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((Short description|Music piece by Camille Saint-Saëns, part of suite The Carnival of the Animals))
((for|the academic journal|Le Cygne (journal)))
[[File:Cisne (Cygnus olor) en el Palacio de Nymphenburg, Múnich, Alemania30.JPG|thumb|alt=A swan (Cygnus olor) at the Nymphenburg Palace in Munich, Germany|Swan, inspiration for Saint-Saëns' piece ''Le cygne'']]
"'''Le cygne'''", ((IPA-fr|lə siɲ|pron)), or "'''The Swan'''", is the 13th and penultimate [[Movement (music)|movement]] of ''[[The Carnival of the Animals]]'' by [[Camille Saint-Saëns]]. Originally scored for solo [[cello]] accompanied by two pianos, it has been arranged and transcribed for many instruments but remains best known as a cello solo.

==Music==
((unreferenced section|date=January 2023))
((listen|type=music
|filename=JOHN MICHEL CELLO-SAINT SAENS CARNIVAL OF ANIMALS THE SWAN.ogg
|title="Le cygne" (The Swan)
|description=Performed by John Michel, cello
|filename3=20091104 Alisa Weilerstein and Jason Yoder - Saint Saëns' The Swan.ogg
|title3="Le cygne" (The Swan)
|description3=Performed by [[Alisa Weilerstein]] (cello) and Jason Yoder ([[marimba]])
))
The piece is in 6/4 time, with a key signature of [[G major]] and a tempo marking ''andantino grazioso''. The slow cello melody is accompanied by almost constant broken chord figurations on the pianos. When performed as a separate movement, not in the context of ''The Carnival'', "The Swan" is frequently played with accompaniment on only one piano.

This is the only movement from ''The Carnival of the Animals'' that the composer allowed to be played in public during his lifetime. He thought the remaining movements were too frivolous and would damage his reputation as a serious composer.

Because of its slow tempo and mostly legato performance indications, the movement is suitable for performance on the [[theremin]] and has joined [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]]'s "[[Vocalise (Rachmaninoff)|Vocalise]]" and [[Jules Massenet]]'s "[[Méditation (Thaïs)|Méditation]]" from his opera ''[[Thaïs (opera)|Thaïs]]'' among the classical works central to the theremin repertoire.

"Le cygne" illustrates the fleeting nature of beauty with its interpretation of the legend of the "[[swan song]]": A popular (albeit erroneous) belief among the ancient Greeks and Romans, who regarded the swan as the most beautiful of animals, was that the [[mute swan]] is silent until its final moments of life, during which it sings the most beautiful of all birdsongs.

==Transcriptions and adaptations==
((unreferenced section|date=January 2023))
((prose|date=January 2023))
*In the 1890s, [[Louis van Waefelghem]] adapted "Le cygne" for [[viola]] or [[viola d'amore]] and piano. The edition was published by Durand in 1895.
*In [[Leonard Bernstein]]'s recording of the piece with the [[New York Philharmonic]], the melody is performed on double bass by a 20-year-old [[Gary Karr]].
*[[Montserrat Caballé]] recorded a version in which she vocalizes sections of the melody accompanied by a piano.
*In the early 20th century, [[Clara Rockmore]], the renowned thereminist, performed it on [[theremin]] with her sister [[Nadia Reisenberg]] accompanying her on the piano.
*[[Steven Mead]] arranged the piece for [[euphonium]] and piano in 1995, in the key of [[E-flat major]].
*[[Tony Renis]] created lyrics to "Le cygne" for the song "Notte Stellata (The Swan)" that appeared on Italian pop-opera trio [[Il Volo]]'s ''[[Il Volo (album)|self-titled debut album]]''.
*A jazz version was created by the Italian ensemble No Trio for Cats in 2021 under the title "O Cisne de Janeiro".
*A sped up more upbeat version of "Le cygne" was created for the video game ''[[Gran Turismo 7]]''.

==Uses in choreography==
((further|The Dying Swan))
"Le cygne" is often known as ''The Dying Swan'', after a poem by [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson|Tennyson]]. Inspired by swans that she had seen in public parks, [[Anna Pavlova]] worked with choreographer [[Michel Fokine]], who had read the poem, to create the famous 1905 solo ballet dance which is now closely associated with this music. According to tradition, the swan in Pavlova's dance is badly injured and dying. However, [[Maya Plisetskaya]] re-interpreted the swan simply as elderly and stubbornly resisting the effects of aging; much like herself (she performed ''The Swan'' at a gala on her 70th birthday). Eventually the piece came to be considered one of Pavlova's trademarks.((sfn|Garafola|2005|pp=155–156))

==="Notte Stellata (The Swan)" by Yuzuru Hanyu===
((See also|Yuzuru Hanyu Notte Stellata))
[[File:2018 Winter Olympics - Gala Exhibition - Photo 278.jpg|thumb|upright|Hanyu performing to "[[Il Volo (album)|Notte Stellata (The Swan)]]" at the [[Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics|2018 Winter Olympics]]]]
Japanese [[figure skating|figure skater]] and [[Yuzuru Hanyu Olympic seasons|two-time Olympic]] champion, [[Yuzuru Hanyu]], used [[Il Volo]]'s adaption of Saint Saëns' "Le cygne", titled "Notte Stellata (The Swan)", as a program music at exhibition galas of various major skating competitions, including the [[2017 World Figure Skating Championships|2017 World Championships]], [[Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics|2018 Winter Olympics]], and the [[2019–20 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final|2019–20 Grand Prix Final]].((r|SN191209|SS201221)) The song was suggested to him by Russian coach [[Tatiana Tarasova]] and choreographed by [[David Wilson (figure skating)|David Wilson]] from Canada.((r|SS201221|p=2))

Hanyu performed the program as a tribute to the victims of the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]]. On March 11, 2011, he was practising at his home rink in [[Sendai]], when the earthquake hit the north-east coast of Japan. The program is a reflection of his own memories, having experienced a blackout at the evacuation center on the night of the disaster. In 2018, Hanyu performed the program at the annual charity event ''((ill|24-hour TV "Love Saves the Earth"|ja|24時間テレビ 「愛は地球を救う」))'' on [[Nippon TV]].((r|ON180825)) His annual [[ice show]] with the title [[Yuzuru Hanyu Notte Stellata]] is a special commemoration event of the earthquake, held at [[Sekisui Heim Super Arena]] in [[Rifu]] on the weekend of March 11.((r|IOC230110))

Hanyu's program served as inspiration for the ballet performance "Notte Stellata" by the American ''Crescendo Conservatory'', led by Christina Valdez, at the [[Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts|Kauffmann Performing Arts Center]] in [[Kansas City, Missouri]] on June 16, 2019.((r|JT190509|IOC190518))

===Other choreographies===
In 1949 the American synchronized swimmer [[Beulah Gundling]] created a routine inspired by Fokine's choreography and entitled "The Swan" to "Le cygne" by Saint-Saëns.((sfn|Heim|2006|p=88))((failed verification|date=August 2023|reason=Doesn't mention "Le Cygne" or Fokine or Saint-Saëns))

==References==
===Citations===
((Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=ON180825>((Cite news|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2118252/full/|script-title=ja:『24時間テレビ』羽生結弦、ふるさとへの想い込め得意技披露|trans-title=24-hour TV: Yuzuru Hanyu shows off his special skills with a message for his hometown|work=[[Oricon]]|location=[[Minato, Tokyo]]|language=ja|date=August 25, 2018|archive-date=July 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719031941/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2118252/full/|url-status=live))</ref>

<ref name=JT190509>((Cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2019/05/09/figure-skating/salute-hanyu-u-s-ballet-troupe-paying-tribute-legend/|title=Salute to Hanyu: U.S. Ballet troupe paying tribute to legend|newspaper=[[The Japan Times]]|first=Jack|last=Gallagher|location=[[Chiyoda, Tokyo]]|language=en-US|issn=0447-5763|url-access=subscription|date=May 9, 2019|archive-date=May 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509101602/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2019/05/09/figure-skating/salute-hanyu-u-s-ballet-troupe-paying-tribute-legend/|url-status=live))</ref>

<ref name=IOC190518>((Cite news|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/yuzuru-hanyu-ballet-piano-tributes-meets-alysa-liu|title=Yuzuru Hanyu inspires ballet and piano tributes, and meets Alysa Liu|work=[[International Olympic Committee]]|first=Rory|last=Jiwani|location=[[Lausanne]]|date=May 18, 2019|archive-date=October 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028134136/https://olympics.com/en/news/yuzuru-hanyu-ballet-piano-tributes-meets-alysa-liu|url-status=live))</ref>

<ref name=SN191209>((Cite news|url=https://www.sponichi.co.jp/sports/news/2019/12/09/kiji/20191209s00079000164000c.html|script-title=ja:羽生に大歓声エキシビションで「星降る夜」の華麗な舞い|trans-title=Big cheers for Hanyu's brilliant performance to "Notte Stellata" at the exhibition gala|newspaper=[[Sports Nippon]]|location=[[Chiyoda, Tokyo]]|language=ja|date=December 9, 2019|archive-date=January 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104165610/https://www.sponichi.co.jp/sports/news/2019/12/09/kiji/20191209s00079000164000c.html|url-status=live))</ref>

<ref name=SS201221>((Cite news|url=https://sportiva.shueisha.co.jp/clm/othersports/figure/2020/12/21/post_71/|script-title=ja:羽生結弦がタラソワ氏から贈られたプログラムで披露した成長|trans-title=The growth that Yuzuru Hanyu showed in the program gifted by Tarasova|magazine=Sportiva|publisher=[[Shueisha]]|first=Toshimi|last=Oriyama|location=[[Chiyoda, Tokyo]]|language=ja|url-access=subscription|date=December 21, 2020|archive-date=December 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221020137/https://sportiva.shueisha.co.jp/clm/othersports/figure/2020/12/21/post_71/|url-status=live))</ref>

<ref name=IOC230110>((Cite news|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/hanyu-yuzuru-new-ice-show-notte-stellata-miyagi|title=Hanyu Yuzuru to bring new ice show "notte stellata" to home prefecture Miyagi in March|work=[[International Olympic Committee]]|location=[[Lausanne]]|date=January 10, 2023|archive-date=January 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110124433/https://olympics.com/en/news/hanyu-yuzuru-new-ice-show-notte-stellata-miyagi|url-status=live))</ref>
))

===Sources===
*((Cite book|title=Legacies of Twentieth-century Dance|publisher=[[Wesleyan University Press]]|first=Lynn|last=Garafola|location=[[Middletown, Connecticut]]|date=January 28, 2005|url=https://archive.org/details/legaciesoftwenti0000gara/page/155|isbn=978-0819566744))
*((Cite book|title=Exploring Iowa Highways: Trip Trivia|publisher=Travel Organization Network Exchange|first=Michael Henry|last=Heim|location=Wabasha, Minnesota|year=2006|isbn=978-0974435855))

==External links==
* ((IMSLP|work=Le carnaval des animaux (Saint-Saëns, Camille)|cname=''Le carnaval des animaux''))

((Camille Saint-Saëns))
((Portal bar|Classical music))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Cygne))
[[Category:Chamber music by Camille Saint-Saëns]]
[[Category:1886 compositions]]
[[Category:Music about swans]]
[[Category:Compositions for cello]]

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