[19][87]
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
A third gender option (hijra) besides male and female is available[88]
Bhutan Bhutan
Yes
Legal since 2021.[89]
No
No
No
No
No
No
British Indian Ocean Territory British Indian Ocean Territory
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes
Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[19]
Yes
Civil partnerships since 2005
Yes
Legal since 2014
Emblem-question.svg
Yes
UK responsible for defense
Emblem-question.svg
Emblem-question.svg
India India
Yes
Legal since 2018[90]
Yes
All unmarried couples including LGBTQ couples given equal rights to married couples
No
Proposed (under consideration)
No
Proposed
No
Proposed[91]
Yes
Discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited nation-wide[92][93][94]
Yes
A third gender option (hijra) besides male and female is available; transgender people have a constitutional right to change gender[95][94]
Maldives Maldives
No
Illegal
Penalty: Up to 8 years imprisonment, house arrest, lashings and fines[96] LGBTQ welcomed in tourist islands [97]
No
No
No
No
No
No
Nepal Nepal
Yes
Legal since 2007
+ UN decl. sign.[19]
No
Proposed
No
Proposed
No
Proposed
Yes
Since 2007[citation needed]
Yes
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
Yes
/
No
Change to third gender "O" legal since 2007, unable to change to male or female[98]
Pakistan Pakistan
No
Illegal
Penalty: 2 years to life sentence (Occasionally enforced).[19][99]
No
No
No
No
Yes
Transphobia illegal

No
Homophobia/biphobia is not illegal

Yes
Right to change gender; transgender and intersex citizens have legal protections from all discrimination and harassment[100]
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
No
Illegal under Article 365
Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment with fines.[19] (Ruled unenforcable by the Supreme Court) Legalization proposed
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender after sex reassignment surgery or medical intervention[101]

East Asia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of relationships Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
China China
Yes
Legal since 1997[19]
No
/
Yes
"Legal guardianship" since 2017
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
/
No
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. However, it is difficult to change the gender information of educational attainments and academic degrees for lack of legal procedures, even after sex reassignment surgery[102], which has caused discrimination against well-educated trans women[103].
Hong Kong Hong Kong
Yes
Legal since 1991[19]
No
/
Yes
Same-sex marriages registered overseas for government benefits and taxation, and limited recognition of local cohabiting partners
No
No
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[104]
Emblem-question.svg
The central government of China is responsible for the defense of Hong Kong.[105]
Yes
Bans some anti-gay discrimination (government discrimination only)
Yes
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
Japan Japan
Yes
Legal since 1880
+ UN decl. sign.[19]
No
* Symbolic recognition in some jurisdictions.
No
Proposed
No
Yes
The Japan Self-Defense Forces allow gay people to enlist.[106]
Yes
No nationwide protections, but some cities ban some anti-gay discrimination[19]
Yes
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
Macau Macau
Yes
Legal since 1996
No
No
No
Emblem-question.svg
The central government of China is responsible for the defence of Macau.
Yes
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Emblem-question.svg
Mongolia Mongolia
Yes
Legal since 1993
+ UN decl. sign.[19]
No
No
Constitutional ban since 1992
No
Emblem-question.svg
Yes
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Yes
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but only after sex reassignment surgery
North KoreaNorth Korea
Yes
/
No
Ambiguous, punishable through Articles 193 and 262 regarding obscenity and decency laws.[dubious – discuss]
Penalty: Unknown
No
No
No
Emblem-question.svg
10-year celibacy required.[107]
No
No
South Korea South Korea
Yes
Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in South Korea)
+ UN decl. sign.[19]
No
No
No
No
No
/
Yes
Protection from discrimination varies by jurisdiction in some areas, including Seoul
Yes
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but usually requires sex reassignment surgery
Taiwan Taiwan
Yes
Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[108]
Yes check.svg
[109]
Yes check.svg
Legal since 2019[110][111][112]
No
/
Yes
Stepchild adoption only
Yes
Yes
Constitutionally bans all anti-gay discrimination
Yes
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but only after sex reassignment surgery[113]

Southeast Asia

LGBT rights in Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of relationships Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Aceh Aceh (autonomous territory of Indonesia)
No
Illegal
Penalty: 100 strokes of the cane or 8 years in prison[114]
No
No
No
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples
No
The central government of Indonesia is responsible for the defense of Aceh.
Yes
Follows the law of the central Indonesian government.
Yes
Follows the law of the central Indonesian government.
Brunei Brunei
No
No
Illegal
Penalty: Death penalty (in abeyance), 1 year imprisonment and 100 lashes for men. Caning and 10 years prison for women.[115]
No
No
No
No
No
No
Laws prohibit forms of gender expression.
Cambodia Cambodia
Yes
Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[19]
No
/
Yes
Partnerships recognized in certain cities
No
There has been at least one recorded case of a legally registered and recognized same-sex marriage; constitutional ban since 1993
No
/
Yes
Officially banned, but numerous same-sex adoptions have taken place
Emblem-question.svg
No
Emblem-question.svg
East Timor East Timor
Yes
Legal since 1975
+ UN decl. sign.[19]
No
No
No
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples
Emblem-question.svg
Yes
Bans some anti gay discrimination, Hate crime protections since 2009.[116]
Emblem-question.svg
Indonesia Indonesia
Yes
Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country, except in Aceh) [19][117]
No
No
No
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples
No
Not explicitly prohibited by Law (de jure), Illegal (de facto)
Yes
Limited protection following legal process by the authorities.[118]
Yes
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery.
Laos Laos
Yes
Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[19]
No
No
No
Emblem-question.svg
No
Emblem-question.svg
Malaysia Malaysia
No
Illegal
Penalty: fines, prison sentence (2-20 years), or whippings.[19][119]
No
No
No
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples
No
No
No
Generally impossible to change gender. However, a 2016 court ruling recognizes gender changes as fundamental constitutional rights[120] Forms of gender expression are criminalized.
Myanmar Myanmar
No
Illegal
Penalty: Up to 20 years in prison (Not enforced).[19] Legalization proposed.
No
No
No
No
No
No
Philippines Philippines
Yes
Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)
+ UN decl. sign.[121][19][122]
No
(Pending) [121]
No
(Pending) [123]
No
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[124][123]
Yes
Since 2009
Yes
Bans some anti-gay discrimination in certain cities and provinces,[125] including the City of Manila,[126]Cebu City,[127] Quezon City,[128] and Davao City;[129]
No
(Pending)
Singapore Singapore
Yes
Male legal since 2022.
Female always legal.
No
No
Emblem-question.svg
Ambiguous, a gay Singaporean man with a male partner in 2018 won an appeal in court to adopt a child that he fathered through a surrogate.[130]
Yes
Yes
Protections against anti-gay discrimination, harassment and violence[131]
Yes
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
Thailand Thailand
Yes
Legal since 1956
+ UN decl. sign.[19]
No
[132]
No
No
[133]
Yes
Since 2005
Yes
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
No
[134]

Yes
Anti-discrimination protections for gender expression.[119]

Vietnam Vietnam
Yes
Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[19]
+ UN decl. sign.[19]
No
No
No
LGBT individuals may adopt, not same-sex couples[135]
Yes
Irrespective of one's sexual orientation
Yes
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Yes
Gender changes recognized and officially practised since 2017;[136][137] previously, gender changes were only allowed for persons of congenital sex defects and unidentifiable sex


See also

References

  1. ^ "State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 17 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  2. ^ a b "Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death". The Washington Post. 16 June 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  3. ^ "Anti-Gay Rhetoric in English-Language ISIS and Al Qaeda Magazines". Anti-Defamation League. 15 June 2016.
     • "ISIS's Persecution of Gay People". Counter Extremism Project. May 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020.
  4. ^ Hadid, Diaa; Waheidi, Majd Al (2016-03-01). "Hamas Commander, Accused of Theft and Gay Sex, Is Killed by His Own". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  5. ^ MV Media (20 April 2014). "Brunei: Sultan institutes death penalty for homosexuality". Muslim Village. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  6. ^ "7 countries still put people to death for same-sex acts". ILGA. Archived from the original on 2009-10-29. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
  7. ^ Onon, Urgunge (2001). The secret history of the Mongols : the life and times of Chinggis Khan. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. ISBN 0-7007-1335-2. OCLC 50664183. And anyone found indulging in homosexual practices should be executed
  8. ^ "Genghis Khan's constitutional ban on homosexuality revealed". 29 August 2007.((cite web)): CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ Lowe, Michelle; Khan, Roxanne; Thanzami, Vanlal; Barzy, Mahsa; Karmaliani, Rozina (August 2021). "Anti-gay "Honor" Abuse: A Multinational Attitudinal Study of Collectivist- Versus Individualist-Orientated Populations in Asia and England". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 36 (15–16): 7866–7885. doi:10.1177/0886260519838493. ISSN 0886-2605. PMID 30924715. S2CID 85566154.
  10. ^ Baillier, Neil B. E. (1875). "A digest of the Moohummudan law". pp. 1–3. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
  11. ^ "How did the Mughals view homosexuality?". History Stack Exchange.
  12. ^ Khalid, Haroon (17 June 2016). "From Bulleh Shah and Shah Hussain to Amir Khusro, same-sex references abound in Islamic poetry". Scroll.in. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
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