Lepidopteris ("scaly fern") is a form genus for leaves of Peltaspermaceae, an extinct family of seed plants, which lived from around 260 to 190 million years ago, from the Late Permian to Early Jurassic. Fossils of the genus have been found across both hemispheres. Nine species are currently recognized.[2][3]Lepidopteris was a common and widespread seed fern, which survived the Permian-Triassic extinction event but was largely wiped out by the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event. Lepidopteris callipteroides is especially common between the first two episodes of Permian-Triassic extinction event,[4] and L. ottonis forms a comparable acme zone immediate before the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event.[5]Lepidopteris would persist into the Early Jurassic in Patagonia, represented by the species Lepidopteris scassoi.[6]
Description
Whole plant reconstruction of Lepidopteris ottonis with Antevsia zeilleri pollen organs, from the Late Triassic of Europe
In the form generic system of paleobotanyLepidopteris is used only for leaves, which are fern-like with pinnules attached to the rachis as well as the pinnae. The cuticle of the leaves is thick and has a distinctive cuticular structure with stomatal opening overhung by papillae. This structure has been used to link the fossil leaves with well preserved reproductive structures in the same deposits. The ovules are commonly arranged in peltate structures, which have been used to assign Lepidopteris to the Order Peltaspermales. Not all leaf species are associated with reproductive material, but well established associations include the following.
Lepidopteris was geographically widespread and ranged from Late Permian to Late Triassic but individual species had more restricted geographic extent and shorter stratigraphic ranges, as seen in the list below in stratigraphic order
Lepidopteris martinsii from Late Permian of Germany, England and Italy.[2]
Lepidopteris madagascariensis from Early Triassic of Madagascar and Australia.[2]
Lepidopteris stormbergensis from Middle-Late Triassic of South Africa, India, South America and Australia.[2]
Lepidopteris remota from Middle Triassic of Russia.[3]
Lepidopteris haizeri from Middle to Late Triassic of Russia[3]
Lepidopteris heterolateralis from Middle to Late Triassic of Russia.[3]
Lepidopteris microcellularis from Middle to Late Triassic of Russia.[3]
Lepidopteris ottonis from Late Triassic of Greenland, Germany, Poland, China and Vietnam.[5]
Lepidopteris scassoi Early Jurassic of Argentina.[6]
Atmospheric carbon dioxide paleobarometer
The cuticular structure of Lepidopteris is comparable to that of modern Ginkgo, which has been used to estimate past atmospheric carbon dioxide from its stomatal index. Because Lepidopteris and Ginkgo leaves in the same South African fossil quarries have the same stomatal index, the calibration for modern Ginkgo has been used to calculate carbon dioxide levels from Late Permian and TriassicLepidopteris leaves.[7]
^ abcdefTownrow, John A. (1960). "The Peltaspermaceae, a pteridosperm family of Permian and Triassic age". Palaeontology. 3 (3): 333–361.
^ abcdeDobruskina, Inna A. (1980). "Stratigrafeicheskoe polozhenie floronosnikh tolsch triasa Evrazi". Trudy Akademia Nauk SSSR, Moskva. 346: 1–164.
^ abcRetallack, Gregory J. (2002). "Lepidopteris callipteroides, the earliest Triassic seed fern in the Sydney Basin, southeastern Australia". Alcheringa. 26 (4): 475–599. doi:10.1080/03115510208619538. S2CID129439745.
^ abBonis, N.R., Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert, J.H.A., and Kürschner, W.M. (2010). "Changing CO2 conditions during the end-Triassic inferred from stomatal frequency analysis on Lepidopteris ottonis (Goeppert) Schimper and Ginkgoites taeniatus (Braun) Harris". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 295 (1–2): 146–161. Bibcode:2010PPP...295..146B. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.034.((cite journal)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
