Laurencia
Laurencia microcladia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Archaeplastida
Division: Rhodophyta
Class: Florideophyceae
Order: Ceramiales
Family: Rhodomelaceae
Genus: Laurencia
J. V. Lamouroux[1][2]
Species

See text

Laurencia is a genus of red algae that grow in temperate and tropical shore areas, in littoral to sublittoral habitats, at depths up to 65 m (213 ft).[2]

Description

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Laurencia species have a thallus that is erect or decumbent with distichous, whorled or radial branch arrangement.[2]

Taxonomy and Nomenclature

The genus name of Laurencia is in honour of Louis Jean de La Laurencie (1768-1829), who was a French Naval officer, Director of the University of Limoges and also a friend of the author, Jean Vincent Félix Lamouroux.[3]

The genus was circumscribed by Jean Vincent Félix Lamouroux in Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. vol.20 on page 130 in 1813. It included an initial description of eight species which then subsequently underwent taxonomic revisions.[4] The genus belongs to order Ceramiales reported to have 137 species, with a rich body of knowledge spanning for more than 50 years of research.[4]

Laurencia belongs to the family Rhodomelaceae which is considered to be one of the largest marine red algae family, estimated to have 125 genera and 700 species all over the world. In Laurenciae, a tribe consisting of eight genera, have a taxonomic group called "Laurencia complex" or Laurencia sensu lato which includes six of eight genera, Chondrophycus, Laurencia, Laurenciella, Osmundea, Palisada, and Yuzurua.[4]

Morphology

Laurencia is a small to medium-sized red algae which may appear to be iridescent with thalli reaching up to 40 cm. Thalli can be branching, which can either be bilateral or spread in all directions. Its appendages can be rhizoidal or discoidal in appearance on stoloniferous holdfasts. Branch shape appears to be flat or cylindrical in morphology. Branchlets may be slightly rigid with a shape that may be blunt, truncate or claviform.[4]

Laurencia has shown high diversity as a genus, with species having distinct features that can easily be determined within the Laurencia complex.[4] Molecular studies using rbcL (RuBisCO, Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase, Large chain) have uncovered evidences which divided the Laurencia complex, identiying the genus Laurenciella, which shares similar morphology with Laurencia but has a different rbcL sequence.[5]

Distribution

Laurencia can be found all over the world, in particular in tropical and subtropical regions with warmer waters.[citation needed] Its habitats range from tide pools, reef flats, mud flats, and a variety of hard substrates (e.g. rocks, corals), within intertidal and subtidal zones up to 65 m.[4] It is also described as "turf-forming" wherein it can cover a majority of hard substrate in some areas.[citation needed]

In Myanmar, it can be found growing together with some species of Cladophora, Chaetomorpha, Dictyota, Gelidium, Ceramium, Caloglossa, Catenella, Polysiphonia, Acanthophora, and Bostrychia[citation needed].

Ecology

Laurencia has numerous ecological roles, serving as refuge for different marine organisms in areas where they grow abundantly, forming forests. They are also hosts of various mircoorganisms and parasitic algae, known as Janczewskia[6]. As producers, they are also fed on by some grazers such as crabs,[7] queen conch,[8] and sea hares[9] despite its chemical deterrent.

The growth of Laurencia is significantly affected by changes in nutrient availability and temperature.[4] The effects of pollution in Laurencia are somewhat inconsistent showing its adaptability in Indian Ocean but markedly showed a decrease in biomass in polluted areas in the Mediterranean.[10] Space within the environment is also a necessity for Laurencia survival. In field trials, Laurencia tends to inhibit coral larvae dispersal resulting to higher mortality when the algae is present.[11]

Life History

Laurencia grows throughout the year, with spermatangial individuals appearing from early August to late September while cystocarpic ones appear from mid-August to late October. From July to October, mature tetrasporangial plants appear.[citation needed] Gametophytic individuals are dioecious in nature, typically developed on the branchlets, but can be present in the main branch as well.[4]

Male gametophytes contain spermatangia on trichoblast while female gametophytes contain carpogonia, representing the haploid phase. Two diploid phases occur in Laurencia: one with carpogonia and carpospore and the other, with tetrasporangia. Therefore, Laurencia undergoes three phases in its life cycle: one haploid phase and two diploid phases, consistent to the Polysiphonia triphasic life history.[citation needed]

Cultivation and Exploitation

A growing interest in the cultivation of Laurencia brongniartii has emerged due to its potential to be a newfound source for antibiotics.[12] The common method is indoor tank culture, utilizing an excised apical tip from a thalli sample. Initial trials have confirmed its viability for culture providing opportunities for personnel with little to no experience in algae cultivation. The cost of production is relatively low, with maintenance costs at its core. Small-scale operations may be profitable in maximizing algae production, however more studies are needed to evaluate these conditions.[12]

Chemical Composition

Laurencia species are known to have several natural products exhibiting numerous biological activities such as chemical defense against grazers,[13] anti-fouling chemical affecting Perna perna attachment,[14] and anti-fouling activities.[15] In addition, Laurencia is known to be an abundant source of halogenated metabolites, including a variety of terpenes (e.g. sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, and C15 acetogenins).[16][17]

In Vietnam, L. snackeyi may be a potential species to evaluate new chemical races, similar to L. nipponica seeing how these may indicate similarities in morphology but differences in chemical content subject to geographical distribution.[18]

Utilization and Management

A total of 1047 secondary metabolites have been extracted from Laurencia and Aplysia species since 2015. The diverse chemical composition of Laurencia has been subject to numerous research mainly attributed to both environmental and genetic factors. For years, humans have utilized Laurencia as food, medicinal products, fertilizers, and from recent research, an abundant source of pharmacological significance.[4] The commercialization of the species may require further research in order to optimize culture conditions and eventually, harvest greater yield and develop a more systematic cultivation system.[12]

Species

AlgaeBase, a database with detailed information on species of Laurencia, includes 137 taxonomically accepted species as of 2018, and differentiates these from a further ~375 entries of uncertain taxonomic status; it further delineates homotypic or heterotypic synonyms.[2]

Commonly observed species of Laurencia include the shallow subtidal Laurencia nidifica (Hawaii), Laurencia pacifica (California), and Laurencia thyrsifera (New Zealand).[19][20] Species seen in the British Isles include Laurencia hybrida, Laurencia obtusa, Laurencia osmunda, Laurencia pinnatifida, Laurencia pyramidalis, and Laurencia truncata.[21][22]

The World Register of Marine Species lists the following species as accepted:[23]

Uses

Laurencia nidifica is used as a condiment in Hawaii due to its peppery taste.[19]

References

  1. ^ Lamouroux, J.V.F. (1813). "Essai sur les genres de la famille des thalassiophytes non articulées" [Essay on the Genera of the Family of Non-Articulated Thalassiophytes] (PDF). Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 20: 21–47, 115–139, 267–293. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d Guiry, M. D.; Guiry, G. M. (2016). "Laurencia J.V.Lamouroux, 1813, nom. cons.". AlgaeBase. Galway, IRL: National University of Ireland. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  3. ^ Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen [Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8. S2CID 246307410. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Harizani, Maria; Ioannou, Efstathia; Roussis, Vassilios (2016), Kinghorn, A. Douglas; Falk, Heinz; Gibbons, Simon; Kobayashi, Jun'ichi (eds.), "The Laurencia Paradox: An Endless Source of Chemodiversity", Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 102, Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, Cham: Springer International Publishing, vol. 102, pp. 91–252, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33172-0_2, ISBN 978-3-319-33172-0, PMID 27380407, retrieved 23 January 2022
  5. ^ Saito, Yuzuru (1967). "STUDIES ON JAPANESE SPECIES OF LAURENCIA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY". ((cite journal)): Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ Nonomura, Arthur M. (1979). "Development of Janczewskia Morimotoi (ceramiales) on Its Host Laurencia Nipponica (ceramiales, Rhodophyceae)1". Journal of Phycology. 15 (2): 154–162. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.1979.tb02979.x. ISSN 1529-8817. S2CID 84862820.
  7. ^ Kilar, John A.; Lou, Robin M. (1 January 1984). "Ecological and behavioral studies of the decorator crab, Microphrys bicornutus Latreille (Decapoda : Brachyura): A test of optimum foraging theory". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 74 (2): 157–167. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(84)90083-2. ISSN 0022-0981.
  8. ^ STONER, ALLAN W.; WAITE, JANICE M. (1 November 1991). "Trophic Biology of Strombus Gigas in Nursery Habitats: Diets and Food Sources in Seagrass Meadows". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 57 (4): 451–460. doi:10.1093/mollus/57.4.451. ISSN 0260-1230.
  9. ^ Wessels, Matthias; König, Gabriele M.; Wright, Anthony D. (1 July 2000). "New Natural Product Isolation and Comparison of the Secondary Metabolite Content of Three Distinct Samples of the Sea Hare Aplysia dactylomela from Tenerife". Journal of Natural Products. 63 (7): 920–928. doi:10.1021/np9905721. ISSN 0163-3864. PMID 10924166.
  10. ^ Jadeja, R. N.; Tewari, A. (February 2011). "Impact of discharge of soda ash industry effluent on abundance and community structure of rocky intertidal macroalgae of the Arabian Sea, Gujarat, India". Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences. 40 (1): 71–75. ISSN 0975-1033.
  11. ^ Kuffner, Ilsa B.; Walters, Linda J.; Becerro, Mikel A.; Paul, Valerie J.; Ritson-Williams, Raphael; Beach, Kevin S. (5 October 2006). "Inhibition of coral recruitment by macroalgae and cyanobacteria". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 323: 107–117. Bibcode:2006MEPS..323..107K. doi:10.3354/meps323107. ISSN 0171-8630.
  12. ^ a b c Nishihara, Gregory N.; Terada, Ryuta; Noro, Tadahide (1 August 2004). "Photosynthesis and growth rates of Laurencia brongniartii J. Agardh (Rhodophyta, Ceramiales) in preparation for cultivation". Journal of Applied Phycology. 16 (4): 303–308. doi:10.1023/B:JAPH.0000047790.59265.fb. ISSN 1573-5176. S2CID 23924692.
  13. ^ Paul, Valerie J. (15 May 2019). "Chapter 1. Seaweed Chemical Defenses on Coral Reefs". Ecological Roles of Marine Natural Products. Cornell University Press. pp. 24–50. doi:10.7591/9781501737435-005. ISBN 978-1-5017-3743-5. S2CID 234454451.
  14. ^ Da Gama, Bernardo A P; Pereira, Renato C; Soares, Angélica R; Teixeira, Valéria L; Yoneshigue-Valentin, Yocie (1 January 2003). "Is the Mussel Test a good Indicator of Antifouling Activity? A Comparison Between Laboratory and Field Assays". Biofouling. 19 (sup1): 161–169. doi:10.1080/0892701031000089534. ISSN 0892-7014. PMID 14628724. S2CID 19461987.
  15. ^ Da Gama, Bernardo A P; Pereira, Renato C; Carvalho, Ana G V; Coutinho, Ricardo; Yoneshigue-Valentin, Yocie (1 January 2002). "The Effects of Seaweed Secondary Metabolites on Biofouling". Biofouling. 18 (1): 13–20. doi:10.1080/08927010290017680. ISSN 0892-7014. S2CID 85850477.
  16. ^ Suzuki; Vairappan. "Halogenated secondary metabolites from Japanese species of the red algal genus Laurencia (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales)". Current Topics in PhytoChemistry.
  17. ^ De Nys, R; Leya, T; Maximilien, R; Afsar, A; Nair, P S R; Steinberg, P D (1 September 1996). "The need for standardised broad scale bioassay testing: A case study using the red alga Laurencia rigida". Biofouling. 10 (1–3): 213–224. doi:10.1080/08927019609386281. ISSN 0892-7014. PMID 22115113.
  18. ^ Tan, Kai Lee; Matsunaga, Shigeki; Vairappan, Charles S. (2011). "Halogenated chamigranes of red alga Laurencia snackeyi (Weber-van Bosse) Masuda from Sulu-Sulawesi Sea". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 3 (39): 213–215. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2010.09.017. ISSN 0305-1978.
  19. ^ a b c "Laurencia nidifica". www.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
  20. ^ a b "Observations: Laurencia". inaturalist.org. iNaturalist. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  21. ^ a b Fish, J.D.; Fish, S. (2012). "Algae". A Student's Guide to the Seashore. New York, NY, USA: Springer Science & Business. pp. 30–65, esp. 62–64. ISBN 978-9401158886. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  22. ^ a b Maggs, C.A.; Hommersand, M.H. (1993). "Rhodophyta, Part 3A: Ceramiales". Seaweeds of the British Isles. Vol. 1. London, ENG: Pelagic Publishing. ISBN 978-0113100453.
  23. ^ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2018). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Laurencia J.V.Lamouroux, 1813. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=143914 on 2018-11-01

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