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((Multiple issues|
((Cleanup rewrite|date=March 2015))
((One source|date=March 2015))
((More citations needed|date=June 2022))
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The '''Lebanese space program''' was not initially an official government-sponsored effort. Rather, it revolved around the Lebanese Rocket Society which emerged from the [[Haigazian College]] Rocket Society, and was founded by [[Manoug Manougian]] in 1960. The original society gained fame in [[Lebanon]] after a series of successful launches of [[Cedar rocket]]s and in 1962 President [[Fuad Chehab|Fouad Chehab]] announced limited governmental funding for the renamed Lebanese Rocket Society which was also contacted by the Lebanese military to develop weapons.

==Lebanese Rocket Society==
The [[Lebanese Rocket Society]] which was led by [[Manoug Manougian]] consisted of a small group of students from the Haigazian University. The society developed into the wider Lebanese space program and it produced the first rockets of the [[Arab world|Arab World]], which were capable of suborbital flight.

In November 1960, a group of Haigazian College students got together under the guidance of [[Manoug Manougian]] (a [[Mathematics]] and [[Physics]] instructor) to form the Haigazian College Rocket Society (HCRS).

With an initial budget of 750 Lebanese pounds donated by the late deputy Emile Bustani, the members of the HCRS: Simon Aprahamian, Garabed Basmadjian, Hampartsum Karageuzian, Hrair Kelechian, Michael Ladah and John Tilkian, set out to prepare single and [[Multistage rocket|multistage]] [[Solid-propellant rocket|solid fuel]] [[rocket]]s.

Aspects of the first single-stage rocket were assigned to each student. As a result of the lack of required equipment, the group was obliged to resort to flight testing without any fuel tests in the laboratories. After a number of failures, the project was finally successful.

In April 1961, a single-stage solid propellant rocket was launched and reached an altitude of about one kilometer. With further improvements of the solid fuel system, a similar rocket called HCRS-3 was launched all the way up to 2&nbsp;km.

The [[Lebanese president|Lebanese President]], [[Fuad Chehab|Fouad Chehab]], as a result of these experiments, met with the members of HCRS and granted financial assistance for the project (10 thousand LL for 1961 and 15 thousand LL for 1962).

During the academic year 1961–1962, the society worked on two-stage rockets with further improvements of the separation system, solid fuel system, and vehicle design. On May 25, 1962, HCRS-7 Cedar was Launched up to 11.5&nbsp;km, and the [[Lebanese Armed Forces|Lebanese Army]] was responsible for the security of the launch. In the summer of 1962, two more rockets, Cedar llB and Cedar llC, were launched to a distance of 20&nbsp;km.

Due to the successes of the HCRS, new members joined and a new group was formed in 1962, it was called the Lebanese Rocket Society (LRS).

The LRS was directed by a main committee of six members: M. Manougian of Haigazian College (director), P. Mourad of AUB (advisor), Karamanougian of Haigazian college, J. Sfeir ([[Electronic engineering|electronic engineer]]), E. Kai ([[Geodesist|engineer geodesist]]), and an officer expert in ballistics (granted by the Army). Further tests were planned on design and construction of multistage rockets. Hart supervised the works of the HCRS while Manougian was in the [[United States|U.S]]. Members of the HCRS at the college were: Hampartzum Karaguezian, Hrair Aintablian, Hrair Sahagian, Jirair Zenian, and Jean Jack Guvlekjian.

On November 21, 1962, Cedar-3, a three stages solid propellant rocket prepared by the Haigazian group was launched. It had a length of 6.80 m and weight of 1250&nbsp;kg.

After several other launchings, an accident occurred during the summer of 1964, which hospitalized 2 students who fortunately recovered. However, the launch was ended, and no accidents have taken place since.

In 1963, a Cedar IV rocket was launched and reached ((convert|90|mi)) altitude, putting it close to the altitude of satellites in [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth Orbit]].<ref name=bbc/> The rocket was later commemorated on a [[Postage stamp|stamp]].<ref name=bbc>((cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24735423 |title=Lebanon's forgotten space programme |last=Hooper |first=Richard |date=14 November 2013 |accessdate=14 November 2013))</ref>

The final launch by the Lebanon Rocket Society was in 1966.

==In popular culture==
A reproduction of a 1964 [[postage stamp]] was produced by the Lebanese postal service to commemorate the 21st anniversary of the Lebanese Independence. Depicted is one of Haigazian College's Cedar rockets.

The society and wider Lebanese space programme is the focus of a 2012 film called ''[[The Lebanese Rocket Society (film)|The Lebanese Rocket Society]]''.

==References==
((reflist))

((Use American English|date=January 2014))

[[Category:Space programs by country]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Lebanon]]

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