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((short description|Tower in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia))
((multiple issues|
((Tone|date=April 2012))
((Original research|date=April 2012))
((ref improve|date=March 2015))
))
[[File:Tower Nevyansk overview.jpg|thumb|The center of [[Nevyansk]] (viewer's left to viewer's right): [[Old Believers]]' church (domed), the Leaning Tower (white spire), and the monument to [[Peter I of Russia]] and [[Nikita Demidov]] (cast metal figures)]]
[[File:Башня Демидовых. Невьянск.jpg|thumb|View from the north]]

The '''Leaning Tower of Nevyansk''' (((lang-ru|Невья&#769;нская ба&#769;шня))) is a [[tower]] in the town of [[Nevyansk]] in [[Sverdlovsk Oblast]], [[Russia]], built in the 18th century. Its construction was funded by the [[blacksmith]] and [[industrialist]] [[Nikita Demidov]] and later his son [[Akinfiy Demidov]], a famous Russian [[manufacture]]r and an associate of [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]].

The height of the tower is ((convert|57.5|m)).<ref name="The Weather Channel" /> The base is ((convert|9.5|m|ft)) wide. The deviation of the top part of the tower, from the vertical, is about 3 degrees. The exact date of construction is unknown, but Russian historians believe that it was built between 1721 and 1745.((Citation needed|date=October 2019)) The [[architect]] is unknown.

Following the restoration, the Nevyansk Tower was opened to the public. Guided tours are provided by a local [[museum]] and tourist guides from [[Yekaterinburg]].

The Leaning tower is featured on Nevyansk's flag and coat of arms.<ref>((Cite web |title=Символы |url=https://nevyansk66.ru/about/heraldry/ |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=nevyansk66.ru |language=ru))</ref>

==Technical parameters==
*The base is a square with sides of 9.5 metres.
*Vertical deviation of the tower is about 1.85 metres.
*Secular sediment is 0.9 millimetres per year.
*The height is 57.5 metres.
*The thickness of the walls is 2 metres at the base, 32 centimetres at the top level.
*The weathercock weighs 25 kilograms and is 178 centimetres long.
*The diameter of the ball-lightning rod is 30 centimetres; the length of the spike-ray is 40 centimetres.
*The musical chime has 10 copper bells and 1 bronze bell weighing more than a ton.<ref name="culture.ru">((cite web|title=Nevyanskaya Tower|url=https://www.culture.ru/institutes/10084/nevyanskaya-bashnya|website=culture, russia|accessdate=18 December 2017))</ref>

==Purpose==
Historians still debate the built purpose of the Nevyansk Tower.  It was likely meant to embody the might of the [[Demidov family]] and serve as an architectural symbol of their dynasty. It has been suggested that it was also used as a "bank [[safe]]", a [[watchtower]], a [[belltower]], [[prison]],<ref name="The Weather Channel"/> or a [[laboratory]] for conducting chemical experiments and producing [[counterfeit money]].

[[File:Nevjansk tower bell machine.jpg|thumb|The bell-playing musical clockwork produced by [[Richard Phelps (bell-founder)|Richard Phelps]]]]
[[File:Невьянская башня Демидовых.JPG|thumb|View from the south-east]]

During restoration work, [[Archaeology|archaeologists]] were able to determine the purpose of some of the rooms.<!-- The first floor of the tower was used for conducting secret work with the help of shackled [[serf]]s.  <<  Questionable. Iron rings might also have been used to tie up horses. --> The second floor may have been Demidov’s office, where he kept his archives and other papers. The third floor housed a laboratory, equipped with a [[Metallurgical furnace|furnace]]. A [[soot]] sample taken from the [[flue]], showed traces of [[silver]] and [[gold]], which some consider might relate to a theory, later refuted by scientists, that the Demidov's may have been conducting coin minting activity there. The tower could have been used for smelting the top layers of [[ore]]-bearing deposits, which often contain silver or gold. Floors four to six have only stairwells. The seventh and the eight floors house a [[clock]] that plays music on a [[carillon]] made by the [[England|English]] master [[Richard Phelps (bell-founder)|Richard Phelps]] in 1730.

It is said that the clock was purchased by [[Demidov]] for 5,000&nbsp;[[Russian ruble|rubles]], a considerable amount for that time. To compare, the construction of the Nevyansk Tower itself, costed 4,207 rubles. The clock has three dials, ten music bells, weighing about four [[tonne|ton]]s, and one alarm bell. The ninth floor was believed to be used as an observation post.

The purpose of one particular room in the tower is still debated. Archaeologists dubbed it the "acoustic room." It measures ((convert|20|m2|adj=off||abbr=)) and is located between the fourth and the fifth floors. A person standing in one corner of this room can whisper words to another person in the opposite corner and they will be readily audible. Researchers do not know whether the room was built this way on purpose or not. It could be that Demidov used this acoustic room for gathering intelligence on his high-ranking guests.

==Inclination of the tower==
[[File:Nevjansk tower ground upwards view.jpg|thumb|200px|left|A view of the tower from the ground]]
The reason of the tower's inclination is surrounded by legends. One of them claims that the tower was purposely inclined to face southwest in the direction of Demidov’s birthplace<ref name="The Weather Channel"/> in [[Tula, Russia|Tula]]. Another legend claims that once the construction of the tower had been completed, Akinfiy Demidov and the architect, went on top of the tower where Demidov asked him whether he could build anything better than the Nevyansk Tower. The architect answered "yes" and Demidov ordered him thrown from the top of the building (a similar legend is attached to the construction of the [[Prague Astronomical Clock]]). The next morning, the locals supposedly noticed that the tower had leaned forward a bit and water had started trickling down the walls. One can see water constantly dripping down the southwest wall of the tower to this day (albeit as a result of a natural phenomenon).

The restorers say that there is no evidence to assume that the Nevyansk Tower was purposely built inclined.<ref name="The Weather Channel"/> The current [[surveying]] data shows that the defect had to be obvious during the construction. It appears that drifting grounds were to blame for the inclination of the tower from the very beginning. Scientists believe that an uneven [[subsidence]] took place when the tower had already been partially built. Most likely, the construction workers stopped building the tower on seeing the defect, but later on they decided to go on with their work. This is supported by the color of [[Mortar (masonry)|mortar]] between the [[brick]]s, the composition of which changed as the builders worked their way up. Specially trimmed bricks were used to even out the tower.<ref name="The Weather Channel"/> Current measurements indicate that there is a 3-[[degree (angle)|degree]] deviation of the bases' tower from its axis, while the middle part is partially straightened as the inclination equals only one degree. The top part of the tower stands vertically.

==Construction techniques==
[[File:Nevjansk tower acoustic room corner.jpg|thumb|A corner of the ''acoustic room'', with some [[rebar]]s of the tower seen]]

Brick were constructed of fired clay that incorporated the colors of [[Limestone|lime]] and egg white,<ref name="culture.ru" /> the tower's [[tented roof]] was the first [[cast iron]] [[cupola]] in the world, consisting of a metal carcass and outer shell.((cn|date=February 2022)) The second time this technique was applied, about 100 years later, was during the reconstruction of the [[Mainz Cathedral]] in [[Germany]] in 1826, and the third time it was used in the dome of [[Saint Isaac's Cathedral]] in [[St. Petersburg]], built in the 1840s. 

The top of the tower is crowned with a [[gilding|gild]]ed [[sphere]] with spikes, built somewhere between 1721 and 1745. These were recently interpreted as [[lightning rod]]s (existing 28 years before [[Benjamin Franklin]]'s scientific explanation of such devices). 

The structural parts of the tower were reinforced with wrought iron bars as well as cast iron elements.((cn|date=February 2022))

==See also==
((Portal|Architecture|Russia))
((Commons|Невьянская наклонная б́ашня))
* [[List of leaning towers]]

==References==
((Reflist|refs=
<ref name="The Weather Channel">((cite web |title=10 Leaning Towers of the World |publisher=The Weather Channel |date=August 13, 2013 |url=http://www.weather.com/travel/news/leaning-towers-world-photos-20130813?pageno=5#/2 |accessdate=March 30, 2015))</ref>
))

==Sources==
*Most of the article was translated from the original Russian text in the ''Itogi Weekly'' magazine [http://www.itogi.ru/paper2002.nsf/Article/Itogi_2002_10_21_13_2351.html]
*Additional material was translated from the Russian text at [https://archive.today/20071001082917/http://7.ural.ru/nevjansk.php http://7.ural.ru]
*Additional information and photos of Nevyansk tower [http://en.visit-ekaterinburg.com/naviansk]

((Coord|57|29|22|N|60|13|15|E|region:RU_type:landmark|display=title))
[[Category:Towers completed in 1732]]
[[Category:Towers in Russia|Nevyansk]]
[[Category:Inclined towers]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Sverdlovsk Oblast]]

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