Li Yin | |
|---|---|
 Lotus flowers and birds, by Li Yin | |
| Born | C. 1610 |
| Died | 1685 Haining, Zhejiang, Qing China |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Known for | Painting, calligraphy, poetry |
| Spouse | Ge Zhengqi |
Li Yin (Chinese: 李因; C. 1610 – 1685), also known by her courtesy name Jinsheng (今生) and her art names Shi'an (是庵) and Haichang Nüshi(海昌女史) or kanshan Yishi(龛山逸史),[1][2]was a Chinese Gējì,painter,poet and calligrapher during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, noted for her flowers and birds. Her artwork was sought after in her lifetime, resulting in as many as forty imitators in her area producing fakes of her works.[3]
Li Yin was born in Kuaiji (Shaoxing), Zhejiang, during the late Ming dynasty. Various sources give her year of birth as 1610, 1611, or 1616.[1] Her family background is not known but according to a contemporary biographical sketch her parents made her study poetry and painting from an early age.[3] Their financial circumstances were poor enough that she was said to have stored up liver mosses as paper and persimmon sticks to write with.[1]Later, she became a Gējì because of her poor family background.[4]As her contemporary biographer Huang Zongxi compares her to Wang Wei and Liu Rushi, two famous Gējìs of the era.[5][6] She studied paint style the artists Chen Chun and Ye Danian (葉大年).[7]
By the time she was a teen, Li's talent in both art and poetry was already recognized. The scholar-official and artist Ge Zhengqi, moved by a poem of hers, married her as a concubine.[1][8] They had a close relationship and spent much time together painting and composing calligraphy.[1]
During the reign of the Chongzhen Emperor, Ge served as an official in the imperial court in Beijing, where he and Li lived for more than ten years.[9] He travelled extensively for official business, and Li accompanied him to numerous places along the Yellow River and the Yangtze in their 15 years of marriage. She often composed poems about what she saw in her travels.[1]
Near the end of the Chongzhen reign, Ming China became increasingly unstable. In 1643, Ge and Li left Beijing for Nanjing, the country's southern capital. When they reached Suzhou, Anhui, they encountered a military rebellion.[9] Li, wounded in the chaos, stayed to search for her husband instead of fleeing the danger, and abandoned all her belongings except her poems. Ge was greatly moved by her loyalty and bravery. His disciple, Lu Chuan, later wrote prefaces to her poetry collections, in which he praises her as a loyal "minister" to Ge and compares her to the ancient beauty Xi Shi.[6]
After the fall of the Ming, the Manchu Qing dynasty invaded China and Ge died of suicide in 1645 when Nanjing fell.[9] Li Yin lived alone at the Laughing Bamboo Studio in Haichang, Ge's hometown in the suburb of Haining.[6] After her husband died, she called herself the "Weiwang people(未亡人)". Li Yin has been a widow for more than 40 years, living in poverty and desolation. The walls of her home are desolate, and even cooking is sometimes a problem. She makes a living by spinning and weaving, and she also sells some paintings to supplement her family income. Despite this, she still maintained her ambitions and interests, often sitting alone under a lonely lamp and reciting poems. Due to the changes in her life, her late poetry style became more profound and melancholy.[3][10][11] The renowned scholar Huang Zongxi wrote her biography.[1]
Li was childless. On her 70th birthday, she composed a poem expressing her mixed feelings on not having children:[6]: 39
I have idled away seventy years of a floating life,
My true self has comprehended theravada.
Luckily I am spared from concerns for my children when I die.
Only cuckoos will cry on the ancient trees over my tomb.— Li Yin
Li Yin wrote 260 long and short poems.She also wrote two collections "Zhuxiaoxuan Yincao(竹笑轩吟草)" and "Xu Zhuxiaoxuan Yincao(续竹笑轩吟草)".Li Yin often compared herself to Wang Wei of the Tang Dynasty.[1][12]
Li Yin is noted for her paintings of flowers and birds, typically in ink monochrome with fluid brushstrokes. Her reputation was such that her paintings were considered an essential souvenir from Haichang and it is estimated there were forty imitators in the area turning out fakes of her works.[3] She painted with a flowing ink style reminiscent of Chen Chun (1483–1544), and was considered one of the finest women painters by critic Qin Zuyong.[1][3] Many of her paintings are in the collection of the Palace Museum, including:[1]
Her other paintings include:[3]
