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((Multiple issues|
((Lead too short|date=September 2009))
((more citations needed|date=March 2018))
))
((Use dmy dates|date=December 2019))
((Infobox weapon
|is_vehicle=yes
|name=M4A2 ''Sherman III''
|image= M4a2 cfb borden 1.JPG
| image_size = 300
|caption=Medium Tank M4A2, known as Sherman III in British service. Most of these, the only large-production diesel variant, were provided through [[Lend-Lease]] to the Allies
|type = [[Medium tank]]
|origin= [[United States]]
|service=
|used_by=
|wars= World War II
|designer=
|manufacturer=
|production_date=April 1942 – May 1945
|number=8,053
|variants=
|spec_label=
|length=((convert|5.92|m|ftin|abbr=on))
|width=((convert|2.62|m|ftin|abbr=on))
|height=((convert|2.74|m|ft|abbr=on))
| weight=29.94 tonnes (66,000 lbs) empty, late production vehicles
|suspension=[[Vertical Volute Spring Suspension]] (VVSS)
|clearance=((convert|430|mm|in|abbr=on))
|speed=48 km/h (30 mi/h) brief level
|vehicle_range=((convert|240|km|abbr=on))
|primary_armament=[[75 mm gun M2–M6|75 mm M3 Gun]] <br> 97 rounds
| secondary_armament=1× [[.50 BMG|.50]] [[M2 Browning|Browning M2HB]] heavy machinegun <br> 300 rounds <br> 2× [[.30-06 Springfield|.30-06]] [[M1919 Browning machine gun|Browning M1919A4]] machineguns <br> 4,750 rounds
|armour=((convert|13|–|108| mm|abbr=on)) late production
|engine=[[Detroit Diesel Series 71#WWII General Motors 6004/6046 engine|General Motors 6046]] diesel
|engine_power=((convert|410| hp|abbr=on)) gross at 2,900 rpm <br> 375 hp (280 kW) net at 2,100 rpm
|crew=5
|fuel_capacity=148 US gal (560 L)
|pw_ratio=12.89 hp/tonne
))

((M4 Sherman navigation))

The United States provided tens of thousands of its [[M4 Sherman|Medium Tank M4]], also named the Sherman, to many of its [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] during the [[Second World War]], under the terms of [[Lend-Lease]].

==International distribution==

This chart shows Lend-Lease shipments to major recipients through 1 September 1945; subsequent transfers between countries within theaters of operations (i.e., from the United Kingdom to Poland or Canada, or the United States to Free France or China) after initial shipment are not included.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Lend-Lease shipments of Sherman tanks<ref>((cite book |last=Hunnicutt|first=Richard P.|date=1976|title=Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank|location=Novato|publisher=Presidio Press|page=526|isbn=))</ref>
|-
! Variant !! United Kingdom !! Soviet Union !! Other (Canada, Brazil, Free France) !! Total
|-
| M4 (75 mm) || 2,096 || || 53 (to Brazil) || 2,149
|-
| M4 (105 mm) || 593 || || || 593
|-
| M4A1 (75 mm) || 942 || || 4 (to Canada) || 946
|-
| M4A1 (76 mm) || 1,330 || || || 1,330
|-
| M4A2 (75 mm) || 5,041 || 1,990 || 382 (to Free France) || 7,413
|-
| M4A2 (76 mm) || 5 || 2,073 || || 2,078
|-
| M4A3 (75 mm) || 7 || || || 7
|-
| M4A4 (75 mm) || 7,167 || 2 || 274 (to Free France) || 7,443
|-
|Total || 17,181 || 4,065 || 713 || 21,959
|}

==British nomenclature==
The British received far more M4 medium tanks, 17,181 (roughly 34% of all M4s produced), than any other Allied nation. The British practice of naming American tanks after [[American Civil War]] generals was continued, giving it the name ''Sherman'' after [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] General [[William Tecumseh Sherman]]. The US later adopted the name and the practice of naming tanks after generals and initially used the full name "General Sherman"<ref>((Citation|last=Moran |first=Nicholas |date=2015-06-06 |title=Myths of American Armor. TankFest Northwest 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bNjp_4jY8pY |via= YouTube |at= 5:04 to 8:00 |publisher=The Chieftain ))</ref>

In the British naming system, the major variants were identified by Mark numbers, the M4 being "Sherman I", the M4A1 "Sherman II" and so on. Letters after the mark number denoted modifications to the base model: "A" for the 76&nbsp;mm L/55 gun instead of the 75mm, "B" for the [[M101 howitzer|105&nbsp;mm M4 L/22.5 howitzer]], "C" for the British 76.2&nbsp;mm [[Ordnance QF 17 pounder|QF 17-pounder gun]], and "Y" for the later wider-tracked [[Vertical volute spring suspension#Horizontal volute spring suspension|Horizontal Volute Spring Suspension]] (HVSS) type suspension. Gun and suspension letters were used in combination, e.g. Sherman IBY. However, not every combination appeared eg no production 75mm Shermans were built with HVSS and hence no HVSS 17pdr conversions -  which would have been designated "CY" - therefore existed. HVSS Shermans were only fitted with 76mm M1 guns or 105mm M4 howitzers, AY and BY respectively in British service.

*'''Sherman I''' – M4 with 75&nbsp;mm M3 L/40 gun and [[Wright R-975 Whirlwind|Continental R975]] 9-cylinder radial petrol engine
**'''Sherman Hybrid I''' – Sherman I with composite hull (cast front, welded rear)
**'''Sherman IB''' – Sherman I with 105&nbsp;mm M4 L/22.5 howitzer
***'''Sherman IBY''' – Sherman IB with HVSS
*'''Sherman II''' – M4A1 with 75&nbsp;mm M3 L/40 gun and Continental R975 radial petrol engine
**'''Sherman IIA''' – M4A1(76)W, Sherman II with 76&nbsp;mm M1 L/55 gun
***'''Sherman IIAY''' – M4A1(76)W HVSS, Sherman IIA with HVSS
*'''Sherman III''' – M4A2 with 75&nbsp;mm M3 L/40 gun and GM6046 twin 6-cylinder diesel engine
**'''Sherman IIIA''' – M4A2(76)W, Sherman III with 76&nbsp;mm M1A2 L/55 gun (unlikely to have been used by UK troops((Cn|date=June 2023)))
***'''Sherman IIIAY''' – M4A2(76)W HVSS, Sherman IIIA with HVSS (not used operationally by UK troops)
*'''Sherman IV''' – M4A3 with 75&nbsp;mm M3 L/40 gun (no Sherman IVs used operationally) and [[Ford GAA engine|Ford GAA]] V8 petrol engine
**'''Sherman IVA''' – M4A3(76)W, Sherman IV with 76&nbsp;mm M1A2 L/55 gun
**'''Sherman IVB''' – M4A3(105), Sherman IV with 105&nbsp;mm M4 L/22.5 howitzer
***'''Sherman IVBY''' – M4A3(105) HVSS, Sherman IVB with HVSS
*'''Sherman V''' – M4A4 with 75&nbsp;mm M3 L/40 gun and [[Chrysler A57 multibank]] 30-cylinder "cloverleaf" petrol engine in a longer rear hull with more widely spaced bogies
*'''Sherman VI''' – M4A5 (paper designation for Canadian production)
*'''Sherman VII''' – M4A6 with 75&nbsp;mm M3 L/40 gun, composite cast/welded hull and [[Wright R-1820 Cyclone#D-200 Diesel|Ordnance RD-1820]] 9-cylinder radial diesel engine. Only 75 M4A6 were built and none are believed to have reached the UK
*'''Sherman II ARV III''' – M32B1 TRV (M4A1 Sherman II chassis) recovery vehicle
*'''Sherman V ARV III''' – M32B4 TRV (M4A4 Sherman V chassis) recovery vehicle. Extremely rare, almost mythical, vehicle. Production records are sketchy and British use is uncertain, but a photo does exist of an M32B4 in post-war Greek service((Cn|date=June 2023))

== Allied variants ==
[[Image:Kangaroo e010786216-v8.jpg|right|thumb|Sherman III ARV I – British Armoured Recovery Vehicle conversions of Sherman III (M4A2), REME, 79th Armoured Division, Summer 1944. Note large winch pulley on front glacis plate and specialized storage on hull sides.]]

Conversions and modifications of the M4 by their foreign users included the [[United Kingdom|British]]-Commonwealth [[Sherman Firefly|Firefly]] with the potent British QF 17 pounder (76.2&nbsp;mm) anti-tank gun; ''Adder'', ''Salamander'', ''Crocodile'', and ''Badger''<ref>R. P. Hunnicutt, ''Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank'', Presidio Press, Novato, CA, 1994, p. 420-421.</ref> [[Flame tank|flame-throwing]] Shermans; [[Kangaroo (armoured personnel carrier)|''Kangaroo'' armoured personnel carrier]]; [[Armoured recovery vehicle]]s (ARV); [[artillery tractor]]s, and the specialist military engineering vehicles of "[[Hobart's Funnies]]" designed specifically for [[Operation Overlord]] ("D-Day") and the [[invasion of Normandy|Battle of Normandy]]. In 1945, the 1st Battalion [[Coldstream Guards]] at the Rhine fitted Sherman turrets with two "60&nbsp;lb" [[RP-3]] air-to-ground rockets on rails to create the Sherman ''Tulip''. Canada created a prototype anti-aircraft vehicle with four 20&nbsp;mm [[Polsten]] cannons mounted in a turret on Canadian-made M4A1 hull, which was called ''[[Skink anti-aircraft tank|Skink]]''. The Soviets reportedly replaced the US 75&nbsp;mm gun on some M4A2s with the [[F-34 tank gun|76.2mm F-34 gun]] of the [[T-34]] medium tank to create the M4M; they discontinued the practice when assured of US ammunition supply.((sfn|Zaloga |Grandsen|1984|p=217)) For the [[Normandy landings]], the British developed special and specific deep wading kits for Shermans I/II, III and V. US forces in the Pacific suffered many drowned M4s by not having such kits early in the island landing campaigns, and they were rapidly copied for later landings.

===Conversions===
[[Image:ShermanFirefly.jpg|right|thumb|Sherman VC with British 17 pdr gun. Compare to 75 mm gun Sherman at the top of this page.]]

A number of Sherman tanks were converted to carry different armament or fill different roles than those for which the tank was originally manufactured. Among these were:
*[[Skink anti-aircraft tank|Tank AA, 20 mm Quad, Skink]] – Canadian prototype anti-aircraft vehicle with four 20&nbsp;mm Polsten cannon mounted in a turret on a Grizzly hull (tank made in Canada, not Lend-Leased).<ref>((Cite web | url=http://www.geocities.com/pentagon/bunker/3351/allweps/skink.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108124612/http://www.geocities.com/pentagon/bunker/3351/allweps/skink.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=2008-01-08 |title = Forgotten Battles: The Weapons: The Skink AA Tank))</ref>
*Sherman [[DD tank|Duplex Drive]] (DD) – British-developed swimming gear fitted to British, Canadian, and US Shermans for the Normandy landings.
*[[Sherman Firefly|Sherman 17pdr aka "Firefly"]] – British Sherman I or V re-armed with QF 17 pounder (76.2&nbsp;mm) anti-tank gun with ''C'' added to designation (as in Sherman IC or VC). A few Sherman IIIC are believed to have existed, issued to units equipped with standard Sherman III for mechanical commonality: Aberdeen Proving Ground in the USA has one. Post-war the "Firefly" name is commonly used to refer to these vehicles, but it was not an official name and not commonly used during the war.
*Sherman Tulip – British Sherman with two 3-inch ("60lb") RP-3 rockets on rails added to the turret. Used by the 1st Coldstream Guards at the Rhine in 1945.
* RMASG "Control Tank"((citation needed|date=November 2017)) – Sherman V tanks allocated to the [[Royal Marines Armoured Support Group]] for the D-Day landings were fitted with a dial sight in a protruding square cover on the top right of the turret. This permitted them to be used accurately in the indirect fire role as self-propelled artillery, initially from the decks of landing craft but later also ashore. Direct fire sights were retained. These tanks can be identified in photos by the 360-degree compass bearing markings around the turret.

===Combat engineering vehicles===
[[Image:M4a4 flail cfb borden 1.JPG|thumb|Sherman Crab Mk II.]]
[[Image:The British Army in Italy 1945 NA23762.jpg|thumb|right|A Sherman ''Twaby Ark'' bridging vehicle, with the ramps stowed in the travelling position]]
–
British developments for Shermans were extensive and included the [[fascine]] carrier (used by [[79th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|79th Armoured Division]]), "Crib", "Twaby Ark", "Octopus",
*'''Sherman Bridgelayer''' –
** "Plymouth" – carrying [[Bailey bridge]]
**Sherman [[Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers|AVRE]] with [[Small Box Girder]] bridge
*'''Sherman CIRD''' – fitted with "Canadian Indestructible Roller Device" landmine exploder
*'''Sherman Crab''' – British Sherman with [[mine flail]], one of a long line of flail devices

===Recovery vehicles===
*Sherman ARV I and Sherman ARV II – British armoured recovery vehicle conversions of Sherman I, III and V. It was British policy to have ARVs using the same mechanical parts as the gun tanks they supported wherever possible. ARV I was a simple turretless towing vehicle with light jib while ARV II had much more sophisticated recovery and repair equipment, a raised box-like superstructure and heavier jib. It was considered superior to the US M32 ARV, very few of which were used by British units.
*[[BARV#Sherman BARV|Beach Armoured Recovery Vehicle]] (BARV) – British conversion of Sherman III with large boat-shaped superstructure that was capable of deep wading near the shore. A simple push/pull ARV that served until replaced by Centurion BARV in the mid-1960s. The diesel-engined Sherman III was considered less likely to be affected by the wet environment than petrol-engined versions.

===Artillery ===
*'''Sherman Gun Tractor''' – British field conversion in Italy by removing turrets from M4A2 Sherman III tanks to tow 17 pdr AT gun and carry crew with ammunition. Some of the removed 75mm M3 guns may have been used for the Churchill NA75 field conversions unique to the [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]].
*'''Sherman Observation Post''' – an armoured mobile post for controlling artillery. The 75&nbsp;mm gun was removed (with a dummy barrel fitted outside) to give room for map tables in the turret. Three radio sets were fitted (two [[Wireless Set No. 19|Number 19]] and a [[Wireless Set No. 18|Number 18]]). Two more – both [[Wireless Set No. 38|Number 38]] – were carried for portable use outside the tank.<ref>Hunnicutt ''Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank'' p 309</ref>

===Personnel carriers===
*'''Sherman Kangaroo''' – Canadian Sherman converted into [[Kangaroo (armoured personnel carrier)|"Kangaroo"]] armoured personnel carrier

===Flame Tanks===
*'''Sherman Adder''' – A conversion kit to equip Sherman tanks, used in India on Sherman III and Sherman V
*'''Sherman Badger''' – Canada's replacement of its [[Ram tank|Ram]] Badger, the Sherman Badger was a turretless M4A2 HVSS Sherman with Wasp IIC flamethrower in place of hull machine gun, developed sometime from 1945 to 1949. The ((convert|150|impgal|L|abbr=on)) at ((convert|250| psi|bar|abbr=on)) was effective to ((convert|125|yard|m|abbr=on)), with elevation of +30 to −10 degrees and traverse of 30 degrees left and 23 degrees right. This inspired the US T68.<ref>R. P. Hunnicutt, ''Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank'', Presidio Press, Novato, CA, 1994, p. 420-421.</ref>

==Service history==
===United Kingdom===
[[Image:The British Army in the United Kingdom 1939-45 H19582.jpg|right|thumb|An early-model British Sherman II (M4A1) with two additional fixed mount machine-guns positioned in the front of the hull and its short M2 75mm tank gun with a supporting counterweight.]]
[[Image:Sherman M4 (Airborne Museum) 02.JPG|right|thumb|Most M4A4 Sherman Vs were provided to US allies under Lend-Lease, like this one in the markings of the 5th Canadian Division.]]

The British Empire received 17,184 Sherman tanks from the USA under Lend-Lease, roughly 78% of all American Shermans provided worldwide under this program. This includes Sherman tanks used by all members of the British [[Dominion]]s and Empire and those Allies who were equipped by the UK, such as the [[Polish Armed Forces in the West]]. The first M4A1 Sherman II received by the UK was equipped with two driver-operated fixed mount machine-guns in the hull front and carried the shorter M2 75mm tank gun with a counterweight. The two extra hull machine-guns were a standard feature of very early Shermans, carried over((citation needed|date=February 2018)) from the previous [[M3 Lee|M3 Medium (Lee/Grant) tank]], and were one of the first elements to be discarded from the original plan. [[Bovington Tank Museum]] has an example of this build-standard, the very first Sherman tank supplied to the UK under Lend-Lease and named "Michael". The British became the primary users of the M4A4 Sherman V, which they found to be far more reliable than did the few US users (mainly for testing within the continental USA). M4 Sherman I, M4A1 Sherman II and M4A2 Sherman III were also used in (roughly) that order of importance. Free Polish and [[Czechoslovak government-in-exile]] armoured units supported and equipped by the British had M4A1s, M4A2s and some M4A4s.

Some Shermans in British service were also converted to specialist-type combat engineering vehicles. The Sherman Crab was the main conversion, which was designed to be used for clearing minefields in northwestern Europe and Italy. The Beach Armoured Recovery Vehicle was a waterproofed [[armoured recovery vehicle]] produced in small numbers and used only in support of beach-landings to pull drowned tanks and vehicles from the water and to push off stuck or beached landing-craft.

===North Africa===
The first Shermans to see battle in World War II were M4A1s (Sherman IIs) with the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British Eighth Army]] at the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]] in October 1942. The tanks had been supplied in a hurry from the US, which had removed them from their own army units. They were then hastily modified to meet British military requirements and for desert and hot-weather conditions, such as the addition of sandshields over the tracks.((sfn|Sandars|1982| p=6)) Over 250 of these US-supplied Shermans, which were divided among 12 regiments, participated in the battle. They formed the so-called "heavy squadrons" (16 tanks in each) of one brigade in each division of [[X Corps (United Kingdom)|X Corps]] and some other squadrons of the other units taking part in the battle, with the other heavy squadrons still being equipped with M3 Lee/Grant tanks and light squadrons possessing [[M3 Stuart]] light tanks and [[Crusader tank|Crusader]] cruiser tanks. The British Shermans were able to tackle enemy rearguard units and defending troops by using high-explosive (HE) shells which were fired indirectly at them whilst the German [[5 cm Pak 38|5&nbsp;cm Pak 38 anti-tank gun]] was only effective against the Sherman if it could engage it from the more-vulnerable sides. More of the British armoured units in North Africa were converted to increasingly-larger quantities of Shermans over time from their successful outcome at El Alamein, including the addition of Sherman IIIs (M4A2s) aside from the previous Sherman II, although the infantry tank units retained use of their [[Churchill tank]]s.

===Italy===
The British forces in Italy did not use their standard cruiser tanks (such as the Crusader). Instead, in their place, they used Shermans and turretless and regular gun-tank [[M3 Stuart|Stuart tank]]s to equip their reconnaissance troops. The other tank of the campaign was the Churchill tank (early models carried a 6-pdr tank gun; later models had a 75mm main gun), with such equipped tank units being bolstered with Shermans. In general, the Shermans acted in the infantry support role in difficult (mountainous and hilly) terrain against fixed-type German defences and fortifications. At the end of 1944, 76mm-, 105mm- (howitzer) and 17-pdr-armed Shermans began to be fielded by the British troops as they came up against the German-built and strongly-defended [[Gothic Line]].

===Northwest Europe===
[[File:Sherman tank and Horsa glider.jpg|thumb|A Sherman DD tank of 13th/18th Royal Hussars in action against German troops near Ranville, [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], 10 June 1944. Note crashed [[Airspeed Horsa|Horsa]] glider in background.]]

British and Commonwealth use in Europe was comprehensive. The Sherman replaced the [[M3 Lee|M3 Grant and Lee tanks]] and the [[Ram tank|Ram Tank]] in Canadian service and was in the majority by 1944 – the other main late-war tanks being the Churchill and [[Cromwell tank|Cromwell]] cruiser tank. The Cromwell was used largely in the reconnaissance role. The slower, more heavily armoured Churchills were used in the infantry support [[Brigade#United Kingdom|Tank Brigades]].

The Sherman 17pdr variant was converted mostly from the M4 Sherman I and M4A4 Sherman V, with possibly a few Sherman III, and was used both in Sherman and Cromwell-equipped units to add extra anti-tank capability. The VC was necessary as the intended supplement (the [[Cruiser Mk VIII Challenger|17 pdr development of the Cromwell]] was produced in insufficient numbers whilst the production of the VC was much greater). A 1944-pattern British armoured [[Squadron (army)|squadron]] (equivalent to a US company) had one 17pdr Sherman per troop (platoon) of four Shermans. The 17pdr Sherman was retained in Cromwell units until the introduction of the [[Comet tank|Comet]], which carried the [[17 pounder#77 mm HV|77mm HV]], a shortened derivative of the OQF 17 pounder firing the 17 pounder shell from the cartridge of the obsolete [[QF 3-inch 20 cwt|3-inch 20cwt AA gun]] for less recoil but with slightly less armour penetration.

By the end of the war, 50% of the Shermans in British service were VCs or ICs.((Citation needed|date=September 2017)) With the end of the war, and with superior tanks entering service, the UK returned its Shermans to reduce its Lend-Lease payments. However, the US did not really want the 17pdr conversions returned and many found their way from British stocks into other armies post-war, where they served until the 1960s in many cases (e.g. Argentine ''Repotenciado'' upgrade of IC and VC fitted with French 105mm gun and diesel engine).

===India===
[[File:Indian Armoured Corps in the Middle East 1944.jpg|thumb|[[Indian Armoured Corps]] in a Sherman III tank in the Middle East, March 1944.]] 
In the Indian Army tradition, formations included British regiments alongside Indian Army units.<ref group="nb">The [[Army of India]] consisted of both the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] and the [[British Army]] ''in'' India between 1903 and 1947.</ref> As well as some Indian units receiving Shermans, the 116th Regiment [[Royal Armoured Corps]] (converted from the 9th Battalion [[Gordon Highlanders]]) part of [[255th Indian Tank Brigade|255th Brigade]] was equipped with Shermans. As part of the 255th, they were involved in January and February 1945 in Burma [[Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay|in action near Meiktila and Mandalay]]. The actions were predominantly in support of infantry with few enemy tanks encountered.<ref>Sandars p21</ref> After that, they were part of mobile columns that moved to [[Operation Dracula|retake Rangoon]].

===New Zealand===
The [[4th New Zealand Armoured Brigade]] operated approximately 150 M4A2 Sherman tanks from late 1942 until the end of the war. The 4th Brigade formed part of the [[New Zealand 2nd Division]] and was converted from an infantry brigade. The 4th Armoured Brigade saw action during the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]].<ref>((cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |chapter=WARS – SECOND WORLD WAR – The Army |editor=A. H. McLintock |year=1966 |chapter-url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/W/WarsSecondWorldWar/TheArmy/en))</ref>

===Australia===
[[Image:M4 Trials (AWM 082750).jpg|thumb|A M4A2 during Australian Army trials in 1944]]

Although the [[Australian Army]] received 757 [[M3 Lee|M3 Lee/Grants]] in 1942, it only received three Sherman tanks. These three tanks were supplied by the UK and were only used for trials purposes. When the [[Sentinel tank|Australian Cruiser tank]] program was cancelled in 1943, after US authorities promised M4 Mediums would be available in any quantity required by Australia. A proposal was made to replace the entire order of 775 Australian Cruiser tanks with 310 Sherman tanks; however, this proposal was not acted on. Early in 1944 Australian Army was requested by War Office to undertake trials of Churchill and Sherman tanks in "New Guinea conditions". Trials were conducted in the jungle terrain of New Guinea using British Churchill Mk IV, Mk V and Mk VII Infantry tanks and American Sherman M4A1 and M4A2 Medium tanks, and included armament tests involving firing 75mm and 95mm main guns on a Japanese style bunker constructed from coconut logs. It was considered by those trials results that the Churchill was preferable to the Sherman for operations in jungle.

Australia's first Sherman, an M4A2, arrived in Australia in 1943 with a further two M4s (sometimes mis-labelled as M4A1s) arriving for tropical trials in [[New Guinea]] in 1944. The tanks were manned by crews drawn from the Australian [[4th Armoured Brigade (Australia)|4th Armoured Brigade]]. The results of these trials showed that the British Churchill tank was better suited to jungle warfare's low-speed infantry support than the Sherman. As a result, the Australian Government ordered 510 Churchills, of which 51 were delivered before the order was cancelled at the end of the war, and did not order any further Shermans. Following the war, the three trials tanks were placed on display at Australian Army bases and one was later destroyed after being used as a tank target.<ref>Paul D. Handel [http://anzacsteel.hobbyvista.com/Armoured%20Vehicles/australianshermansph_4.htm Australian Shermans] Accessed 30 June 2006.</ref>

===Canada===
The United States officially did not list Canada as a Lend-Lease recipient, but did create the 1941 Joint Defense Production Committee with Canada so that "each country should provide the other with the defense articles which it is best able to produce" and [[American Locomotive Company]] enabled its Canadian subsidiary, the [[Montreal Locomotive Works]], to build M4A1 variants in Canada. Canada received four Shermans under Lend-Lease; the mechanism of this is not fully understood.<!--by who? the writer? or the Finance Department?--><ref>"Lend-Lease Shipments: World War II," Section IIIB, Published by Office, Chief of Finance, War Department, 31 December 1946, p. 8.</ref> The MLW built 188 Shermans called the [[Grizzly I cruiser]] in Canadian service, which were restricted to training. As there was sufficient production capacity in the US, the MLW investment in Ram and Sherman tank production was turned to building of the [[Sexton (artillery)|Sexton self-propelled gun]]s which used the [[Ordnance QF 25-pounder|25pdr gun-howitzer]] on M3 or M4 chassis. In European combat, the Canadian Army used American-built Shermans supplied by the UK. These were armed with 75&nbsp;mm, 105&nbsp;mm and 17-pounder guns.<ref>Guthrie, Steve ''The Sherman in Canadian Service'' Service Publications, Ottawa, ON. ((ISBN|1-894581-14-8))</ref>

===China===

Chinese forces based in British India received 100 M4A4 Shermans from British stocks and used them to great effect against considerably-inferior Japanese tanks and their infantry in the subsequent offensives, such as in [[Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan]], between 1943 and 1944. After the war, some vehicles remaining in India went to the British, with several others put to use by the Nationalist Chinese ([[Kuomintang]]) against Chinese communist (CCP) forces in the [[Chinese Civil War]] until the KMT's defeat in 1949.

===Soviet Union===
[[Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-694-0305-15A, Russland-Mitte, zerstörter russischer Panzer.jpg|right|thumb|An abandoned Soviet M4A2 (75mm-gun version) left behind near [[Smolensk]], just before the start of [[Operation Bagration]] in 1944.]]
[[Image:Sovětské tanky na Křenové ulici.gif|right|thumb|Soviet M4A2(76)W Shermans lined up on the side of a street in the Czech city of [[Brno]] in April 1945.]]

The M4A2s used by the Red Army were considered to be much-less prone to blow up due to ammunition detonation than their [[T-34|T-34/76]] but had a higher tendency to overturn in road accidents and collisions or because of rough terrain due to their much-higher center of gravity.<ref>[http://www.iremember.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=85&Itemid=19 Лоза Дмитрий Федорович – Я Помню. Герои Великой Отечественной войны. Участники ВОВ.] in Russian.</ref>

Under Lend-Lease, 4,102 M4A2 medium tanks were sent to the Soviet Union. Of these, 2,007 were equipped with the original 75&nbsp;mm main gun, with 2,095 mounting the more-capable 76&nbsp;mm tank gun. The total number of Sherman tanks sent to the U.S.S.R. under Lend-Lease represented 18.6% of all Lend-Lease Shermans.<ref>''[https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/ref/LL-Ship/LL-Ship-3A.html Lend-Lease Shipments: World War II'', Section IIIB, Published by Office, Chief of Finance, War Department, 31 December 1946, p. 8.] Via Hyperwar Foundation</ref>

The first 76mm-armed M4A2 diesel-fuel Shermans started to arrive in Soviet Union in the late summer of 1944.<ref name=z37>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbmtnAc8lCcC&q=sherman+soviet&pg=PT23|title=M4 (76mm) Sherman Medium Tank 1943–65|isbn=9781841765426|last1=Zaloga|first1=Steven|date=20 April 2003|page=37|publisher=Bloomsbury USA))((Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))</ref> By 1945, some Red Army armoured units were standardized to depend primarily on them and not on their ubiquitous T-34. Such units include the [[1st Guards Mechanized Corps]], the [[4th Mechanized Corps|3rd Guards Mechanized Corps]], [[6th Guards Tank Army]] and the [[9th Guards Mechanized Corps]], amongst others. The Sherman was largely held in good regard and viewed positively by many Soviet tank-crews which operated it before, with compliments mainly given to its reliability, ease of maintenance, generally good firepower (referring especially to the 76mm-gun version) and decent armour protection,<ref>((cite web |url=https://iremember.ru/en/memoirs/tankers/dmitriy-loza/ |title=IRemember.ru – Memories of veterans of the Great Patriotic War – Dmitriy Loza |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=21 September 2010 |website=IRemember.ru |publisher=Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation |access-date=16 May 2018 |quote=<!--Dmitriy Fedorovich, on which American tanks did you fight?..."On Shermans. We called them "Emchas", from M4 [in Russian, em chetyrye]. Initially they had the short main gun, and later they began to arrive with the long gun and muzzle brake. On the front slope armor there was a travel lock for securing the barrel during road marches. The main gun was quite long. Overall, this was a good vehicle but, as with any tank, it had its pluses and minuses. When someone says to me that this was a bad tank, I respond, "Excuse me!" One cannot say that this was a bad tank. Bad as compared to what?"-->))</ref> as well as an [[Auxiliary power unit#Armored vehicles|auxiliary power unit]] (APU) to keep the tank's batteries charged without having to run the main engine for the same purpose as the Soviets' own T-34 tank required.<ref>((cite web |url=https://iremember.ru/en/memoirs/tankers/dmitriy-loza/ |title=IRemember.ru WW II Memoirs |last=Loza |first=Dimitri |date=21 September 2010 |website=iremember.ru/en |publisher=IRemember |access-date=13 June 2017 |quote=<!--Still one great plus of the Sherman was in the charging of its batteries. On our T-34 it was necessary to run the engine, all 500 horsepower of it, in order to charge batteries. In the crew compartment of the Sherman was an auxiliary gasoline engine, small like a motorcycle's one. Start it up and it charged the batteries. This was a big deal to us!-->))</ref>

===Poland===
Poland was not a recipient of Lend-Lease aid directly from the United States, however, Polish forces also used a wide variety of Shermans redirected from Lend-Lease shipments to the British Empire. The [[1st Armoured Division (Poland)|Polish 1st Armoured Division]] entered the [[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]] mostly equipped with Sherman Vs (M4A4s) with 75&nbsp;mm guns, and VC Shermans. The reconnaissance battalion was equipped with Cromwells, as in British armoured divisions.<ref group="nb">With the 10th Mounted Rifle Regiment.</ref> After heavy losses closing the [[Falaise Pocket]] and in the Dutch campaign, the division was re-equipped, largely with Sherman IIA (M4A1 (W) 76&nbsp;mm) models.

The [[Polish II Corps]], fighting in Italy, primarily used M4A2s (Sherman III) that had been used by the British Army in Africa. However, some ICs and Sherman IB (M4(105&nbsp;mm)) howitzer tanks were also used.

Parts of the [[First Polish Army (1944-1945)|Polish First Army]] also briefly used M4A2 (76&nbsp;mm) borrowed from the Soviet armies after heavy losses in the conquest of Danzig. After receiving replacements, the army was re-equipped with T-34s.((Citation needed|date=February 2007))

===France===
[[Image:Sherman M4A1.jpg|right|thumb|M4A1 in French markings with national (Free French) diamond symbol on hull side]]
The first use of Sherman tanks by a French unit appears to have been with ''1ère Compagnie Autonome de Chars de Combat'' (1ère CACC), it was merged with the French Army Corps Reconnaissance Group (GRCA), and was known as the "Free French Flying Column". It was part of the British Eighth Army, and fought from El-Alamein to Tunisia. The tank company was attached to "Force L (Leclerc)" and later became the 1st Company of the newly organized ''501ème Régiment de Chars de Combat'', ''2ème Division Blindée''.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://the.shadock.free.fr/sherman_minutia/french_shermans/french_shermans.html|title=French Shermans|website=the.shadock.free.fr))</ref>

In 1943, the [[Free French Forces]] decided to create their new army in North Africa, and had an agreement with the Americans to be equipped with modern US weapons. France received 656 Sherman tanks under Lend-Lease (274 M4A4s and 362 M4A2s, plus 20 remanufactured M4A2s), being the third largest recipient of the Sherman. French armoured divisions were organized and equipped the same as the U.S. Army's "light" armoured division table of organization and equipment of 1943. Each division was equipped with 165 Shermans.The French [[2nd Armored Division (France)|2nd Armored Division]] (((lang-fr|Division Blindée, DB))) entered the Battle of Normandy fully equipped with M4A2s. The ''1ème'' and ''5ème DB'', which entered southern France as part of the [[First Army (France)|First French Army]], were equipped with a mixture of M4A2 and M4A4 medium tanks. M4A3(76) and M4A3(75)W tanks were later received from U.S. Army stocks as replacements to make up for losses in combat, and the French were also issued M4A3 (105) Shermans; the ''2ème DB'' received a few M4(105)s at the end of July 1944 while still in the UK. The ''3ème DB'', which served as a training and reserve organization for the three operational armored divisions, was equipped with roughly 200 medium and light tanks. Of these, 120 were later turned in to the US Army's Delta Base Section at [[Marseille]] for reissue. In the final weeks of the War in Europe, French units also received supplies of M4A1(75)s, remanufactured in the US before shipment overseas.<ref>(Vigneras, Marcel, "Rearming the French," [[Office of the Chief of Military History]], Dept. of the Army, (Washington, DC GPO) 1957, p. 244-246.)</ref>

===Brazil===

Brazil received 53 Sherman tanks under Lend-Lease in 1944, all equipped with the 75&nbsp;mm gun. These tanks were not used by the [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force]] in Italy during the war, but sent directly to defend Brazil itself. In the early 1950s, another group of 30 Sherman tanks was delivered under the [[Military Assistance Program]], bringing the total number of Shermans to 83 tanks. The variants of these tanks consisted of 40 M4, 38 M4 with the Composite Hull, and 2 M4A1. The Brazilian Army used the Shermans until 1979 when they were replaced by M41 tanks.<ref>M4 Sherman no Brasil ((ISBN|978-85-99719-07-7))</ref>

===Czechoslovakia===
While the [[Czechoslovak government-in-exile]] did not receive Lend-lease equipment from the United States, its [[1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade]] was equipped and supplied by the British Army. The Brigade's equipment during the [[Siege of Dunkirk (1944)|siege of Dunkirk]] included 36 [[Sherman Firefly|Sherman ICs]] in addition to Cromwell tanks, which constituted the primary armoured vehicle operated by the brigade. The 17pdr Shermans were, in May 1945, exchanged for 22 [[Cruiser Mk VIII Challenger|Challenger cruiser tanks]] with which the brigade returned home. In addition, one damaged Sherman I abandoned by an unknown unit was salvaged from the battlefield by the brigade's repair shop and was later used as a recovery vehicle. This vehicle returned with the brigade to Czechoslovakia.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Jakl |first1= Tomáš |year=2006 |title= Československé Shermany|journal= Historie a Plastikové Modelářství|volume=XVI |issue= 12|pages=22–23|publisher=HaPM Ltd.|issn= 1210-1427))</ref>

===South Africa===
South African Shermans were used by the 6th Armoured Division.((citation needed|date=December 2018))

==See also==
* [[Postwar Sherman tanks]]
* [[Hobart's Funnies]]
* [[79th Armoured Division]]
* [[Allied technological cooperation during World War II]]

==Endnotes==
===Notes===
((Reflist |group="nb"))

===Citations===
((Reflist))

==Sources==

* ((cite book | last1=Zaloga | first1=Steven J. |first2=James |last2=Grandsen | year=1984 | title=Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two | publisher=Arms and Armour Press | location=London | isbn=0-85368-606-8 ))
* ((cite book | last=Sandars | first=John | year=1982 | title=The Sherman Tank in British service 1942-1945 | publisher=Osprey Publishing |series=Vanguard No. 15 | location=Oxford | isbn=0-85045-361-5 ))
*((Cite book| last = Hunnicutt | first = R. P |authorlink=R. P. Hunnicutt | title = Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank | publisher = Taurus Enterprises | location = San Rafeal |orig-date=1971 | date = 1978 | isbn = 978-0-89141-080-5 ))
*[http://www.mapleleafup.org/intro.html mapleleafup.org]
<!-- *http://www.exercito.gov.br/03Brafor/feb/indice.htm dead link-->
<!-- *http://www.chars-francais.net/archives/unites/1944/unites_1944-45.htm dead link-->
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070519193356/http://mailer.fsu.edu/~akirk/tanks/ Tanks!]
*((cite web |url=http://www.junobeach.org/e/4/can-tac-arm-she-e.htm |title=Canada in the Second World War |url-status=dead |access-date=30 June 2006 |archive-date=17 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617154546/http://junobeach.org/e/4/can-tac-arm-she-e.htm ))
*((cite book |url=http://digital.lib.umn.edu/TEXTS/011/0002BODY.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020811042103/http://digital.lib.umn.edu/TEXTS/011/0002BODY.PDF |archive-date=2002-08-11 |title=United States Government Manual |publisher=Office for Emergency Management |date=Spring 1942 |via=University of Minnesota Library ))
*((cite web |url=http://ww2photo.mimerswell.com/tanks/usa/med/m4/m4.htm |title=M4 Sherman |publisher=ww2photo.mimerswell.com |language=Danish |url-status=dead |access-date=24 June 2006 |archive-date=28 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228005216/http://ww2photo.mimerswell.com/tanks/usa/med/m4/m4.htm ))

== Further reading ==
* ((cite book |title=Commanding the Red Army's Sherman Tanks: The World War II Memoirs of Hero of the Soviet Union Dmitriy Loza |last=Loza |first=Dmitriy |editor=James F. Gebhardt |year=1996 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0803229204 ))

==External links==
*[http://www.lend-lease.ru Allies and Lend-Lease Museum, Moscow]
<!-- *[http://ww2photo.mimerswell.com/tanks/usa/med/m4/m4spec.htm M4 Sherman photogallery 1 at ww2photo.mimerswell.com]
*[http://ww2photo.mimerswell.com/tanks/usa/med/m4/sher/sher.htm M4 Sherman photogallery 1 at ww2photo.mimerswell.com] -->
((Commons category|Sherman tanks by country of service))

((DEFAULTSORT:Sherman, M4))
[[Category:World War II medium tanks]]
[[Category:World War II tanks of the United States]]
[[Category:Soviet Union–United States military relations]]
[[Category:World War II tanks of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:World War II tanks of China]]
[[Category:M4 Sherman tanks]]

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