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((short description|Iranian-American academic))
((Infobox person
| name               = Laleh Bakhtiar
| image              = Laleh_Bakhtiar.jpg
| birth_name         = Mary Nell Bakhtiar
| birth_date         = ((Birth date|1938|07|29))
| birth_place        = [[Tehran]], [[Imperial State of Iran]]
| death_date         = ((Death date and age|2020|10|18|1938|07|29))
| death_place        = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]
| nationality        = [[Iranian Americans|Iranian]]-[[Americans|American]]
| occupation         = Author, translator, psychologist
| known_for          = ((ublist|''The Sublime Quran''|Institute of Traditional Psychology))
| children           = ((ublist|Mani Helene Ardalan Farhadi (daughter)|[[Davar Ardalan|Iran Davar Ardalan]] (daughter)|Karim Ardalan (son)))
| mother             = Helen Jeffreys Bakhtiar
| father             = Abol Ghassem Bakhtiar
| family             = ((ublist|[[Jim Bakhtiar]] (brother)|[[Lailee Bakhtiar|Lailee McNair]] (niece)|[[Fred McNair]] (nephew)))
| alma_mater         = ((ublist|[[Chatham University|Chatham College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[University of New Mexico]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])))
| spouse             = ((marriage|[[Nader Ardalan]]|1960|1976|end=div))
))
'''Laleh Mehree Bakhtiar''' (born '''Mary Nell Bakhtiar'''; July 29, 1938 – October 18, 2020) was an [[Iranian Americans|Iranian-American]] [[Islam]]ic and [[Sufism|Sufi]] scholar, author, translator, and psychologist.<ref>John Colson, [http://www.aspentimes.com/article/20070815/NEWS/108150041/-1/rss02 Symposium focuses on Muslim women] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904124604/http://www.aspentimes.com/article/20070815/NEWS/108150041/-1/rss02 |date=September 4, 2007 )) Aspen Times, August 15, 2007</ref><ref>Hanady Kader, [http://www.womensenews.org/story/080529/online-matchmaking-sites-court-us-muslims Online Matchmaking Sites Court U.S. Muslims], WeNews, May 29, 2008.</ref> She produced a gender-neutral translation, ''The Sublime Quran'', and challenged the status quo on the Arabic word ''daraba'', traditionally translated as "beat" — a word that she said has been used as justification for abuse of Muslim women.<ref name="The Daily Beast">((cite web|access-date=September 21, 2021|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-three-american-women-translated-one-of-the-worlds-most-popular-qurans|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|last=Zavadski|first=Katie|title=How Three American Women Translated One of the World's Most Popular Qurans|date=April 10, 2017))</ref>
== Early life ==
Born Mary Nell Bakhtiar to an American mother and Iranian father in [[Tehran]], Bakhtiar grew up alongside two older sisters with her mother in [[Los Angeles]] and [[Washington, D.C.]], as a Christian.<ref name=Bakhtiar>((cite web |title=Laleh Bakhtiar: I Follow the Religion of Love |url=https://malanational.org/laleh-bakhtiar-i-follow-the-religion-of-love/ |website=Muslim American Leadership Alliance |access-date=November 26, 2021))</ref> In Washington, she became a Catholic at age eight. Her mother, however, was an [[Idaho]] Presbyterian.<ref name=Bridge>((cite news |title=A Bridge Between Two Cultures |url=http://www.iranian.com/May96/Arts/Bakhtiar.html |work=Religion BookLine |date=May 1996))</ref> Bakhtiar received her BA in History from [[Chatham University|Chatham College]], graduating in 1960.<ref>((cite news |last=Downey |first=Sarah |title=Helen of Iran |url=https://chicagoreader.com/news-politics/helen-of-iran/ |access-date=November 26, 2021 |work=Reader |date=May 15, 2003 |location=Chicago))</ref> While visiting her mother Helen in [[Isfahan]], Bakhtiar was unhappy with being Mary Nell. Helen suggested to her friend and Bakhtiari tribal chief Yahya Khan, who gave Bakhtiar the Persian name "Laleh" in 1957.<ref>((cite web |last1=Ardalan |first1=Davar |title=Her Flag Unfurled: Celebrating My Mother's Indomitable Spirit |url=https://idavar.medium.com/her-flag-unfurled-celebrating-my-mothers-indomitable-spirit-b009c4701be7 |access-date=November 28, 2021 |date=July 25, 2018))</ref> She then went by it professionally. Earlier, in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], at the age of 19, she met the Iranian philosopher [[Seyyed Hossein Nasr]], who encouraged her to pursue Islam personally and academically. Bakhtiar by then was "a Christian without any particular denomination" after drifting away from Catholicism.<ref name=Bakhtiar/><ref name=Bridge/> When she was 26, she moved to Iran to study Sufism and [[Quran]]ic Arabic at the [[University of Tehran]] under Nasr, who continued to mentor Bakhtiar for 30 years.

== Career ==
Bakhtiar wrote or translated over 150 books on Islam, including ''The Sense of Unity'' with [[Nader Ardalan]], ''The Sublime Quran'', and ''Sufi Expressions of the Mystic Quest''. She was also president of the Institute of Traditional Psychology and a Scholar-in-Residence at Kazi Publications.<ref name="Chicago Tribune">((cite news |author=Noreen S. Ahmed-Ullah |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=April 10, 2007 |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2007-04-10/news/0704100141_1_translation-muslims-and-non-muslims-arabic |title=A new look at a holy text |access-date=July 8, 2011))</ref><ref name="wise"/><ref name="naropa.edu"/>

=== ''The Sublime Quran'' ===
Her translation of the Quran, ''The Sublime Quran'', was published in 2007. Bakhtiar's translation attempts to take a female perspective, and to admit alternative meanings to Arabic terms that are ambiguous or the subject of scholarly debate. For example, she translates ''kāfirūn'' as "those who are unthankful", rather than the common translations of "unbelievers" or "infidels". In [[An-Nisa, 34|Chapter 4, Verse 34]], concerning how husbands should treat rebellious wives, she translates the Arabic word daraba as "go away", rather than "beat" or "hit".<ref>Neil MacFarquhar, [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/25/us/25koran.html New Translation Prompts Debate on Islamic Verse], ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 25, 2007.</ref> Bakhtiar believed these translations would foster understanding between non-Muslims and Muslims.<ref name="Chicago Tribune"/><ref name="wise">((cite web|access-date=September 21, 2021|url=https://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/muslim-woman/laleh-bakhtiar-2/|work=[[Women's Islamic Initiative in Spirituality and Equality]]|title=Late Laleh Bakhtiar|date=August 18, 2009))</ref><ref name="slate">((cite web |last=Aslan |first=Reza |date=November 20, 2008 |title=How To Read the Quran |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2204849/ |access-date=July 8, 2011 |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]))</ref>

== Personal life ==
Bakhtiar married her Iranian husband, architect [[Nader Ardalan]], in 1960, while she was a nondenominational Christian;<ref name=Bakhtiar/><ref name=Ardalan>((cite web |last=Ardalan |first=Davar |title=My Mother Was a Pilgrim In Search of Thirst |url=https://idavar.medium.com/my-mother-was-a-pilgrim-in-search-for-thirst-4a1b4c7eb890 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |date=July 25, 2018))</ref> she eventually converted to Islam in 1964.<ref name=Bridge/> She eventually divorced Ardalan in 1976<ref name=Bridge/> and returned to the U.S. in 1988,<ref name="naropa.edu">((Cite web |url=http://www.naropa.edu/ebadi/bios.cfm |title=Human Rights and Women's Rights in Islam |access-date=2010-03-18 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185232/http://www.naropa.edu/ebadi/bios.cfm |url-status=dead ))</ref> where she received her Ph.D. from the [[University of New Mexico]] in [[educational psychology]]. She moved to [[Chicago]] in 1992, and was a Nationally Certified Counselor.<ref>((cite web |title=Biography |url=https://www.sufienneagram.com/biography.html |website=Sufi Enneagram |access-date=September 21, 2021 |quote=Dr. Laleh Bakhtiar, Ph.D. [sic]))</ref> She died on October 18, 2020, in Chicago from [[myelodysplastic syndrome]].<ref>((cite news |last1=Ardalan |first1=Davar |title=Courage, Temperance, Justice and the Enduring Wisdom of the late Scholar Laleh Bakhtiar |url=https://medium.com/@idavar/courage-temperance-justice-and-the-enduring-wisdom-of-the-late-scholar-laleh-bakhtiar-df5f2aa59e4 |access-date=October 18, 2020))</ref>

== Family ==
Bakhtiar had three children, Mani Helene (Farhadi), [[Davar Ardalan|Iran Davar]], and Karim Ardalan. She had eight grandchildren. Bakhtiar's daughter Iran Davar is an author, journalist, and the founder of IVOW, a start-up partnering with the Institute of Traditional Psychoethics and Guidance to develop a conversational AI based on Bakhtiar's written records.<ref name=Ardalan2010>((cite book |last=Ardalan |first=Iran Davar |title=My Name Is Iran: A Memoir |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |year=2010 |page=147))</ref><ref>((cite news|access-date=November 10, 2021|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/ai-technology-resurrects-the-voice-of-laleh-bakhtiar/2021/11/09/fbae511a-41ba-11ec-9404-50a28a88b9cd_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|last=Hammond|first=Joseph|title=AI technology resurrects the voice of Laleh Bakhtiar|date=November 9, 2021))</ref>

Bakhtiar's mother, Helen Jeffreys Bakhtiar, was a public health worker in Iran during the 1950s, and was honored by the nomadic Bakhtiari tribe, who named a mountain after her.

Her older brother was [[Jim Bakhtiar|Jamshid Bakhtiar]], better known as Jim, a psychiatrist. He was a [[Fullback (gridiron football)|fullback]] and [[placekicker]] at the [[Virginia Cavaliers football|University of Virginia]] and he was selected by the [[Football Writers Association of America]] as a first-team back on its [[1957 College Football All-America Team]].<ref>((cite web|title=FWAA All-America Since 1944: The All-Time Team|editor1=Ted Gangi|editor2=Josh Yonis|page=15|url=http://www.sportswriters.net/fwaa/awards/allamerica/alltime.pdf|access-date=2021-11-28|archive-date=2019-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304073432/http://www.sportswriters.net/fwaa/awards/allamerica/alltime.pdf|url-status=dead))</ref> Through her sister Parveen, Bakhtiar's niece is novelist [[Lailee Bakhtiar|Lailee McNair]] and her nephew is former tennis player [[Fred McNair]].((r|Ardalan2010|pp=234–235|q=Aunt Parveen was a remarkable artist... Her daughter Lailee... Aunt Parveen's son Fred McNair IV...))

== Awards and recognition ==
In May 2016, Bakhtiar was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Mohammed Webb Foundation in Chicago.<ref name="c06xWDQatiY">((YouTube |c06xWDQatiY |Laleh Bakhtiar, Ph.D Lifetime Achievement Award, Mohammed Webb Foundation))</ref>

On November 15, 2020, [[Daisy Khan]], founder of [[Women's Islamic Initiative in Spirituality and Equality|WISE]], honored Bakhtiar with a Lifetime Achievement Award.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/480365852|title=Laleh Bakhtiar, Lifetime Achievement Award Recipient by WISE|date=November 17, 2020))</ref>

== Criticism ==
Mohammad Ashraf, head of the [[Islamic Society of North America]] (Canada), said he would not permit ''The Sublime Quran'' to be sold in the society's bookstore of ISNA because Bakhtiar had not studied at an accredited Muslim institution. "This woman-friendly translation will be out of line and will not fly too far", he commented. "Women have been given a very good place in Islam."<ref>Leslie Scrivener, [https://www.thestar.com/living/Religion/article/268835 Furor over a five-letter word], Toronto Star, October 21, 2007</ref>

[[Khaled Abou El Fadl]], Islamic law professor from [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA), said she "has a reputation as an editor, not [as] an Islamic scholar",<ref name="Chicago Tribune" /> and that three years of [[Classical Arabic]] were not enough.<ref name="Chicago Tribune" /> El Fadl also "is troubled by a method of translating that relies on dictionaries and other English translations."<ref name="Chicago Tribune" /> Bakhtiar disagreed with such criticism saying, "The criticism is [there] because I'm a woman." She also said that some other well-known translators were not considered Islamic scholars.<ref name="Chicago Tribune" />

== Legacy ==
In December 2009, American novelist [[Dave Eggers]] recommended ''The Sublime Quran'' on [[O, The Oprah Magazine|Oprah.com]].<ref>((cite web|access-date=September 21, 2021|url=https://www.oprah.com/omagazine/authors-picks-gift-ideas-for-every-reader-on-your-list_1/all#ixzz6aZoYPcwx|work=[[Oprah Winfrey|Oprah.com]]|title=Authors' Picks: Gift Ideas for Every Reader On Your List|date=December 2009))</ref> Eggers said, "[I]t opened me up to the beauty of the faith in a way that no interpretation of the text had before. And, of course, in the book you find, very clearly, Islam's dedication to social justice, to peace and to the less fortunate."<ref>((cite web|access-date=September 21, 2021|url=https://dailynewsegypt.com/2009/08/23/a-muslim-american-tale-in-louisiana-an-interview-with-dave-eggers/|work=[[Daily News Egypt]]|title=A Muslim American tale in Louisiana: an interview with Dave Eggers|date=August 23, 2009))</ref>

[[Jordan]]ian [[Prince Ghazi Bin Muhammad]] approved of Bakhtiar's interpretation of the Quran.<ref name="reviews">((cite web |title=Reviews |url=https://www.sublimequran.org/reviews.html |website=The Sublime Quran |access-date=September 21, 2021))</ref> Author [[Reza Aslan]] has also praised the translation,<ref>((cite tweet|first=Reza|last=Aslan|user=rezaaslan|number=680403580705112064|title=For most accurate I prefer Ahmed Ali. For accessibility, Tarif Khalidi. For feminist take, Laleh Bakhtiar.|access-date=September 22, 2021|date=December 25, 2015))</ref> saying, "For the first time a woman has been able to reengage the scripture from a different point of view, thus producing a gender neutral translation that is far more consistent with the message and spirit of the Quran than any previous translation."<ref name="reviews"/>

Scott Alexander, Catholic-Muslim Studies Chair at the [[Catholic Theological Union]], stated, "her contributions to the study of Islam in the West have been in a stunning array of different of capacities and have resulted in a legacy that is truly monumental. As an author, Dr. Bakhtiar has written a number of books that stand as landmarks in the writings of Sufi masters and especially Sufi women in the late twentieth and early twenty-first / early fifteenth centuries."<ref name="reviews"/>

Shaida Khan, Executive Director of the Domestic Harmony Foundation, a non-profit organization working against domestic violence within Muslim, Middle Eastern and South Asian communities, stated, "...as a female scholar, she is considered a knowledgeable and meritorious persona in the annals of Islamic literature. She is an exemplary individual particularly for women who have been victimized by domestic violence, and also for all Muslim women to look up to."<ref name="reviews"/>

[[Ingrid Mattson]], former president of the [[Islamic Society of North America]], and Professor of Islamic Studies at [[Hartford Seminary]], reflecting on Bakhtiar's life's work, said, "What could be more welcome than an examination of the life of a Muslim woman who is neither a silent victim of oppression, waiting to be saved by a secular revolution, nor an apologist for misguided ideology, but an intelligent woman of faith and integrity? Laleh Bakhtiar has lived a remarkable life - but a life with which we can relate, because while some of her experiences appear exotic to the typical American, her values and principles are not."<ref name="reviews"/>

[[Marcia Hermansen]], Director of the Islamic World Studies Program and Professor in the Theology Department at [[Loyola University Chicago]], said, "One of things that strikes me about the [Sublime Quran] translation is how its reception in the "mainstream" Muslim community—at least in North America, made it less acceptable or even unacceptable for Muslim community leaders to simply repeat misogynistic interpretations."<ref name="reviews"/>

== References ==
((reflist))

==External links==
*((Commonscatinline|Laleh Bakhtiar))
*[https://www.lalehbakhtiar.com/laleh-knowledge-lake.html?hl=en Laleh Knowledge Lake] Conversational AI based on Bakhtiar's work

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Bakhtiar, Laleh))
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Translators of the Quran into English]]
[[Category:American expatriates in Iran]]
[[Category:American scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:American translators]]
[[Category:American women psychologists]]
[[Category:American writers of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:American Sufis]]
[[Category:Bakhtiari people]]
[[Category:Chatham University alumni]]
[[Category:Converts to Shia Islam from Catholicism]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Illinois]]
[[Category:Deaths from myelodysplastic syndrome]]
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Lur people]]
[[Category:Writers from Tehran]]
[[Category:Faculty of Letters and Humanities of the University of Tehran alumni]]
[[Category:Women scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Female Shia scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Proponents of Islamic feminism]]
[[Category:Scholars of Sufism]]
[[Category:Sufi writers]]
[[Category:University of New Mexico alumni]]
[[Category:Former Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Traditionalist School]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]
[[Category:Muslim scholars of Islamic studies]]
[[Category:Muslims from Illinois]]
[[Category:20th-century American psychologists]]

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