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((Short description|Letters by Blaise Pascal published 1656–57))
((italic title))
((refimprove|date=January 2011))
[[File:Blaise_Pascal_-_Les_Provinciales.djvu|thumb|right|((Lang|fr|Lettres provinciales))]]

The '''((Lang|fr|Lettres provinciales))''' ('''''Provincial letters''''') are a series of eighteen letters written by French [[philosopher]] and theologian [[Blaise Pascal]] under the pseudonym Louis de Montalte. Written in the midst of the [[formulary controversy]] between the [[Jansenist]]s and the [[Jesuit]]s, they are a defense of the Jansenist [[Antoine Arnauld]] from [[Port-Royal-des-Champs]], a friend of Pascal who in 1656 was condemned by the Faculté de Théologie at the [[Collège de Sorbonne|Sorbonne]] in Paris for views that were claimed to be [[heresy|heretical]]. The [https://web.archive.org/web/20080506114830/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/pascal/blaise/p27pr/part1.html first letter]  is dated January 23, 1656 and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20080802230345/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/pascal/blaise/p27pr/part19.html eighteenth]  March 24, 1657.<ref>
((cite book
|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b86069705/f7.item.r=Lettres%20provinciales.zoom
|title = Les Provinciales, ou les Lettres escrites par Louis de Montalte a un provincial de ses amis & aux RR. PP. Iesuites: sur le sujet de la Morale & de la Politique de ces Peres 
|publisher = Pierre de la Vallee
|place = Cologne 
|year = 1667
|edition = 1 
|access-date= 16 May 2016 
|via= Gallica))</ref> A fragmentary [https://web.archive.org/web/20080802230238/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/pascal/blaise/p27pr/part20.html nineteenth letter]  is frequently included with the other eighteen.

In these letters, Pascal humorously attacked [[casuistry]], a rhetorical method often used by Jesuit theologians, and accused Jesuits of moral laxity. Being quickly forced underground while writing the ''Provincial Letters'', Pascal pretended they were reports from a Parisian to a friend in the provinces, on the moral and theological issues then exciting the intellectual and religious circles in the capital. In the letters, Pascal's tone combines the fervor of a convert with the wit and polish of a man of the world. Their style meant that, quite apart from their religious influence, the ''Provincial Letters'' were popular as a literary work. Adding to that popularity was Pascal's use of humor, mockery, and [[satire]] in his arguments. The letters also influenced the prose of later French writers like [[Voltaire]] and [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]. Brilliantly written by Pascal, the ''Provincial Letters'' would not have been possible without the work of theologians from Port-Royal; indeed, most of the arguments Pascal deployed were already to be found in Arnauld's ''Théologie morale des Jésuites'',<ref name=Carraud>Vincent Carraud (author of ''Pascal et la philosophie'', PUF, 1992), [http://www.amisdeportroyal.org/societe/?Le-jansenisme.html&lang=fr Le jansénisme], ''Société des Amis de Port-Royal'', on-line since June 2007 ((in lang|fr))</ref> something which led the Jesuit [[Nicolas Caussin]] to reply to Pascal's perceived libel. Pascal's main source on Jesuit casuistry was [[Antonio Escobar y Mendoza|Antonio Escobar]]'s ''Summula casuum conscientiae'' (1627), several propositions of which would be later condemned by [[Pope Innocent XI]].

Paradoxically, the ''Provincial Letters'' were both a success and a defeat: a defeat, on the political and theological level, and a success on the moral level.<ref name=Carraud/> The final letter from Pascal, in 1657, had defied the Pope himself, provoking [[Pope Alexander VII|Alexander VII]] to condemn the letters. But that did not stop most of educated France from reading them. Moreover, even Pope Alexander, while publicly opposing them, nonetheless was persuaded by Pascal's arguments. Just a few years later (1665–66, and then 1679),<ref name=Carraud/> Alexander condemned "laxity" in the church and ordered a revision of casuistic texts.

== Content of the letters ==

Structurally, the first three letters ridicule the dispute between the [[Thomist]]s and the [[Jesuit]]s on the nature of salvation, rather asserting a Jansenist understanding of salvation. Making allusion to the [[Congregatio de Auxiliis]], the debate concerned the respective role of [[divine grace|grace]] and [[free will]], [[Molinism|Molinists]] (i.e. Jesuits) claiming that an "[[efficacious grace]]" was not necessary to save man, but only a "sufficient grace" bestowed by God to all men, while Thomists claimed that the "sufficient grace", given to all men, had to be assisted by an "efficacious grace", bestowed only to the select few (in accordance also with [[Augustinism]]). Pascal thus highlighted, in the [https://web.archive.org/web/20080802225826/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/pascal/blaise/p27pr/part2.html Second Letter] , that neo-Thomists and Jesuits were using the same term, "sufficient grace", with two different senses, for political reasons.

=== Fourth Letter ===

The [https://web.archive.org/web/20080802225108/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/pascal/blaise/p27pr/part5.html Fourth Letter]  deals with the question of "[[actual grace]]", the Jesuits claiming that sin could only be committed if people had knowledge of the evil inherent to the planned action. The Jesuit priest with whom Pascal was speaking quoted Le Moyne, a professor to the Sorbonne from 1642 to 1654. Le Moyne's definition had already been used by Arnauld in the ''Apologie pour les saints Pères'':<ref>See note p. 314 of Ferreyrolles and Sellier's edition, Pochotèque, Classiques Garnier, 1999–2004</ref><blockquote>1. On the one hand, God sheds abroad on the soul some measure of love, which gives it a bias toward the thing commanded; and on the other, a rebellious [[concupiscence]] solicits it in the opposite direction. 2. God inspires the soul with a knowledge of its own weakness. 3. God reveals the knowledge of the physician who can heal it. 4. God inspires it with a desire to be healed. 5. God inspires a desire to pray and solicit his assistance.</blockquote>"And unless all these things occur and pass through the soul," added the Jesuit, "the action is not properly a sin, and cannot be imputed, as M. le Moine shows in the same place and in what follows."

Pascal replied, that this meant that all those whose "vices have got the better of their reason" and who indulge in "a perpetual round of all sorts of pleasures", so long as they are ignorant of the immorality of their actions, were excused by this doctrine. While he argued, citing the Bible,<ref>Pascal alluded to the [[Parable of the Faithful Servant]] in the [[Gospel of Luke]], XII, 47–48, to [[Ecclesiastes]], IX, 1, and to the [[First Epistle to the Corinthians]], IV, 4 : ''Nihil enim mihi conscius sum, sed non in hoc justificatus sum''</ref> that those who did believe in God but were deprived of knowledge of their evil actions (and thus deprived, for a moment, of the Jesuits' "actual grace") were still sinners.

Furthermore, Pascal ridiculed the attempt of [[Etienne Bauny]], author of a ''Somme des péchés qui se commettent en tous états'' (Paris, 1634),<ref>See note p. 312 of Ferreyrolles and Sellier's edition, Pochotèque, Classiques Garnier, 1999–2004</ref> to use [[Aristotle]] to justify this doctrine of sin (which could, according to Bauny, only be effective if man possessed the knowledge of the action). Bauny thus quoted the ''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]'', III, 1, alleging that a voluntary action needed knowledge of what was good or evil in it. Pascal replied, also quoting Aristotle (he seemingly was the only one to use this argument in this debate),<ref>See note p. 324 of Ferreyrolles and Sellier's edition</ref> that Aristotle spoke only of knowledge of the actual circumstances of the act, but not at all of the capacity to discriminate between good and evil – since Aristotle stated that one who was devoid of that capacity was not excused at all, but rather considered a vicious man.

=== Casuistry ===

The rest of the letters are mainly an attack on Jesuit [[casuistry]]. The [https://web.archive.org/web/20080312192858/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/pascal/blaise/p27pr/part6.html Fifth Letter] , published in a hurry after a police search in Jansenist-friendly publishing houses, is particularly dedicated to criticisms against the [[Jesuit]]s' doctrine of moral [[Catholic probabilism|probabilism]], according to which one could adopt a "probable opinion", that is, an opinion made plausible by the authority of a theologian, even if it was less probable than another opinion – especially concerning what conduct ought to be followed, the nature of [[sin]]s, etc.<ref name=Frabook>((cite book |last=Franklin |first=James |author-link=James Franklin (philosopher) |date=2001 |title=The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zDECQAAQBAJ |location=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |pages=94–101 |isbn=0-8018-6569-7))</ref> Pascal relied heavily on witty attack, composed of quotes from various books written by Jesuit casuists, in particular by [[Antonio Escobar y Mendoza]]'s ''Summula casuum conscientiae'' (1627), which had enjoyed a great success,<ref>See note p.335 of Ferreyrolles and Sellier's edition, Pochotèque, Classiques Garnier, 1999–2004. See also [[Karl Weiss]], ''P. Antonio de Escobar y Mendoza als Moraltheologe in Pascals Beleuchtung und im Lichte der Wahrheit'', who adopted a pro-Escobar point of view, to which replied [[Augustin Gazier]], ''Blaise Pascal et Antoine Escobar, étude historique et critique..'', Paris, H. et E. Champion, 1912, 76 p.</ref> and also [[Thomas Sanchez]], [[Vincenzo Filliucci]] (Jesuit and [[Apostolic Penitentiary|penitentiary]] at [[St Peter]]'s), [[Antonino Diana]], [[Paul Laymann]], [[Etienne Bauny]], [[Louis Cellot]], [[Valerius Reginaldus]], [[Bernard Lamy]] (censored on 8 October 1649 by the [[Faculty of Leuven]] for his defense of homicide), etc.

In the Fifth Letter, he evoked in passing the [[Chinese Rites controversy]] which ended with the Jesuits' condemnation and the [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|Congregatio de Propaganda Fide]]'s decision to prohibit [[idolatry]] under any pretexts.<ref>9 July 1645 decree signed by Cardinal [[Luigi Capponi]]. This is allegedly the first reference in French theological debate of Chinese rites. See Classiques Garnier edition by Gérard Ferreyroles and [[Philippe Sellier]], 1999</ref> He also alluded to the problem of the relations between Christian virtues and natural virtues, debated in particular during the first half of the 17th century, after [[Jean-Pierre Camus]] and Arnauld, Pascal attacked the Jesuit [[Antoine Sirmond]], who had practically admitted the identity between natural virtues and Christian virtues.<ref>Note p. 334 of Ferreyrolles and Sellier's edition</ref>

Starting at [https://web.archive.org/web/20080802225503/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/pascal/blaise/p27pr/part7.html Letter VI] , dated 10 April 1656, Pascal gives a number of examples of Jesuit casuistry and of its "relaxed morality", citing abundant sources (many of which came from Escobar). He illustrated casuistry by citing mostly Jesuitical texts allowing excuses to abstain from [[Fasting and abstinence in the Roman Catholic Church|fasting]] (citing [[Vincenzo Filliucci]]'s ''Moralium quaestionum de christianis officiis et casibus conscientiae... tomus'', Lyon, 1622; often cited by Escobar); from [[Charity (virtue)|giving to the poor]] (indirectly citing [[Gabriel Vasquez]] from Diana; for a [[Catholic teachings on sexual morality|monk temporarily defrocking himself to go to the brothel]] (citing an exact quote of Sanchez from Escobar, who was evading [[Pius IV]]'s ''[[Contra sollicitantes]]'' and [[Pius V]]'s ''[[Contra clericos]]'' papal bulls, the latter directed against [[Homosexuality and Roman Catholicism|sodomite clergy]]<ref>pp. 350–351 of Ferreyrolles and Sellier's edition</ref>)); in the [https://web.archive.org/web/20080802231209/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/pascal/blaise/p27pr/part8.html Seventh Letter] , propositions allowing homicides (even to the clergy) and [[duel]]s as long as the intention is not directed for revenge; others permitting corruption of judges as long as it is not intended as corruption; others allowing [[usury]] or [[Mohatra contract]]s; casuistic propositions allowing robbery and stealing from one's master; others allowing lying through the use of rhetorical "[[mental reservation]]" (''restrictio mentalis''; for instance: saying, loudly "I swear that...", silently "I said that...", and loudly again the object of the pledge) and [[equivocation]]s. A number of these scandalous propositions were later condemned by Pope [[Innocent XI]].

In the [https://web.archive.org/web/20080802225954/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/pascal/blaise/p27pr/part10.html Ninth Letter] , the Jesuit explains to the narrator easy ways to enter [[Heaven]], citing a book called ''"Paradise opened to Philagio, in a Hundred Devotions to the Mother of God, easily practiced."'' The [https://web.archive.org/web/20080802231318/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/pascal/blaise/p27pr/part11.html Tenth Letter]  is dedicated to casuistic procedures to lighten the ritual of [[Confession (religion)|confession]] and to the debate between the respective roles of [[imperfect contrition|attrition]] and [[contrition]]; the Jesuit character claiming that simply attrition combined with the [[Confession (religion)|sacrament of penance]] is sufficient for man's [[salvation]], while the narrator insists on the necessity of contrition and of the love of God, citing extracts of the Bible often quoted by the Jansenists, the [[abbé de Saint-Cyran]] and [[Jansenius]].<ref>[[Ministry of Jesus#General ethics|Gospel of Matthew, 22:36 and 40]], [[John 3:16]], [[First Epistle to the Corinthians]] 16:22, [[First Epistle of John]] 3:14, [[Gospel of John|John 14:24]]</ref>

The [https://web.archive.org/web/20080802225904/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/pascal/blaise/p27pr/part14.html Thirteenth]  and [https://web.archive.org/web/20080802230503/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/pascal/blaise/p27pr/part15.html Fourteenth Letters]  criticize the Jesuits' legitimation of homicide. In the latter, Pascal abstains himself from discussing the most scandalous Jesuit propositions, legitimizing [[tyrannicide]]s and [[abortion]]s. He quotes, among others, the Church's policies of penance for sinners guilty of willful murder officialized during the [[Synod of Ancyra]] (341).

In the [https://web.archive.org/web/20080802230615/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/pascal/blaise/p27pr/part17.html Seventeenth Letter] , Pascal took up again the problem of [[efficacious grace]] and of the "de facto vs de juris" debate concerning the inclusion, or not, of the 5 Propositions condemned by the Pope in the ''[[Cum Occasione]]'' papal bull, in [[Jansenius]]'s work (see [[Formulary controversy]] for details). Port-Royal and Pascal argued that although the Pope had condemned these 5 Propositions as heretical, they were not to be found in Jansenius. Furthermore, they claimed that the Pope held authority only on matters of faith, and not on technical ''de facto'' matters. Thus, drawing on the Jesuits' argumentation itself, Pascal argued here that one could not be held heretical to believe that Jansenius' work did not include these 5 Propositions, and that the Papal condemnation only restricted itself to the heresy itself, not to the question of their inclusion in Jansenius' work. Thus, he recalled the Jesuit [[Robert Bellarmin|Cardinal Bellarmine]]'s sentences concerning the authority of [[ecumenical councils|religious councils]] concerning matters of [[dogma]] versus ''de facto'' issues; he also recalled the debate between [[Pope Athanasius I of Alexandria|St Athanasius]] and [[Basil of Caesarea|St Basil]] concerning the interpretation of [[Dionysus of Alexandria]], who was accused by Basil of [[Arianism]] and therefore convoked before the [[Pope Dionysius]] in 262; or the various contradictory papal interpretations given to the [[Scythian monks]]; as well as another debate concerning [[Pope Honorius I]], who had been later anathematized by the [[Third Council of Constantinople]], although Cardinal Bellarmine defended Honorius' orthodoxy, claiming that the condemned propositions were not to be found in Honorius.

== Reactions and legacy ==
((further|Formulary controversy))
The reaction to the ((Lang|fr|Lettres provinciales)) was substantial. Pascal's use of wit, humor, and mockery in attacking existing institutions made his work extremely popular. However, its publication was primarily via the [[underground press]], and in 1660 [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] banned the book and ordered it [[Book burning|shredded and burned]].((Citation needed|date=March 2017)) Pascal himself had to enter clandestinity, living in cheap hostels. Nevertheless, the letters survived and influenced the prose of later French writers like [[Voltaire]] and [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]. The extract of the Seventh Letter concerning the "direction of intention" influenced [[Molière]]'s ''[[Tartuffe]]'' (Act IV, scene V, 1489–1493).

They were first translated into Latin by [[Antoine Arnauld]], and then into many other languages, including English in 1657 (''Les Provinciales, or the Mystery of Jesuitisme, discovered in certain letters written upon occasion of the present differences at Sorbonne between the jansenists and the molinists'', London, Royston, 1657) by the [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] theologian [[Henry Hammond]], while in 1684 a polyglot translation (in French, Latin, Spanish and Italian) was published by [[Balthasar Winfelt]].<ref>On these translations, see Louis Cognet, 1965, notice re-published in Ph. Sellier's edition of Pascal (Classiques Garnier)</ref>

== Quotes ==

===On probabilism===

*"Oh, yes," said he, "we answer just as we please; or rather, I should say, just as it may please those who ask our advice. Here are our rules, taken from Fathers [[Paul Laymann|Layman]], [[Gabriel Vasquez|Vasquez]], [[Thomas Sanchez|Sanchez]], and the four-and-twenty worthies, in the words of Layman: 'A doctor, on being consulted, may give an advice, not only probable according to his own opinion, but contrary to his own opinion, provided this judgement happens to be more favourable or more agreeable to the person that consults him – ''si forte haec favorabilior seu exoptatior sit''. Nay, I go further and say that there would be nothing unreasonable in his giving those who consult him a judgement held to be probable by some learned person, even though he should be satisfied in his own mind that it is absolutely false.'" (Letter V)
*"In other words," said I, "they have got maxims for the clergy, the nobility, and the commons. Well, I am quite impatient to hear them." (Letter VI)
*"You have a very short memory, returned the monk. "Did I not inform you a little ago that, according to our fathers Cellot and Reginald, 'in matters of morality we are to follow, not the ancient fathers, but the modern casuists?'" (Letter VI)

===On Antonino Diana's justification of duels===
*"If a gentleman," says he, in a passage cited by [[Antonino Diana|Diana]], "who is challenged to fight a duel, is well known to have no religion, and if the vices to which he is openly and unscrupulously addicted are such as would lead people to conclude, in the event of his refusing to fight, that he is actuated, not by the fear of God, but by cowardice, and induce them to say of him that he was a hen, and not a man, ''gallina, et non vir''; in that case he may, to save his honour, appear at the appointed spot – not, indeed, with the express intention of fighting a duel, but merely with that of defending himself, should the person who challenged him come there unjustly to attack him. His action in this case, viewed by itself, will be perfectly indifferent; for what moral evil is there in one stepping into a field, taking a stroll in expectation of meeting a person, and defending one's self in the event of being attacked? And thus the gentleman is guilty of no sin whatever; for in fact it cannot be called accepting a challenge at all, his intention being directed to other circumstances, and the acceptance of a challenge consisting in an express intention to fight, which we are supposing the gentleman never had."
*"You have not kept your word with me, sir," said I. "This is not, properly speaking, to permit duelling; on the contrary, the casuist is so persuaded that this practice is forbidden that, in licensing the action in question, he carefully avoids calling it a duel." (Letter VII)
*"A most pious [[assassination]]!" said I. "Still, however, pious though it be, it is assassination, if a man is permitted to kill his enemy in a treacherous manner." (Letter VII)

===On usury and witchcraft===
*"[[Usury]], according to our fathers, consists in little more than the intention of taking the interest as usurious. [[Antonio Escobar y Mendoza|Escobar]], accordingly, shows you how you may avoid usury by a simple shift of the [[intention]]." (Letter VIII)
*"Distinguo, as Sanchez says, here. If the magician be ignorant of the [[European witchcraft|diabolic art]] – ''si sit artis diabolicae ignarus'' – he is bound to restore: but if he is an expert sorcerer, and has done all in his power to arrive at the truth, the obligation ceases; for the industry of such a magician may be estimated at a certain sum of money."
*"There is some sense in that," I said; "for this is an excellent plan to induce sorcerers to aim at proficiency in their art, in the hope of making an honest livelihood, as you would say, by faithfully serving the public." (Letter VIII)

===Other===
* "I would have written a shorter letter, but I did not have the time." (Letter XVI)

=== Quotes about the Provincial Letters ===
*Said [[Voltaire]] concerning the greatness of the letters, "All types of eloquence are contained in these letters." He also called them "the best-written book that has yet appeared in France."<ref name="voltaireletters">Voltaire, ''Age of Louis XIV'' 424, 358.</ref>
*When [[Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet|Bossuet]] was asked what book he would rather have written had he not written his own, he answered, the ''Provincial Letters'' of Pascal.<ref name="bossuetletters">Voltaire, ''Age of Louis XIV'' 359.</ref> 

== See also ==
*[[Antoine Le Maistre]]
*[[Casuistry]]
*[[Catholic moral theology]]
*[[Formulary controversy]]
*[[Jansenism]]
*[[Jesuitism]]
*[[Port-Royal Logic]]

== Footnotes ==
((reflist|2))

== Bibliography ==
*''Les Provinciales – Pensées et Opuscules divers'', Lgf/Le Livre de poche, La Pochothèque, 2004, edited by Philippe Sellier & Gérard Ferreyrolles (''Les Provinciales'' are edited here after Louis Cognet's edition) ((in lang|fr))

== External links ==
((wikisource|Lettres Provinciales))
*((cite web|url=https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/pascal/blaise/|title= Provincial Letters on-line|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071017213954/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/pascal/blaise/|archive-date= 2007-10-17)) (English translation)
*((cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/theprovinciallet00pasciala?ref=ol#page/n5/mode/2up|title=The provincial letters of Blaise Pascal. A new translation with historical introduction and notes by Rev. Thomas M'Crie, preceded by a life of Pascal, a critical essay, and a biographical notice. Edited by O. W. Wight|via=[[Open Library]], [[Internet Archive]]|year=1887|pages=480|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210616103228/https://archive.org/stream/theprovinciallet00pasciala/theprovinciallet00pasciala_djvu.txt|archive-date=June 16, 2021|url-status=live))
*((cite web|url=https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Pascal,%20Blaise,%201623-1662|title=Free e-book of Blaise Pascal with various edition of the "Lettres provinciales"|website=University of Pennsylvania|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126110744/https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Pascal,%20Blaise,%201623-1662|archive-date=November 26, 2005|url-status=live))

((Blaise Pascal))
((Authority control))
[[Category:Catholic theology and doctrine]]
[[Category:1657 books]]
[[Category:Works published under a pseudonym]]
[[Category:Works by Blaise Pascal]]

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Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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