Fakir

Lalon

Shah
ফকির লালন শাহ
Portrait by Jyotirindranath Tagore (1889)
Born1772
Jhenaidah District, Bengal Subah, Mughal Empire (present-day Jhenaidah, Bangladesh)
Died17 October 1890(1890-10-17) (aged 117–118)
Kushtia, Bengal Presidency, British India (present-day Bangladesh)
Resting placeMausoleum of Lalon Shah,
Kumarkhali, Kushtia District, Khulna, Bangladesh
Occupations
  • Spiritual leader
  • Philosopher
  • Mystic poet
  • Social reformer
SpouseBishōkha

Lalon (Bengali: লালন; 14 October 1772 – 17 October 1890),[1] also known as Lalon Shah, Lalon Fakir, Shahji and titled Fakir, Shah, was a prominent Bengali spiritual leader, philosopher, mystic poet and social reformer born in Jhenaidah, Bengal Subah.[2] Regarded as an icon of Bengali culture, he inspired and influenced many philosophers, poets and social thinkers including Rabindranath Tagore,[3][4][5] Kazi Nazrul Islam[6] and Allen Ginsberg.[7] Lalon's philosophy of humanity rejects all distinctions of caste, class, and creed and takes stand against theological conflicts and racism. It denies all worldly affairs in search of the soul and embodied the socially transformative role of sub-continental Bhakti and Sufism.[8]

Lalon founded the institute known as Lalon Akhra in Cheuriya, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Kushtia railway station in southwestern Bangladesh. His disciples dwell mostly in Bangladesh and Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and Assam’s Barak valley. Every year on the occasion of his death anniversary, thousands of his disciples and followers assemble at Lalon Akhra and pay homage to him through celebration and discussion of his songs and philosophy for three days.[8]

In 2004, Lalon was ranked 12 in BBC's poll of the Greatest Bengali of all time.[9][10][11]

Biography

Everyone wonders, "What religion does Lalon belong to in this world?"
Lalon says, "What does religion look like?
I've never seen the true color of religion."
Some wear beads as necklace (Hindu rosaries),
others count beads as Tasbih (Muslim rosaries),
and so people say
they belong to a different religion.
But do you bear the sign of your religion
when you come (to this world) or when you leave (this world)?

— Lalon[12]

Lalon's name as written, in a late 19th-century manuscript, by his disciple and scribe Bholai Shah, in unconventional Bengali orthography

There are few reliable sources for the details of Lalon's early life as he was reticent in revealing his past.[3] It is not known exactly when, where and how Lalon was born. Lalon had no formal education.[13]

Sunil Gangopadhyay related in his book "Moner Manush" that Lalon, during a pilgrimage to the temple of Jagannath with others of his native village, contracted smallpox and was abandoned by his companions on the banks of the Kaliganga River.[14] Malam Shah and his wife Matijan, members of the weaver community in a Muslim-populated village, Cheuriya, found him faint and took him to their home to convalesce. While he was growing up, he found his mentor Siraj Sain, a Baul saint of that village.

Lalon lived within the zamindari of the Tagores in Kushtia and had visited the Tagore family.[15] It is said that zamindar Jyotirindranath Tagore sketched the only portrait of Lalon in 1889 in his houseboat on the river Padma.[16][17] Lalon died at Chheuriya on 17 October 1890 aged 118. The news of his death was first published in the newspaper Gram Barta Prokashika, run by Kangal Harinath.[18] Lalon was buried at the middle of his dwelling place known as his Akhra.[19] Researchers note that Lalon was a close friend of Kangal Harinath, one of the contemporary social reformers and a disciple of Lalon.[20]

Philosophy

How does the Unknown bird go,
into the cage and out again,
Could I but seize it,
I would put the fetters of my heart,
around its feet.
The cage has eight rooms and nine closed doors;
From time to time fire flares out;.
Above there is a main room,
The mirror-chamber

— Lalon's song translated by Brother James

Disciples practicing Lalon's song at his Akhra

Lalon was against religious conflict and many of his songs mock identity politics that divide communities and generate violence.[21] He even rejected nationalism at the apex of the anti-colonial nationalist movements in the Indian subcontinent.[22] He did not believe in classes or castes, the fragmented, hierarchical society and took a stand against racism.[23] Lalon does not fit the "mystical" or "spiritual" type who denies all worldly affairs in search of the soul: he embodies the socially transformative role of sub-continental bhakti and sufism. He believed in the power of music to alter the intellectual and emotional state in order to be able to understand and appreciate life itself.

The texts of his songs engage in philosophical discourses of Bengal, continuing Tantric traditions of the Indian subcontinent, particularly Nepal, Bengal and the Gangetic plains. He appropriated various philosophical positions emanating from Hindu, Jainist, Buddhist and Islamic traditions, developing them into a coherent discourse without falling into eclecticism or syncretism. He explicitly identified himself with the Nadiya school, with Advaita Acharya, Nityananda and Chaitanya. He was greatly influenced by the social movement initiated by Chaitanya against differences of caste, creed and religion. His songs reject any absolute standard of right and wrong and show the triviality of any attempt to divide people whether materially or spiritually.

Works

Lalon composed numerous songs and poems, which describe his philosophy. It is estimated that Lalon composed about 2,000–10,000 songs, of which only about 800 songs are generally considered authentic.[24] Lalon left no written copies of his songs, which were transmitted orally and only later transcribed by his followers. Also, most of his followers could not read or write either, so few of his songs are found in written form.[25] Rabindranath Tagore published some of the Lalon song in the monthly Prabasi magazine of Kolkata.[26]

Among his most popular songs are:

The songs of Lalon aim at an indescribable reality beyond realism. He was observant of social conditions and his songs spoke of day-to-day problems in simple yet moving language. His philosophy was expressed orally, as well as through songs and musical compositions using folk instruments that could be made from materials available at home; the ektara (one-string musical instrument) and the duggi (drum).

Songs of Lalon were mainly confined to the baul sects. After the independence of Bangladesh, they reached the urban people through established singers. Many of them started using instruments other than the ektara and baya. Some started using classical bases for a polished presentation to appeal to the senses of the urban masses.

According to Farida Parveen, a renowned Lalon singer, the pronunciation of the words were also refined in order to make their meanings clearer, whereas the bauls' pronunciations are likely to have local influence.[13]

Legacy and depictions in popular culture

Tomb of Lalon

In 1963, a mausoleum and research centre were built at the site of his shrine in Kushtia, Bangladesh. Thousands of people come to the shrine (known in Bengali as an Akhra) twice a year, at Dol Purnima in the month of Falgun (February to March) and in October, on the occasion of the anniversary of his death. During these three-day song melas, people, particularly Muslim fakirs and Bauls pay tribute. Among the modern singers of Baul music Farida Parveen and Anusheh Anadil are internationally known for singing Lalon songs. M Shahinoor Rahman's thesis Bengali poet Fakir Lalon Shah: Oral poetry and tradition in the social context of contemporary Bangladesh on his life philosophy is one of the basic work.[27]

The Lalon Shah Bridge crossing the Padma River was named after him in 2004.[28]

A male student's dormitory in Islamic University, Bangladesh at Kushtia is named after him as Lalon Shah Hall.[29]

Film and literature

Lalon has been portrayed in literature, film, television drama and in the theatre. The first biopic of Lalon titled Lalon Fakir (1973) was directed by Syed Hasan Imam.[30] Lalan Fakir, an Indian Bengali-language biographical drama film directed by Shakti Chatterjee released in 1978 and starred Ashim Kumar as Lalon.[31] Allen Ginsberg wrote a poem in 1992 named "After Lalon", where he warned people against the dangers of fame and the attachments to the worldly things.[32]

In 2004, Tanvir Mokammel directed the film Lalon in which Raisul Islam Asad portrayed Lalon.[33]

Prosenjit Chatterjee portrayed Lalan in the Moner Manush, a 2010 Bengali film based on the life and philosophy of Lalon.[34] The film was an adaptation of Sunil Gangopadhyay's biographical novel of the same name. This film directed by Goutam Ghose, won award for the "best feature film on national integration" at the 58th Indian National Film Awards.[35] It also won Best Film prize at the 41st International Film Festival of India held at Goa from 22 Nov to 2 December 2010.[36]

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ Basantakumar Pal, Sri (2012). Chowdhury, Abul Ahasan (ed.). Mahātmā Lālana Phakira (1. Bhāratīẏa saṃskaraṇa. ed.). Kalakātā: Gāṅacila. ISBN 9789381346280. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  2. ^ Uwe Skoda; Birgit Lettmann (30 October 2017). India and Its Visual Cultures: Community, Class and Gender in a Symbolic Landscape. SAGE Publishing India. pp. 165–. ISBN 978-93-86446-69-5.
  3. ^ a b Caudhurī, Ābadula Āhasāna (1992). Lālana Śāha, 1774 - 1890 (1. punarmudraṇa. ed.). Ḍhākā: Bāṃlā Ekāḍemī. ISBN 978-9840725977. OCLC 246442470.
  4. ^ Urban, Hugh B. (2001). Songs of ecstasy tantric and devotional songs from colonial Bengal. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-19-513901-3. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  5. ^ Tagore, Rabindranath; K. Stewart, Tony (Translation); Twichell, Chase (Translation) (2003). The lover of God. Port Townsend, Wash.: Consortium Book Sales & Dist. p. 94. ISBN 978-1556591969.
  6. ^ Hossain, Abu Ishahaq (2009). Lalon Shah, the great poet. Dhaka: Palal Prokashoni. p. 148. ISBN 978-9846030679. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  7. ^ Ginsberg, Allen; Foley, Jack (Winter–Spring 1998). "Same Multiple Identity: An Interview with Allen Ginsberg". Discourse. 20 (1/2, The Silent Beat): 158–181. ISSN 1522-5321. JSTOR 41389881.
  8. ^ a b Ahmed, Wakil; Karim, Anwarul (2012). "Lalon Shah". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  9. ^ "Listeners name 'greatest Bengali'". 14 April 2004. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  10. ^ "The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 4 Num 313". The Daily Star. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  11. ^ "International : Mujib, Tagore, Bose among 'greatest Bengalis of all time'". The Hindu. 17 April 2004. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  12. ^ Lopez, Donald (1995). Religions in India in Practice - "Baul Songs". Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 187–208. ISBN 978-0-691-04324-1.
  13. ^ a b Tamanna Khan (29 October 2010). "Lalon Purity vs Popularity". The Daily Star. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  14. ^ Capwell, Charles (May 1988). "The popular expression of religious syncretism: the Bauls of Bengal as Apostles of Brotherhood". Popular Music. 7 (2): 123–132. doi:10.1017/S0261143000002701. S2CID 162424600.
  15. ^ Banerji, Debashish (2015). "Tagore Through Portraits: An Intersubjective Picture Gallery". In Banerji, Debashish (ed.). Rabindranath Tagore in the 21st Century. Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures. Vol. 7. Springer India. pp. 243–264. doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2038-1_17. ISBN 978-81-322-2037-4.
  16. ^ "Fakir Lalon Shai ... 120 years on". The Daily Star. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  17. ^ "Interview: Bengali Film Actor Priyangshu Chatterjee". Washington Bangla Radio USA. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  18. ^ "Fakir Lalon Shai …123 years on". Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  19. ^ "Lalon memorial festival begins in Kushtia today". The Financial Express. Dhaka. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  20. ^ Lorea, Carola Erika (2013). "'Playing the Football of Love on the Field of the Body': The Contemporary Repertoire of Baul Songs". Religion and the Arts. 17 (4): 416–451. doi:10.1163/15685292-12341286. ISSN 1568-5292.
  21. ^ L. Parshall, Philip (10 April 2007). Bridges to Islam A Christian Perspective on Folk Islam. InterVarsity Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0830856152. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  22. ^ Muthukumaraswamy, M.D.; Kaushal, Molly, eds. (1 January 2004). Folklore, public sphere, and civil society. New Delhi: Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. p. 161. ISBN 978-8190148146. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  23. ^ Mazhar, Farhad; Buckles, Daniel (1 January 2007). Food sovereignty and uncultivated biodiversity in South Asia essays on the poverty and the wealth of the social landscape. New Delhi: Academic Foundation in association with International Development Research Centre. p. 69. ISBN 978-8171886142. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  24. ^ Rahman, Syedur (27 April 2010). Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh. Scarecrow Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0810874534.
  25. ^ Lalon (2002). Āhamada, Oẏākila (ed.). Lālana gīti samagra. Ḍhākā: Baipatra. p. 12. ISBN 9789848116463. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  26. ^ Tofayell, Z. A. (1968). Lalon Shah and lyrics of the Padma. Dacca: Ziaunnahar. p. 144. OCLC 569538154. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  27. ^ Amt, Chowdhury; Supratim (2 October 2021). "A Comparative Study to Identify the Impact of Fakir Lalon Shah's Ideology in Modern Vision Management Concept of the Organisation". Social Science Research Network. Rochester, NY: 21 page. ISSN 2770-0003. SSRN 3934797.
  28. ^ "Lalon Shah Bridge". Structurae. 22 July 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  29. ^ "Islamic University Bangladesh Official Website". Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  30. ^ "Feature Film". Banglapedia - the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. Asiatic Society, Dhaka. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  31. ^ "Lalan Fakir", Eros Now, retrieved 5 May 2021
  32. ^ Raskin, Jonah (7 April 2004). American Scream Allen Ginsberg's Howl and the Making of the Beat Generation. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0520939349. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  33. ^ "Tanvir Mokammel films screened in Morocco". The Daily Star. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  34. ^ Acharya, Anindita (3 March 2015). "Prosenjit Chatterjee starts an Indo-Bangladesh production". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  35. ^ "Moner Manush receives Indian National Film Award". The Daily Star. 9 September 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  36. ^ Singh, Shalini (2 December 2010). "Moner Manush shines at IFFI". The Hindustan Times. Retrieved 30 June 2015.

Further reading

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