The Linobambaki or Linovamvaki were a Crypto-Christian community in Cyprus, predominantly of Catholic and Greek Orthodox descent[1] who were persecuted for their religion during Ottoman rule. They assimilated into the Turkish Cypriot community during British rule.[2][3]

Etymology

The word Linobambaki comes from Greek Λινοβάμβακοι, which derives from the combination of the words λινό (lino) "linen" and βαμβάκι (vamvaki) "cotton".[4] The term was used as a metaphor in order to demonstrate that even though they had Latin Catholic origins, they chose to appear outwardly Muslim.[5]

History

Hassan Pouli (Hasan Bulli), a historical figure in Cypriot folklore

The Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–73) concluded with the remainder of Cyprus under Ottoman rule, and immediately after the war, sanctions were put in place for the Latin population of the island.[6] With Ottoman-Venetian rivalry at its peak, the Ottomans feared the security risk posed by the Latin Catholics of Cyprus, and in particular that they would entice the Venetians to return. As a result, Ottoman tolerance towards the Catholic community was much less than towards the Greek Orthodox community.[7] In addition to political and religious pressure, there was an economic oppression that included removing their rights to own property. The Catholic inhabitants affected by these measures consisted of Latins, Venetians, Genoeses, Maronites and Armenians who had converted to Islam in order to circumvent these Ottomon legal precepts. Their artificial and interested embrace of the religion led them to eventually earn the name of Linobambaki.[8]

The Linobambaki did not outwardly practice or demonstrate their religious beliefs, due to their faux conversion to curry favour with the Ottomans and the Orthodox communities. Thus in their daily life, they chose to have either one Christian and one Muslim name, or a common name found in both faiths like Ibrahim (Abraham), Yusuf (Joseph) or Musa (Moses).[9] At annual conscription they were often drafted into the Ottoman army,[10] and they avoided paying taxes for non-Muslims. The Linobambaki did not entirely convert to a traditional Muslim life, and only demonstrated religious practices and beliefs that would gain them advantages only afforded to Muslims. For example, they frequently consumed alcohol and pork,[11] and didn't attend religious services; traditions similar to continuing Turkish Cypriot culture today. Many of the Linobambaki villages have Christian saint names that begin with άγιος (ayios), or "saint" to attribute their Latin Catholic origins. Linobambaki's cultural roots and history can be found throughout Turkish Cypriot life and literature. For example, two of the most prominent main characters from Cypriot folklore are "Gavur Imam" and "Hasan Bulli".[12] Linobambaki became a part of the majority of all uprisings and revolts against Ottoman rule, and other local government bodies on the island.[13]

Linobambaki are mentioned by foreign travellers who visited Cyprus before the 20th century.[14] The English historian and traveller William Hepworth Dixon who visited Cyprus in 1878 describes the Linobambaki as a "troublesome but comic element", changing religion from day to day. Fathers pretend that they circumcise their children, and give them names that sound both Muslim and Christian, such as Yacoub, Jousouf and Mousa. He notes that whole villages of "white" Cypriots use these tricks.[15]

Settlements

Many of the villages and neighbouring areas accepted as Turkish Cypriot estates, were formerly Linobambaki activity centers. These include:

Today

The Ottoman Empire's millet system was abolished during British administration. In this period, the people of Cyprus were split into two main groups in censuses and administrative records.[26] Because of the divide and rule policies of the British administration, Linobambaki were integrated into the Turkish Cypriot community.[3] There were still Greek speaking settlements that identified themselves as Turkish Cypriots during the 1950s; settlements such as Lapithos, Platanissos, Agios Symeon and Galinoporni.[27]

See also

References

  1. ^ Selim Deringil (2012). Conversion and Apostasy in the Late Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-107-00455-9.
  2. ^ Chrysostomos Pericleous (2009). Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan. I.B.Tauris. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-85771-193-9.
  3. ^ a b Tassos A. Mikropoulos (2008). "Linovamvaki". Elevating and Safeguarding Culture Using Tools of the Information Society: Dusty traces of the Muslim culture. Livanis. p. 94. ISBN 978-960-233-187-3.
  4. ^ Pinar Senisik (2011). The Transformation of Ottoman Crete: Revolts, Politics and Identity in the Late Nineteenth Century. I.B.Tauris. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-85772-056-6.
  5. ^ Idesbald Goddeeris (2004). De Europese periferie. Leuven University Press. p. 275. ISBN 978-90-5867-359-6.
  6. ^ Servet Sami Dedeçay (2008). Kıbrıslı Türk kadınının eğitim aracılığı sayesinde dinsel mutaassıplıktan sıyrılıp çağdaş hak ve özgürlük kuralllarını kabullenişi. Lefkoşa Özel Türk Üniversitesi. p. 297.
  7. ^ James Knowles (1908). The Twentieth Century and After. Spottiswoode. p. 753.
  8. ^ Captain A. R. Savile (1878). Cyprus. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 130.
  9. ^ Luigi Palma di Cesnola; Charles William King; Alexander Stuart Murray (1878). Cyprus: Its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples : a Narrative of Researches and Excavations During Ten Years' Residence in that Island. Harper & Brothers. p. 185.
  10. ^ Frederic Henry Fisher (1878). Cyprus, our new colony, and what we know about it. George Routledge and Sons. p. 42.
  11. ^ a b Tassos A. Mikropoulos (2008). "Linovamvaki". Elevating and Safeguarding Culture Using Tools of the Information Society: Dusty traces of the Muslim culture. Livanis. p. 93. ISBN 978-960-233-187-3.
  12. ^ Erdönmez, Celâl (2004). "Linobambakiler" (PDF). Şer'iyye Sicillere Göre Kıbrıs'ta Toplum Yapısı (1839-1856) (Ph.D.). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi. p. 44. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-24. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  13. ^ Costas P. Kyrris (1984). Ανατομία του Οθωμανικού Καθεστώτος Στην Κύπρο 1570-1878. Nicosia: Dimos Lefkosias. pp. 64–66.
  14. ^ Άντρος Παυλίδης, "Η Κύπρος ανά τους αιώνες μέσα από τα κείμενα ξένων επισκεπτών της" (Antros Palvlides, "Cyprus through the centuries in the texts of her foreign visitors), ed. Φιλόκυπρος (Philokypros), Cyprus 1994, vol. 2, pp. 1098 (William Turner 1815), 1141 (Luis Salvator 1873), 1163 (Hepworth W. Dixon 1878). In Greek language.
  15. ^ William Hepworth Dixon, "British Cyprus", Chapman and Hall 1879, pp 29, 30
  16. ^ Ian Robertson (1981). Cyprus. Benn. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-510-01633-3.
  17. ^ a b Marc Dubin (2002). Cyprus. Rough Guides. p. 412. ISBN 978-1-85828-863-5.
  18. ^ a b c d Jan Asmussen (2001). "Wir waren wie Brüder": Zusammenleben und Konfliktentstehung in ethnisch gemischten Dörfern auf Zypern. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-3-8258-5403-4.
  19. ^ a b c d Alexander-Michael Hadjilyra (2009). The Armenians of Cyprus. Kalaydjian Foundation. p. 13.
  20. ^ Esat Mustafa (2013). Kıbrıs Tarihinde Yağmuralan (Vroişa) (in Turkish). Lefkoşa: Ateş Matbaacılık. p. 39.
  21. ^ Bağışkan, Tuncer (2014-03-15). "Kaleburnu köyüne bir yolculuk (1)". YeniDüzen Gazetesi (in Turkish). Lefkoşa: United Media Group. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  22. ^ Kiamran Halil (1983). The Rape of Cyprus. Prosperity Publications. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-905506-07-4.
  23. ^ Tahsin, Arif Hasan (2004-09-03). "Yeter ki Tohum Çürük Olmasın". Yeniçağ Gazetesi (in Turkish). Lefkoşa. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  24. ^ Mahmut Islamoglu; Sevket Oznur (2013). Linobambaki: The Christian-Muslim Cypriots. p. 5.
  25. ^ Andrekos Varnava; Nicholas Coureas; Marina Elia (2009). The minorities of Cyprus: development patterns and the identity of the internal-exclusion. Cambridge Scholars. p. 204. ISBN 978-1-4438-0052-5.
  26. ^ Samson Opondo; Michael J. Shapiro (2012). The New Violent Cartography: Geo-Analysis after the Aesthetic Turn. Routledge. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-136-34508-1.
  27. ^ Beckingham, Charles Fraser (1957). "The Turks of Cyprus". Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 87 (2). London: Royal Anthropological Institute: 170–171. ASIN B002HHIRQ8.
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