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((Short description|12th-century papal bull))
((EngvarB|date=October 2013))
((Use dmy dates|date=October 2013))
((UKFormation))
((italic title))
'''''Laudabiliter''''' was a [[papal bull|bull]] issued in 1155 by [[Pope Adrian IV]], the only Englishman to have served in that office. Existence of the bull has been disputed by scholars over the centuries; no copy is extant but scholars cite the many references to it as early as the 13th century to support the validity of its existence.<ref>((cite book |last1=Corráin |first1=Donnchadh Ó |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6KRnAAAAMAAJ |title=Ireland Before the Normans |date=1972 |publisher=Gill and Macmillan |isbn=978-0-7171-0559-5 |pages=26 |language=en))</ref> The bull purports to grant the right to the [[House of Plantagenet|Angevin]] [[King Henry II of England]] to invade and govern [[Ireland]] and to enforce the [[Gregorian Reform]]s on the semi-autonomous Christian Church in Ireland. [[Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke|Richard de Clare ("Strongbow")]] and the other leaders of the [[Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland]] (1169–71) claimed that ''Laudabiliter'' authorised the invasion. These [[Cambro-Norman]] knights were retained by [[Diarmuid MacMorrough]], the deposed [[King of Leinster]], as an ally in his fight with the [[High King of Ireland]], [[Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]].

Successive kings of England, from Henry II (1171) until [[Henry VIII]] (1542), used the title [[Lord of Ireland]] and claimed that it had been conferred by Adrian's successor, [[Pope Alexander III]] (c. 1100/1105 – 1181).

After almost four centuries of the Lordship, the declaration of the independence of the [[Church of England]] from papal supremacy and the rejection of the authority of the [[Holy See]] required the creation of a new basis to legitimise the continued [[British rule in Ireland|rule of the English monarch in Ireland]]. In 1542, the [[Crown of Ireland Act 1542|Crown of Ireland Act]] was passed by both the English and [[Parliament of Ireland|Irish parliaments]]. The Act established a sovereign [[Kingdom of Ireland]] with Henry as [[King of Ireland]]. A competing, Catholic claim to sovereignty in Ireland was issued in 1555, through [[Pope Paul IV|Pope Paul IV's]] bull "''Ilius, per quem Reges regnant''", which bestowed the crown of the Kingdom on [[Philip II of Spain]] and [[Mary I of England]].<ref>((Cite web|title=Documents on Ireland|url=https://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/ireland_docs.htm#bull1555|access-date=2021-09-15|website=www.heraldica.org))</ref>

==Text==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|Latin text
|English translation by Sebastian Lidbetter, 2019<ref>((Cite web|last=Lidbetter|first=Sebastian|year=2019|title=HADRIAN IV (1154-1159) AND THE "BULL" LAUDABILITER: A HISTORIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW|url=https://scholars.wlu.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3347&context=etd|access-date=10 Jan 2022))</ref>
|-
|Adrianus episcopus servus
servorum Dei carissimo in Christo

filio illustri Anglorum regi salutem et

apostolicam benedictionem.

Laudabiliter et satis fructose de

glorioso nomine propagando in terris

et eterne felicitatis premio cumulando

in celis tua magnificentia cogitat, dum

ad dilatandos ecclesie terminos, ad

declarandam indoctis et rudibus

populis Christiane fidei veritatem et

vitiorum plantaria de agro dominico

exstirpanda, sicut catholicus princeps

intendis, et ad id convenientius

exequendum consilium apostolice

sedis exigis et favorem. In quo facto

quanto altiori consilio et maiori

discretione procedis tanto in eo

feliciorem progressum te, prestante

Domino, confidimus habiturum, eo

quod ad bonum exitum semper et

finem soleant attingere que de ardore

fidei et religionis amore principium

acceperunt. Sane Hiberniam et omnes

insulas quibus sol iustitie Christus

illuxit et que documenta fidei

Christiane ceperunt ad ius beati Petri

et sacrosancte Romane ecclesie quod

tua etiam nobilitas recognoscit non est

dubium pertinere. Unde tanto in eis

libentius plantationem fidelem et

germen gratum Deo inserimus quanto

id a nobis interno examine districtius

prospicimus exigendum. Significasti

siquidem nobis, fili in Christo

carissime, te Hibernie insulam ad

subdendum illum populum legibus et

vitiorum plantaria inde extirpanda

velle intrare et de singulis domibus

annuam unius denarii beato Petro

velle solvere pensionem et iura

ecclesiarum illius terre illibata et

integra conservare. Nos itaque pium

et laudabile desiderium tuum cum

favore congruo prosequentes et

petitioni tue benignum impendentes

assensum gratum et acceptum

habemus ut pro dilatandis ecclesie

terminis, pro vitiorum restringendo

decursu, pro corrigendis moribus et

virtutibus inserendis, pro Christiane

religionis augmento, insulam illam

ingrediaris et que ad honorem Dei et

salutem illius terre spectaverint

exequaris, et illius terre populus

honorifice te recipiat et sicut dominum

veneretur, iure nimirum ecclesiarum

illibato et integro permanente et salva

beato Petro et sacrosancte Romane

ecclesie de singulis domibus annua

unius denarii pensione. Si ergo quod

concepisti animo effectu duxeris

prosequente complendum, stude

gentem illam bonis moribus informare

et agas tam per te quam per illos quos

ad hoc fide, verbo et vita idoneos esse

prospexeris ut decoretur ibi ecclesia,

plantetur et crescat fidei Christiane

religio et que ad honorem Dei et

salutem pertinent animarum per te

taliter ordinentur ut a Deo sempiterne

mercedis cumulum conseque merearis

et in terris gloriosum nomen valeas in

seculis obtinere.
|Adrian the bishop, the servant of the

servants of God, to his dearest son in Christ, the

illustrious king of the English, greeting and

apostolic blessing.

In right praiseworthy fashion, and to

good purpose, your magnificence is

considering how to spread abroad the glorious

name of Christ on earth, and thus store up for

yourself in heaven the reward for eternal bliss,

while striving as a true Catholic prince should,

to enlarge the boundaries of the Church, to

reveal the truth of the Christian faith to peoples

still untaught and barbarous, and to root out the

weeds of vice from the Lord's field; and the

more expeditiously to achieve this end, you

seek the counsel and favour of the Apostolic

See. We are confident that in this matter, with

God's help, you will attain that degree of

success which is in proportion to the loftiness

of your aims and the amount of discretion you

display as you proceed with them. For

enterprises which have their starting point in

burning faith and love of religion are always

ultimately successful in achieving their goal.

That Ireland, and indeed all islands on which

Christ, the sun of justice, has shed His rays, and

which have received the teaching of the

Christian faith, belong to the jurisdiction of

blessed St. Peter and the holy Roman church is

a fact beyond doubt, and one which your

nobility recognises. So we are all the more

eager to implant in those islands the offshoot of

faith, an offshoot pleasing to God, as we realise

that an examination of our own heart sternly

requires of us that we should take this action.

You have indeed indicated to us, dearly beloved

son in Christ, that you wish to enter this island

of Ireland, to make that people obedient to the

laws, and to root out from there the weeds of

vices, that you are willing to pay St. Peter the

annual tax of one penny from each

household, and to preserve the rights of the

churches of that land intact and unimpaired.

We therefore support your pious and

praiseworthy intention with favour which it

deserves and, granting our benevolent consent,

we consider it pleasing and acceptable that you

should enter that island for the purpose of

enlarging the boundaries of the church,

checking the descent of wickedness, correcting

morals and implanting virtues, and encouraging

the growth of the faith in Christ; that you

pursue policies directed towards the honour of

God and the well-being of that land, and that

the people of that land receive you honourably

and respect you as their lord, all this being on

condition that the rights of the church remain

intact and unimpaired, and without prejudice to

the payment to St. Peter and the holy Roman

church of an annual tax of one penny from

every household. Therefore, if you wish to bring

to a successful conclusion the design which you

have thus conceived, take particular care to

instruct that people in right behaviour and, both

in person, and acting through those whom you

consider well-suited for this purpose by reason

of their strong faith, eloquence and Christian

religion may be planted and grow, and that

everything pertaining to the honour of God and

the salvation of men's souls may be so ordered

that you may be deemed worthy to win from

God that crowning reward of everlasting life,

and may obtain on earth glorious name for all

ages.
|}

== Papal bull ==
((Main|Papal bull))
[[File:papal.bull.JPG|thumb|right|200px|A [[Papal bull]] of [[Pope Urban VIII]], 1637, sealed with a leaden [[bulla (seal)|bulla]].]]

A [[Papal bull|bull]] is a [[Pope|papal]] [[Letter (message)|letter]] that takes its name from the leaden seal attached to it. 
The original [[Bulla (seal)|''bulla'']] was a lump of clay moulded around a cord and stamped with a seal. When dry, the container could not be violated without visible damage to the bulla, thereby ensuring the contents remain [[tamper-proof]] until they reach their destination.

Stephen J. McCormick, in his preface to ''The Pope and Ireland'', notes that it was well known that the forgery of both Papal and other documents was fairly common in the 12th century. Citing [[Bernard Jungmann|Professor Jungmann]], who in the appendix to his ''Dissertationes Historiœ Ecclesiasticœ'', in the fifth volume says, "it is well known from history that everywhere towards the close of the 12th century there were forged or corrupted Papal Letters or Diplomas. That such was the case ''frequently in England'' is inferred from the Letters of [[John of Salisbury|John Sarisbiensis]] and of others."<ref>((Cite book|last=McCormick|first=Stephen J.|author-link=S. J. McCormick|title=The Pope and Ireland|publisher=A. Waldteufel|location=San Francisco|year=1889|pages=Preface))</ref><!-- are the italics in the original? Yes they are.-->

Currently, any attempt at sourcing the original document is impossible as the Vatican says the original ''Laudabiliter'' is no longer in existence.<ref name="Curtis 2002 49">((Cite book|last=Curtis|first=Edmund|title=A History of Ireland from Earliest Times to 1922|url=https://archive.org/details/historyirelandfr1922curt|url-access=limited|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=2002|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyirelandfr1922curt/page/n65 49]|isbn=0-415-27949-6))</ref> 
((Wikisource))

==Background==
((Wikisource|Privilege of Pope Alexander III to Henry II))
In 1148, [[Saint Malachy|Malachy]] of [[Armagh]] died at [[Clairvaux Abbey|Clairvaux]] while on his way to [[Rome]]. Shortly thereafter [[Bernard of Clairvaux|Bernard]] wrote the ''Life of Malachy''. As an exercise in [[hagiography]] rather than history, Bernard presented his friend as a reforming [[Archbishop]], and exaggerated the obstacles Malachy had to overcome: "Never before had he known the like, in whatever depth of barbarism; never had he found men so shameless in regard of morals, so dead in regard of rites, so stubborn in regard of discipline, so unclean in regard of life. They were Christians in name, in fact pagans."<ref name="Lawlor">Lawlor, H.J., ''St. Bernard of Clairvaux's Life of St. Malachy of Armagh'', The Macmillan Company, London, 1920</ref> Bernard's characterization did much to form the general view of [[Europe]] towards the [[Ireland|Irish]].<ref name=Martin/>

The twenty-one-year old [[Henry II of England|Henry FitzEmpress]] came to the throne of England on 19 December 1154, after almost twenty years of [[The Anarchy|civil war]] between his mother, the [[Empress Matilda]] and her cousin, [[Stephen, King of England|Stephen of Blois]]. Less than three weeks earlier, an Englishman, Nicholas Breakspear had become Pope taking the name [[Pope Adrian IV|Adrian]].

The following September the royal council met at [[Winchester]] and discussed invading Ireland and giving it to Henry's youngest brother [[William FitzEmpress|William]]. [[Theobald of Bec]] was Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1148, he secured from [[Pope Eugene III]], Canterbury's jurisdiction over the bishops of Wales.<ref name="Lawrence101">Duggan "From the Conquest to the Death of John" ''English Church and the Papacy'' pp. 101–102</ref> Theobald exercised a theoretical claim to jurisdiction over Irish sees in consecrating the [[Bishop of Limerick]] in 1140. But in 1152, in conjunction with the [[Synod of Kells]], the papal legate appointed the [[Archbishop of Armagh]] [[Primate (bishop)|primate]] of Ireland. With his metropolitan aspirations frustrated, Theobald was likely one of Henry's advisors who urged the conquest of Ireland.<ref name="Martin">[https://books.google.com/books?id=8vSht2aNHR4C&dq=Theobald+of+Bec+and+Ireland&pg=PA57 Martin, Francis Xavier. "Dairmait Mac Murchada and the coming of the Anglo-Normans", ''A New History of Ireland'', Volume II, (Art Cosgrove, ed.) Oxford University Press, 2008] ((ISBN|9780199539703))</ref>

However, the plans were put aside for the time being when Henry's mother, the Empress Matilda, spoke against it.<ref>((Cite book|last=Mackie|first=J. Duncan|title=Pope Adrian IV. The Lothian Essay|publisher=B. H. Blackwell|location=Oxford|year=1907|page=111))</ref> Henry, had his hands full of domestic troubles with the refractory barons in England, with the Welsh, and with the discordant elements in his French dominions, and could not undertake a military operation like the invasion of Ireland.<ref name=aua/>

In May 1169, [[Cambro-Norman]] mercenaries landed in Ireland at the request of [[Diarmait Mac Murchada|Dermot MacMurragh]], the ousted King of Leinster, who had sought help in regaining his kingdom. Henry authorised Diarmait to seek help from the soldiers and mercenaries in his kingdom in exchange for an oath of allegiance. In October 1171, Henry landed a large army in Ireland to establish control over both the Cambro-Normans and the Irish.

==Bull ''Laudabiliter''==
Historians such as [[Laurence Ginnell]], believe the letters written in the 12th century relating to Ireland were never sealed with any seal and are not correctly called ''bulls'' but rather ''privilegia'' or [[Privilege (social inequality)|privileges]].<ref name="Ginnell 1899 1">((Cite book|last=Ginnell|first=Laurence|title=The Doubtful Grant of Ireland By Pope Adrian IV. To King Henry Investigated|publisher=Fallon & Co|location=Dublin|year=1899|page=1))</ref> [[J. H. Round]] says that the grant of Ireland by Adrian is erroneously styled "the Bull Laudabiliter". It has been so long spoken of as a ''bull'', he says, that one hardly knows how to describe it. He suggests that as long as it is realised that it was only a commendatory letter no mistake can arise.<ref>((Cite book|last=Round M.A.|first=J. H.|title=The Commune of London and other Studies|publisher=Archibald Constable and Co|location=Westminster|year=1899|pages=171–172))</ref>

[[Image:PopeAdrianIVCameo.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Cameo of Pope Adrian IV]]
In 1155, Pope Adrian IV issued the papal bull ''Laudabiliter''. The document supposedly commissioned the King Henry II to intervene in Ireland to assist in the reform of the governance of the Irish Church and the Irish system of governance according to the [[Latin Church]] ecclesiastical system. This followed the structural reform of the [[Celtic Christianity|Church in Ireland]] as defined shortly before at the 1152 [[Synod of Kells]].((sfn|Curtis|2002|pp=39–40)) The bull derives its title from the Latin word ''laudabiliter''<ref>((Cite book|last=Salzman|first=Louis Francis|author-link=Louis Francis Salzman|title=Original Sources of English History|publisher=W. Heffer & Sons Ltd|location=Cambridge|year=1921|page=66))</ref> (meaning ''laudably'' or ''in a praiseworthy manner''), which is the opening word in the bull, the usual manner in which bulls are named.

[[John of Salisbury]] writes, "I recollect a journey I once made into Apulia for the purpose of visiting his Holiness, Pope Adrian IV. I stayed with him at Beneventum for nearly three months".<ref>John of Salisbury, ''Polycraticus'', VI, 24; P.L. CXCIX, 623</ref> In ''English Misrule in Ireland: A Course of Lectures in Reply to J. A. Froude'', Burke states that Pope Adrian was elected on the 3rd of December 1154 and suggests that it must have taken at least a month in those days before news of the election would have arrived in England, and at least another before John of Salisbury arrived in Rome making his arrival there around March 1155.((sfn|Burke|1873|p=27))

In his 1159 ''Metalogicon'', John of Salisbury states that on the occasion of his visit to Adrian IV at Benevento between November 1155 and July 1156, the latter, at his request, granted to Henry II of England the "hereditary possession" of Ireland; he mentioned documentation as well as a ring of investiture, preserved in the public treasury, which he, John, had conveyed from the pope to the king.<ref name="aua">[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01156c.htm Ua Clerigh, Arthur. "Pope Adrian IV." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 21 Jul. 2015</ref> Alfread H. Tarleton in ''Nicholas Breakspear (Adrian IV.) Englishman and Pope'', suggests that the letter and the ring were deposited at Winchester.

[[Giraldus Cambrensis]] incorporated what was purported to be a copy of ''Laudabiliter'' in his 1189 ''Expugnatio Hibernica'' ("Conquest of Ireland").<ref>Wright, T. ''The Historical works of Giraldus Cambrensis'' (1913) London</ref>

==Authenticity debate==
[[File:Henry II of England.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Henry II of England]]]]
According to Curtis for the text of the ''Laudabiliter'' we only have Giraldus Cambrensis' ''Conquest of Ireland'' written around 1188, though in it his dating is not accurate, he says he must have had some such "genuine document before him". He suggests that better evidence for the grant of Ireland can be found in [[John of Salisbury]]'s ''Metalogicus'', written about 1159.<ref name="Curtis 2002 49"/>

===John of Salisbury===
At the beginning of his reign, Henry II sent Rotrodus, [[Bishop of Evreux]], Arnold, [[Bishop of Lisieux]], the [[Bishop of Le Mans]] and Robert of Gorham, Abbot of [[St. Albans]] as ambassadors to Adrian IV.((sfn|Gasquet|1922|pp=155–156)) The date of this mission is the same as that claimed by Salisbury for his visit, 1155. Alfread H. Tarleton gives the date of 9 October, St. Dionysius's day, when the ambassadors set out.<ref>((cite book |last1=Tarleton |first1=Alfred Henry |title=Nicholas Breakspear (Adrian IV.): Englishman and Pope |date=1896 |publisher=A. L. Humphreys |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--CdDLHbxG4C |language=en))</ref> [[L. F. Rushbrook Williams]] also gives 9 October 1155.<ref>Williams, L. F. Rushbrook. ''History of the Abbey of St. Alban'', Longman's Green & Co. London 1917, pp.70–71</ref> While both mention Robert of Gorham assisting in some royal business and being a part of deputation including three bishops selected by Henry neither mention John of Salisbury. However, John D. Hosler thinks "It is clear that John of Salibury did indeed travel to Rome as part of Henry's first embassy to Pope Adrian.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=h_H2a8PPvjcC&dq=laudabiliter&pg=PA237 Hosler, John D., ''Henry II: A Medieval Soldier at War, 1147-1189'', BRILL, 2007] ((ISBN|9789004157248))</ref>

According to L. F. Rushbrook Williams, Abbot Robert of Gorham evidently saw with the elevation of Adrian IV an opportunity of acquiring privileges for St. Albans with the ostensible object of assisting in the settlement of some royal business which was in progress at the curia.<ref>((Cite book|last=Williams|first=L. F. Rushbrook|title=History of the Abbey of St. Alban |publisher=Longman's Green & Co.|location=London|year=1917|pages=70–71))</ref> Alfread H Tarleton suggests that some historians have stated that John of Salisbury accompanied this mission but this is a mistake, based on a confusion of the fact that John had many interviews with the Pope at Beneventum. The mistake may be due to the fact that the King, hearing John intended to visit the Pope, sent messages and letters through him in addition to employing a regular messenger, in the person of Robert the Abbot.((sfn|Tarleton|1896|pp=133–134))

Gasquet suggests that there is almost conclusively evidence, that while a request of the nature described by Salisbury was made about this time to the Pope, Salisbury was not the envoy sent to make it.((sfn|Gasquet|1922|p=153)) John of Salisbury, he notes, claims in ''Metalogicus'' to have been the ambassador for Henry II and obtained ''Laudabiliter'' for him and gives the year 1155 as the date when it was granted. With Bernard of Clairvaux's ''Life of Malachy'' and its description of the Irish as little more than savages, John of Salisbury found a ready audience in Rome when he spoke about the barbaric and impious people of Ireland.<ref name=Martin/>

Salisbury finished his work called ''Polycraticus'', written before ''Metalogicus'' he dedicated it to [[Thomas Becket]], then [[Chancellor of England]] and later a saint, who at this time was with Henry at the siege of Toulouse. This was in 1159; and in that year, Salisbury was presented to Henry apparently for the first time, by Thomas.((sfn|Gasquet|1922|pp=155, 157))

====''Metalogicus'' and ''Polycraticus''====
According to Stephen J. McCormick, the date that ''Metalogicus'' was written is fixed according to the author himself, pointing to the fact that John of Salisbury immediately before he tells us that the news of Pope Adrian's death had reached him his own patron, Theobald of Bec, [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], though still living, was "weighed down by many infirmities." Pope Adrian died in 1159 he says and the death of Archbishop, Theobald of Bec occurred in 1161. Gile and other editors of John of Salisbury's works, without a dissent, refer the ''Metalogicus'' to the year 1159, a view shared by Curtis.<ref name="McCormick 1889 29"/>((sfn|Curtis|2002|p=39))

John of Salisbury, in his ''Metalogicus'' (lib. iv., cap. 42) writes, that while he was in an official capacity at the [[Papal Court]], in 1155, Pope Adrian IV, granted the investiture of Ireland Henry II of England. However, John of Salisbury also kept a diary, later published, entitled ''Polycraticus'' and had a detailed account of the various incidents of his embassy to Pope Adrian, yet in it he makes no mention of the Bull, or of the gold ring and its fine emerald, mentioned in ''Metalogicus'' or of the grant of Ireland, all of which would have been so important for his narrative in ''Metalogicus''.<ref name="McCormick 1889 29"/> If Adrian granted this Bull to Henry at the solicitation of John of Salisbury in 1155 there is but one explanation for the silence in ''Polycraticus'', according to McCormick and that this secrecy was required by the English monarch.<ref name="McCormick 1889 30">((Cite book|last=McCormick|first=Stephen J.|title=The Pope and Ireland|publisher=A. Waldteufel|location=San Francisco|year=1889|page=30))</ref>

J. Duncan Mackie writes that those who desire to do away altogether with ''Laudabiliter'', find in the last chapter of the sixth book of the ''Metalogicus'', an account of the transaction between John and Pope Adrian and in this passage is an almost insurmountable difficulty. It become necessary he says to assume that it is an interpolation, and this can only be done "in the face of all probability."((sfn|Mackie|1907|pp=114–115))

===Giraldus Cambrensis===
John of Salisbury, speaking of the existence of ''Laudabiliter'' in the last chapter of the ''Metalogicus'' does not give its text and it was at least thirty years after Adrian's death that the ''Laudabiliter'' itself first appeared in the ''Expugnatio Hibernica'' of Giraldus Cambrensis.<ref name="Thatcher">((cite book |last=Thatcher |first=Oliver Joseph |title=Studies Concerning Adrian IV |publisher=The Decennial Publications |location=Chicago |date=1903 |page=4))</ref>

Oliver Joseph Thatcher suggests that the trustworthiness of Giraldus, to whom he says we owe ''Laudabiliter'' preservation, has nothing to do with the question of its genuineness, and should be left out of the discussion.<ref name=Thatcher/> However, [[Thomas Moore]] says the character of the man himself ought to be taken into account,<ref>((Cite book|last=Moore|first=Thomas|title=The History of Ireland|publisher=Longman, Orme, Brown, Green|location=London|year=1840|edition=New|volume=2|page=342|chapter=XXXII))</ref> and Michael Richter says that as no copy of the text survives, the issue becomes the credibility of those authors who recorded it on their works.<ref>Richter, Michael. "The First Century of Anglo-Irish Relations", ''History'', 59, 1974, pp.195-210</ref>

According to Thatcher, Giraldus Cambrensis apparently drew a false inference from John of Salisbury's works by saying that John went as the king's ambassador to the pope. Thatcher notes that other historians have since then unthinkingly copied this statement.<ref name=Thatcher/>

Giraldus first published ''Expugnatio Hibernica'' around the year 1188. According to Gasquet every subsequent English chronicler who mentions ''Laudabiliter'' has simply accepted it on Giraldus's authority.((sfn|Gasquet|1922|p=160))
James F. Dimock notes that some late Irish writers seemed to him to put more faith in Giraldus's history than it really deserves.<ref>((Cite book|author=Giraldus Cambrensis|others=Published for The Early English Text Society|title=The English Conquest of Ireland a.d. 1166–1185: Mainly from the 'Expugnato Hibernica' of Giraldus Cambrensis|editor=Frederick J. Furnivall M.A.|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Limited|location=London|year=1891|volume=1|pages=xiii))</ref> Dimock, who edited ''Giraldi Cambrensis Opera'', says that ''De Expugnatione Hiberniae'' is, in great measure, rather "a poetical fiction than a prosaic truthful history."((sfn|Thatcher|1903|p=4))

===Date the Bull was produced===
On the question of the date when ''Laudabiliter'' was first publicized, most of those who deny its authenticity believe that it was first made known about 1180 according to Ginnell.((sfn|Ginnell|1899|p=7))
Ua Clerigh believes ''Laudabiliter'' was probably prepared in 1156, but not forwarded at that time because the offer of Adrian was not then acted on, though the investiture was accepted.<ref name=aua/>

According to Burke, in the year 1174 King Henry II produced ''Laudabiliter'' which he said he got from Pope Adrian IV, permitting him to go to Ireland.((sfn|Burke|1873|pp=27–28)) For twenty years, according to McCormick, that is from 1155 to 1175, there was no mention of the gift of Adrian. Henry did not refer to it when authorising his vassals to join [[Dermot MacMurrough]] in 1167, or when he himself set out for Ireland to receive the homage of the Irish princes and not even after he assumed his new title and accomplished the purpose of his expedition.<ref name="McCormick 1889 30"/>

Curtis, however, while accepting that it is true that the ''Laudabiliter'' was not published by Henry when in Ireland, that can be explained by his being alienated from [[Catholic Church|Rome]] over the murder of [[Thomas Becket]], in addition to the Empress Matilda's having protested against this invasion of Ireland.<ref name="Curtis 2002 49"/> The date, Burke writes, that was on ''Laudabiliter'' was 1154, therefore it was consequently twenty years old. During this twenty-year period nobody ever heard of this ''Laudabiliter'' except Henry, and it was said that Henry kept this a secret, because his mother, the Empress Matilda, did not want Henry to act on it.((sfn|Burke|1873|pp=27–28))

The [[Synod of Cashel]] in 1172, McCormick notes was the first Episcopal assembly after Henry's arrival in Ireland. The [[Papal Legate]] was present and had Adrian's Bull existed it should necessarily have engaged the attention of the assembled Fathers. However, "not a whisper" as to Adrian's grant he says was to be heard at that Council. Even the learned editor of ''Cambrensis Eversus'' Dr. Kelly, while asserting the genuineness of Adrian's Bull, admits "there is not any, even the slightest authority, for asserting that its existence was known in Ireland before the year 1172, or for three years later".<ref name="McCormick 1889 30"/>((sfn|Ginnell|1899|p=7))

McCormick says that it is extremely difficult, in any hypothesis, to explain in a satisfactory way this silence, nor is it easy to understand how a fact so important to the interests of Ireland could remain so many years concealed, including from those in the Irish Church. Throughout this period he says, Ireland numbered among its Bishops one who held the important office of Legate of the [[Holy See]], and that the Church had had constant intercourse with England and the continent through [[Lorcán Ua Tuathail|St Laurence O'Toole]] and a hundred other distinguished [[Prelates]], who enjoyed in the fullest manner the confidence of Rome.<ref name="McCormick 1889 30"/>

==Evidence for the bull==
That an actual bull was sent is not doubted by many and its authenticity has been questioned without success according to P. S. O'Hegarty who suggests that the question now is purely an academic one.<ref name=pso/>

*[[Radulfus de Diceto]], Dean of London, and those of Roger de Wendover and [[Matthew Paris]] in which ''Laudabiliter'' is cited as a Bull.<ref name="McCormick 1889 29">((Cite book|last=McCormick|first=Stephen J.|title=The Pope and Ireland|publisher=A. Waldteufel|location=San Francisco|year=1889|page=29))</ref><ref name="Tarleton 1896 168–169">((Cite book|last=Lynch|first=John|author-link=John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)|title=Cambrensis Eversus: The History of Ireland Vindicated|editor=Matthew Kelly|editor-link=Matthew Kelly (historian)|publisher=The Celtic Society|location=Dublin|year=1848|pages=iii))</ref>

In 1331 the [[Lord Chief Justice of Ireland|Justiciar]] and Council of Ireland wrote to [[Pope John XXII]] asking him to proclaim a [[crusade]] against some Irish clans, basing their request on their understanding that: "...&nbsp;the holy apostolic see in the time of Pope Adrian of blessed memory conceded the land to the illustrious king of the English...". The request was refused.<ref>Davidson LS & Ward JO, ''The sorcery trial of Alice Kyteler'' (New York, 1993), appendix 8. ((ISBN|0-86698-171-3))</ref>

===Four letters of Pope Alexander III===

[[File:B-Alexander III1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pope Alexander III]]]]

On the conclusion of the [[Synod of Cashel]] according to Edmund Curtis, Henry sent envoys to Pope Alexander III asking for a papal privilege for Ireland. Alexander from Tusculum then published three letters on the Irish question.((sfn|Curtis|2002|p=48)) The three letters, according to Thatcher, are numbered 12,162, 12,163, and 12,164 in the ''Regesta'' of Jaffé-Loewenfeld, and printed in Migne, ''Patrologia Latina'', Vol, CC, cols. 883 ff. They all have the same date, 20 September, and it is certain, he says, that they were written in 1172.((sfn|Thatcher|1903|p=24)) Cardinal Gasquet writes that they were first published in 1728 by Hearne in the ''Liber Niger Scaccarii'' the ''Black Book of the Exchequer'' and are addressed to the Irish Bishops, to the English king, and to the Irish princes. While they all have the same date of 20 September, and are written from [[Tusculum]], he suggest that they are attributed to the year 1170.<ref name=Gasquet/>

In the letter to Henry, according to Thatcher, Alexander beseeches Henry to preserve whatever rights St. Peter already actually exercises in Ireland, and expresses confidence that Henry will be willing to acknowledge his duty. In this letter, Thatcher notes, there is no mention of Adrian IV., or any document issued by him, and there is nothing that can possibly be interpreted as a reference to ''Laudabiliter''.((sfn|Thatcher|1903|pp=24–25))

[[File:Laurence Ginnell.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Laurence Ginnell]] (1854–1923)]]

On the letters of Alexander III, Cardinal Gasquet cites the editor of the ''Analecta'' who notes that they completely ignore the existence of ''Laudabiliter''. The letters, he says, recognise no title or claim of Henry to dominion except "the power of the monarch, and the submission of the chiefs." They do mention the Pope's rights over all islands, and ask Henry to preserve these rights. This proves, he says, that the grant of Adrian was unknown in Rome as completely as it was in England and Ireland. Such a deduction is confirmed, he says, by the action later of [[Pope John XXII]] with the Ambassadors of [[Edward II]] at the beginning of the 14th century. Although the author of the article in the ''Analecta'' does not agree with Dr. Moran as to the authentic character of these documents, he admits that they, at least, form some very powerful arguments against the genuineness of Pope Adrian's grant.<ref name=Gasquet/>

Citing [[Matthew of Westminster]], Father Burke notes that "Henry obliged every man in England, from the boy of twelve years up to the old man, to renounce their allegiance to the true Pope, and go over to an anti-Pope"; and asks whether it was likely that Alexander would give Henry a letter to settle ecclesiastical matters in Ireland. Father Burke, citing Alexander who wrote to Henry, notes that instead of referring to a document giving him permission to settle Church matters in Ireland Alexander said:<ref name="Burke, O.P. 1873 28"/>
((cquote|Instead of remedying the disorders caused by your predecessors, you have oppressed the Church, and you have endeavored to destroy the canons of apostolic men.))

[[File:James Anthony Froude by Sir George Reid.jpg|thumb|upright|[[James Anthony Froude]]]]

However, Curtis in his ''History of Ireland'' suggests that Henry was at this time in May 1172 reconciled with the Papacy.((sfn|Curtis|2002|p=48)) Father Burke notes that Alexander's letter carried the date 1172 and asked was is it likely that the Pope would have given a letter to Henry, asking him to take care of the Church and put everything in order?<ref name="Burke, O.P. 1873 28"/>

Burke points out that Adrian did not know Henry, but Alexander knew him well. Henry, he says, in 1159 supported the anti-Pope, [[Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164)|Octavianus]], against Alexander and opposed him again in 1166, this time supporting the anti-Pope [[Antipope Paschal III|Guido]]. Father Burke then asks, "is this the man that Alexander would send to Ireland to settle affairs, and make the Irish good children of the Pope?" Responding again to Froude, who then said that "the Irish never loved the Pope till the [[Normans]] taught them," Father Burke notes that until "the accursed Normans came to Ireland", the [[Papal Legate]] could always come and go as he pleased and that no Irish king obstructed him and that no Irishman's hand was ever raised against a bishop, "much less against the Papal Legate". However, of the very first Legate that came to Ireland after the Norman Invasion, Father Burke writes, in passing through England, Henry "took him by the throat, and imposed upon him an oath that, when he went to Ireland, he would not do anything that would be against the interest of the King". It was unheard of that a bishop, archbishop, or cardinal should be persecuted, Burke says, until the [[Anglo-Normans]] brought with them "their accursed [[feudal system]], and concentration of power in the hands of the king".((sfn|Burke|1873|pp=29–30))

According to Curtis, the Pope sent another privilege which was published by papal envoys after the Synod of Waterford, which he said conferred on Henry the dominion over the Irish people. Whatever we may think of the so-called Bull of Adrian, says Curtis, there can be no doubt that the letters and privilege of Alexander conferred the lordship of Ireland upon Henry II.((sfn|Curtis|2002|p=48)) Herbert Paul says that [[James Anthony Froude]] also maintained that the existence of ''Laudabiliter'' was proved by this later letter.<ref>((Cite book|last=Paul|first=Herbert|title=The Life of Froude|publisher=Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd|location=London|year=1905|page=218))</ref> However, Father Burke said that he preferred to believe that it was a forgery.<ref name="Burke, O.P. 1873 28">((Cite book|last=Burke |first=Very Rev. Thomas N.|title=English Misrule in Ireland: A Course of Lectures in Reply to J. A Froude|publisher=Lynch, Cole & Meehan |location=New York|year=1873|volume=1|page=28|chapter=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/englishmisrulein00burkuoft))</ref>

==Controversy==
The controversy regarding ''Laudabiliter'' generally focusses on one of three perspectives: the document is authentic; it is a forgery, or it is a modified version of the original.<ref name="Curtis 2002 49"/>

===In favor of authenticity===
[[John Lingard]], [[John Lanigan (historian)|John Lanigan]], Stephen J. McCormick, and P. S. O'Hegarty have defended the authenticity of the ''Laudabiliter'', and English writers generally have accepted it as genuine.<ref name="pso">((Cite book|last=O'Hegarty|first=P. S. |title=The Indestructible Nation|publisher=Maunsel & Company, Ltd|location=Dublin & London |year=1918|volume=1|page=3|chapter=1))</ref><ref>((Cite book|last=Orpen|first=Goddard Henry|title=Ireland Under the Normans 1169–1216|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1911|volume=1|page=288))</ref> According to Ginnell, Sylvester Malone, D.D., [[Vicar General]] of [[Killaloe, County Clare|Killaloe]], was the most strenuous upholder of both letters.((sfn|Ginnell|1899|p=3)) English historians according to Gasquet, have universally taken the genuineness of the document for granted.((sfn|Gasquet|1922|p=153)) Michael Richter concludes the bull is authentic.

Ginnell notes the entire absence of any mention in [[Scottish Gaelic]] writings.((sfn|Ginnell|1899|p=3)) However, Arthur Ua Clerigh argues in favor of the bull based upon a text of ''Laudabiliter'' in the Book of Leinster. To the text of the bull are prefixed the following headings: "Ah! men of the faith of the world, how beautiful [so far Gaelic] when over the cold sea in ships Zephyrus wafts glad tidings" [Latin] a Bull granted to the King of the English on the collation, i.e. grant, of Hibernia, in which nothing is derogated from the rights of the Irish, as appears by the words of the text. Ua Clerigh holds this was almost certainly written, and probably by his old tutor Aedh McCrimthainn, during the lifetime of Diarmaid MacMurchada, who was banished in 1157, and died in 1171.<ref>Ua Clerigh, Arthur. ''History of Ireland'', xxvi, Dublin, 1906</ref>

Irish historians who have accepted John of Salisbury's account of ''Laudabiliter'' suggest that Adrian was purposely deceived as to the state of Ireland at the time thus giving rise to the necessity of the English interference by the king, and have regarded the "Bull" as a document granted in error as to the real circumstances of the case.((sfn|Gasquet|1922|p=153))

Writing about the 1317 Remonstrance (see below), the historian [[J. R. S. Phillips]] has said that "it demonstrates that in the early fourteenth century Pope Adrian IV’s bull Laudabiliter, in which he had urged Henry II of England to conquer Ireland, was regarded even by enemies of the English as a key element in the English monarchy’s claims to the lordship of Ireland".<ref>((cite journal |last=Phillips |first=J. R. S. |author-link=J. R. S. Phillips |title=The Irish remonstrance of 1317: an international perspective |journal=Irish Historical Studies |volume=27 |issue=106 |year=1990 |pages=112–129 |doi=10.1017/S0021121400018265 |s2cid=156521212 ))</ref>

===Against authenticity===
[[Goddard Henry Orpen]] notes that as early as 1615 ''Laudabiliter'' was denounced as a forgery by Stephen White, to be followed by [[John Lynch (Gratianus Lucius)|John Lynch]] in 1662 and later still by Abbé Mac Geoghegan. [[Francis Aidan Gasquet]] writes that during the residence of the [[pontifical Court]] at [[Avignon]] two ''Lives of Pope Adrian IV'' were written. One was composed in 1331 and the second in 1356. In neither is there any mention of this important act of the Pope, although the authors find a place for many less important documents.<ref name="Gasquet">((Cite book|last=Gasquet|first=Cardinal|title=Monastic Life in the Middle Ages|publisher=G. Bell & Sons Ltd|location=London|year=1922|pages=163–164))</ref>

Thomas N. Burke O.P., in his ''English Misrule in Ireland: A Course of Lectures in Reply to J. A Froude'', puts forward a number of arguments against both the Bull of Adrian and the letters of his successor, Pope Alexander III. Burke questions the date on ''Laudabiliter'', in addition to the terms contained in it and how it was obtained, questioning also the date in which it was first produced by Henry and why.((sfn|Burke|1873|pp=27–32)) [[Patrick Francis Moran]] also disputed the bull's authenticity in a November 1872 article in the ''Irish Ecclesiastical Record''.((sfn|Gasquet|1922|p=171))

Professor Anne Duggan's research indicates that ''Laudabiliter'' is a falsification of an existing letter and that was not in fact Adrian's intention to grant Henry the rights he claimed.<ref name="Ireland">((cite web |last1=Duggan |first1=Anne|title=Laudabiliter: a new interpretation by Professor Anne Duggan|url=http://www.historyireland.com/early-modern-history-1500-1700/laudabiliter-a-new-interpretation-by-professor-anne-duggan/ |website=History Ireland |date=13 February 2013 |accessdate=30 January 2016))</ref>

===In favor of an edited version===
A number of scholars have drawn a distinction between the letter given to John of Salisbury and the subsequent bull ''Laudabiliter''.

According to Arthur Ua Clerigh, the letter referred to was not ''Laudabiliter'', but a formal letter of investiture, such as was used in the case of [[Robert Guiscard]] in Italy.<ref name=aua/> Historian [[Paul Scheffer-Boichorst]] regards the donation as indisputable, while rejecting ''Laudabiliter'' as a forgery,<ref>Scheffer-Boichorst, Paul. ''Mittheilungen des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung'' IV, supplementary vol., 1893, p. 101</ref> as does [[Felix Liebermann]].<ref>Liebermann, Felix. ''Deutsche Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft'' 1892, I, 58</ref> Oliver Joseph Thatcher's ''Studies Concerning Adrian IV; I. The Offer of Ireland to Henry II'', reproduces the arguments of Boichorst.<ref name=aua/>
 
Textual scholar Anne Duggan of King's College, London, is of the opinion that ''Laudabiliter'' is a falsification of a genuine letter, now lost. Professor Duggan demonstrated that arranging the paragraphs in a more conventional manner, reveals a more cautious statement that "fits very closely with a known letter of Adrian IV, advising the kings of France and England not to go forward with a planned crusade to Spain unless they consulted the ‘princes, churches and people of the region’". Duggan suggests that Adrian IV did not wish to alienate the most powerful prince in Europe, but insisted on the consent of the Irish.<ref name="Kostick">((cite web|url=http://www.historyireland.com/early-modern-history-1500-1700/laudabiliter-a-new-interpretation-by-professor-anne-duggan/ |title=Kostick, Conor. "Laudabiliter: a new interpretation by Professor Anne Duggan", ''Early Modern History (1500–1700)'', Issue 3 (May/Jun 2005), News, Vol. 13 |publisher=Historyireland.com |date=2009-02-12 |accessdate=2019-02-12))</ref>

Ginnell has written that those who accept ''Laudabiliter'' as authentic can be equally divided on its significance. Some use it with the object of exposing the Papacy's venality, corruption, and "ingratitude towards mankind in general, and towards faithful Ireland in particular" while others cite it as proof that Ireland has always been the object of the "Pope's special paternal care."<ref name="Ginnell">Ginnell, Laurence. ''The Doubtful Grant of Ireland By Pope Adrian IV to King Henry Investigated'', Fallon & Co, Dublin (1899), pp.4-5</ref> Another argument, again assuming the authenticity of ''Laudabiliter'', is that it would be tantamount to the Pope having made a shockingly bad choice of an instrument in Henry II for reducing Ireland to law and order.<ref name=Ginnell/>

==Papal copy of ''Laudabiliter''==
[[Caesar Baronius]], in his work, the ''[[Annales Ecclesiastici]]'', groups the ''Laudabiliter'' in an appendix of doubtful documents. He indicated that he derived it from the ''Codex Vaticanus'', but in such condition that he could not determine its date. Patrick F. Moran determined that the codex mentioned was a manuscript copy of a history by [[Matthew of Paris]], which he copied from Roger de Wendover's ''Chronica'' which included a copy of Giraldus.<ref name="tnir">((cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPwRAAAAYAAJ&q=laudabiliter&pg=PA154 |title=Ginnell, Laurence. "An Bullae Pontificae An Non", ''The New Irish Review'', Vol.8, New Ireland Review Office, 1898 |year=1898 |accessdate=2019-02-12))</ref>

Curtis in his ''A History of Ireland from Earliest Times to 1922'' states that there is no original or copy of ''Laudabiliter'' in the papal archives.<ref name="Curtis 2002 49"/> While accepting that there is no copy of ''Laudabiliter'' in the papal archives Mackie suggests that this proves nothing, for there is at Rome no document dealing with the affairs of Ireland before the year 1215.((sfn|Mackie|1907|p=110))

===Synod of Waterford 1175===
Gerald of Wales asserts the Bulls of Adrian and Alexander were read at a meeting of Bishops in [[Waterford]] in 1175, during which ''Laudabiliter'' was used by the Papacy as evidence showing the clergy of England and Ireland were solely under [[papal supremacy]].<ref>((Cite web|last=Lidbetter|first=Sebastian|date=2019|title=HADRIAN IV (1154-1159) AND THE "BULL" LAUDABILITER: A HISTORIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, p.16|url=https://scholars.wlu.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3347&context=etd))</ref>

===Terms of ''Laudabiliter''===
<blockquote>ADRIAN, bishop, servant of the servants of God, to his most dearly beloved son in Christ, the illustrious king of the English, greeting and apostolical blessing.

...You have signified to us, our well-beloved son in Christ, that you propose to enter the island of Ireland in order to subdue the people and make them obedient to laws, and to root out from among them the weeds of sin; and that you are willing to yield and pay yearly from every house the pension of one penny to St Peter, and to keep and preserve the rights of the churches in that land whole and inviolate.

'''We, therefore, regarding your pious and laudable design with due favour, and graciously assenting to your petition, do hereby declare our will and pleasure, that, for the purpose of enlarging the borders of the Church, setting bounds to the progress of wickedness, reforming evil manners, planting virtue, and increasing the Christian religion, you do enter and take possession of that island, and execute therein whatsoever shall be for God's honour and the welfare of the same.'''

'''And, further, we do also strictly charge and require that the people of that land shall accept you with all honour, and dutifully obey you, as their liege lord, saving only the rights of the churches, which we will have inviolably preserved'''; '''and reserving to St Peter and the holy Roman Church the yearly pension of one penny from each house'''. If, therefore, you bring your purpose to good effect, '''let it be your study to improve the habits of that people, and take such orders by yourself, or by others whom you shall think fitting, for their lives, manners and conversation''', '''that the Church there may be adorned by them, the Christian faith be planted and increased, and all that concerns the honour of God and the salvation of souls be ordered by you in like manner'''; so that you may receive at God's hands the blessed reward of everlasting life, and may obtain on earth a glorious name in ages to come.<ref name="Laudabiliter">((cite web |url=http://www.libraryireland.com/HullHistory/Appendix1a.php#1 |title=Pope Adrian's Bull "Laudabiliter" and note upon it |website=www.libraryireland.com |access-date=2017-11-24))</ref></blockquote>

Paraphrased, the terms of the Bull ''Laudabiliter'' are that:
* The Pope grants the King of England the right to "enter and take possession of" Ireland for God's honour and the welfare of Ireland.
* The Irish people are to accept the King of England with all honour and obey him dutifully as their liege lord, with the exception that the rights of the churches of Ireland are to be "inviolably preserved".
* The Papacy and Church of Rome are to receive one penny a year from each house in Ireland.
* The King of England is charged to improve the habits of the people of Ireland, particularly their lives, manners and conversation.
* The King of England is charged to ensure that the Christian Church is adopted by the people of Ireland, and the Christian faith "planted and increased".

==Papal letter of 1311 and the Irish Kings' Remonstrance of 1317==
[[File:Papa Ioannes Vicesimus Secundus.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Pope John XXII]]]]

Within a century-and-a-half, Norman misrule in Ireland became so apparent that ''Laudabiliter'' was to be invoked again, this time in aid of the rights of the Gaelic Irish clans. [[Pope Clement V]] had written to [[Edward II of England]] in 1311 reminding him of the responsibility that ''Laudabiliter'' put upon him to execute government in Ireland for the welfare of the Irish. He warned Edward II that:

((cquote|...&nbsp;the kings of England ... have in direct violation of [''Laudabiliter''], for a long period past kept down that people [of Ireland] in a state of intolerable bondage, accompanied with unheard-of hardships and grievances. Nor was there found during all that time, any person to redress the grievances they endured or be moved with a pitiful compassion for their distress; although recourse was had to you ... and the loud cry of the oppressed fell, at times at least, upon your own ear. In consequence whereof, unable to support such a state of things any longer, they have been compelled to withdraw themselves from your jurisdiction and to invite another to come and be ruler over them ...))

After the [[excommunication|excommunicated]] [[Robert the Bruce]]<ref>((Cite web |title=Robert Bruce, King of Scots ((!)) University of Strathclyde |url=https://www.strath.ac.uk/studywithus/centreforlifelonglearning/genealogy/bannockburnprojectdocumentary/robertbrucekingofscots/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.strath.ac.uk |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415050902/https://www.strath.ac.uk/studywithus/centreforlifelonglearning/genealogy/bannockburnprojectdocumentary/robertbrucekingofscots/ |url-status=dead ))</ref> defeated King [[Edward II of England]] at [[Battle of Bannockburn|Bannockburn]], his younger brother Edward launched an [[Bruce campaign in Ireland|invasion of Ireland]], in 1316. Edward's [[Gaelic Ireland|Gaelic allies]], before their defeat and the death of the Bruce, at the [[Battle of Faughart]] in 1318, enclosed a copy of ''Laudabiliter'' on a Remonstrance sent to [[Pope John XXII]], requesting the bull be revoked and the papacy recognise Edward Bruce as King of Ireland. Led by Domnall mac Brian Ó Néill and [[Tír Eógain]], their petition was refused:

((cquote|...&nbsp;in the year of the Lord 1155, at the false and wicked representation of King Henry of England, under whom and perhaps by whom St. Thomas of Canterbury, as you know, in that very year suffered death for justice and defence of the church, Pope Adrian, your predecessor, an Englishman not so much by birth as by feeling and character, did in fact, but unfairly, confer upon that same Henry (whom for his said offence he should rather have been deprived of his own kingdom) this lordship of ours by a certain form of words, the course of justice entirely disregarded and the moral vision of that great pontiff blinded, alas! by his English proclivities.))

One could interpret this to mean that the kings believed that ''Laudabiliter'' was the ultimate legal basis for their continuing problems at that time.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T310000-001/index.html |title=Full Text of 1317 Remonstrance |publisher=Ucc.ie |date= |accessdate=2019-02-12))</ref> In the meantime they had misremembered the year of [[Thomas A Becket|Becket's]] death (1170, not 1155), but painfully recalled the date of ''Laudabiliter''. In its date, style and contents the Remonstrance argues against the attempts to negate the bull centuries later. It is also clear from these documents that Clement V wanted Edward II to promote a more tolerant administration in Ireland, but without going so far as to revoke the bull of 1155. Given that he was a Pope during the controversial [[Avignon Papacy]], John XXII was not in a position to alienate the support of kings such as Edward II.

==''Laudabiliter'' and the Kingdom of Ireland 1542–1555==
''Laudabiliter'' had a continuing political relevance into the 16th century. [[Henry VIII of England]] was [[excommunication|excommunicated]] by [[Pope Paul III]] on 17 December 1538, causing his opponents to question his continuing claim to be Lord of Ireland, which was based ultimately on ''Laudabiliter''. Henry established the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] in 1542, whereby the kingdom was to be ruled in "personal union" with the Kingdom of England. This was not recognised by Europe's Roman Catholic monarchs. Therefore, in 1555 a further papal bull ''[[Crown of Ireland Act 1542|Ilius, per quem Reges regnant]]'' was issued by [[Pope Paul IV]] naming [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary]] and her husband Philip (later [[Philip II of Spain]]) as monarchs of Ireland.<ref>''Magnum Bullarium Romanum'' Volume 4, part 1, page 315 (1743 edition; facsimile reprint 1965).</ref>

==Notes==
<!--This article uses the Cite.php citation mechanism. If you would like more information on how to add references to this article, please see http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cite/Cite.php -->
((Reflist))

==References==
* Burke, O.P., Thomas N., ''English Misrule in Ireland: A Course of Lectures in Reply to J. A Froude'', Lynch, Cole & Meehan (New York 1873).
* Curtis, Edmund. ''A History of Ireland from Earliest Times to 1922'', Routledge (London, 1936, 6th edn, 1950; reprinted New York 2002), ((ISBN|0-415-27949-6)).
* [[Francis Aidan Gasquet|Gasquet, Francis Aidan]], ''Monastic Life in the Middle Ages'', Cardinal Gasquet, G. Bell and Sons, Ltd, (London 1922)
* [[Laurence Ginnell|Ginnell, Laurence]]. ''The Doubtful Grant of Ireland By Pope Adrian IV to King Henry Investigated'', Fallon & Co, (Dublin 1899).
* Mackie, J. Duncan. ''[[Pope Adrian IV]]. The Lothian Essay 1907'', B. H. Blackwell (Oxford 1907)
* McCormick, Stephen J.., ''The Pope and Ireland'', A. Waldteufel, (San Francisco 1889).
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=SZ-pNC9CKYQC Orpen, Goddard Henry. ''Ireland Under the Normans 1169–1216'' Vol 1, Clarendon Press (Oxford 1911)]
* Tarleton, Alfread H., ''Nicholas Breakspear (Adrian IV.) Englishman and Pope'', Arthur L. Humphreys, (London 1896).
* Thatcher, Oliver Joseph. ''Studies Concerning Adrian IV'', The Decennial Publications, (Chicago 1903).
*''The Indestructible Nation'', P. S. O'Hegarty, Maunsel & Company, Ltd (Dublin & London 1918).
*''The Life of Froude'', Herbert Paul, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons E.C. (London 1905).
*''Ireland and the Pope: A Brief History of Papal Intrigues Against Irish Liberty from Adrian IV. to Leo XIII'' Third Edition, James G. Maguire, James H. Barry (San Francisco 1890).
*''The Historical Works of Giraldus Cambrensis'', Edited by Thomas Wright, George Bell & Sons (London 1905).
*''History of the Abbey of St. Alban'', L. F. Rushbrook Williams, Longman's Green & Co. (London 1917).
*''The Indestructible Nation'', P. S. O’Hegarty, Maunsel & Company Ltd, (Dublin & London 1918).
*''The History of Ireland'', Stephen Gwynn, The MacMillan Company (New York 1923).
*''The Commune of London and other Studies'', J. H. Round M.A., Archibald Constable and Co. (Westminster 1899).
*''Original Sources of English History'', Louis Francis Salzman, W. Heffer & Sons Ltd (Cambridge 1921).
*''The English Conquest of Ireland a.d. 1166–1185: Mainly from the 'Expugnato Hibernica' of Giraldus Cambrensis Part 1'', Giraldus Cambrensis, Frederick J. Furnivall M.A.. ed, Published for The Early English Text Society. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Limited (London 1891).
*''History of the Abbey of St. Alban'', L. F. Rushbrook Williams, Longman's Green & Co. (London 1917)
*''Cambrensis Eversus: The History of Ireland Vindicated'', John Lynch, [[Matthew Kelly (historian)|Matthew Kelly]] ed., The Celtic Society (Dublin 1848).
*''The History of Ireland Vol.2 (New Edition ed.)'', Thomas Moore, Longman, Orme, Brown, Green (London 1840).
*''Selected Documents in Irish History'', edited by Josef Lewis Altholz, M.E. Sharpe, Inc. 2000

==Further reading==
* Lingard, John. ''A History of England from the First Invasion by the Romans to the Accession of Henry VIII'', J. Mawman, London, 1819
* Mooney, Thomas. ''A History of Ireland, from the first settlement to the present time'', Patrick Donahoe, Boston, 1853
* Owen, Henry. ''Gerald the Welshman'', Whiting & Co, London, 1889
* Paul, Herbert. ''The Life of Froude'', Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., London, 1905
* Warren W.L. ''King John''; Eyre & Spottiswoode, London 1960

==External links==
* [http://www.libraryireland.com/HullHistory/Appendix1a.php "Pope Adrians's bull ''Laudabiliter'' and note upon it"] from Eleanor Hull, 1931, ''A History of Ireland'', Volume One, Appendix I
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020531054013/http://members.foothills.net/ricefile/bull_of_pope_adrian_iv.htm Lyttleton, ''Life of Henry II.,'' vol. v p. 371]: text of ''Laudabiliter'' asa reprinted in Ernest F. Henderson, ''Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages'' (London : George Bell and Sons) 1896 with Henderson's note: "That a papal bull was dispatched to England about this time and concerning this matter is certain. That this was the actual bull sent is doubted by many".
((Authority control))

[[Category:Christianity in medieval Ireland]]
[[Category:1155 works]]
[[Category:British constitutional laws concerning Ireland]]
[[Category:1150s in England]]
[[Category:12th-century papal bulls]]
[[Category:Documents of Pope Adrian IV]]
[[Category:Henry II of England]]
[[Category:Christianity in medieval England]]
[[Category:Holy See–Ireland relations]]
[[Category:England–Holy See relations]]
[[Category:England–Ireland relations]]

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