Partial scan of the March 24, 1836 Telegraph and Texas Register with the first Texian list of defenders killed at the Battle of the Alamo
Partial scan of the March 24, 1836 Telegraph and Texas Register with the first Texian list of defenders killed at the Battle of the Alamo

The Battle of the Alamo (February 23 – March 6, 1836) was a crucial conflict of the Texas Revolution. In 1835, colonists from the United States joined with Tejanos (Mexicans born in Texas) in putting up armed resistance to the centralization of the Mexican government.[1] President Antonio López de Santa Anna and the government in Mexico City believed the United States had instigated the insurrection with a goal of annexing Texas.[2]

In an effort to tamp down on the unrest, martial law was declared and military governor General Martín Perfecto de Cos established headquarters in San Antonio de Béxar, stationing his troops at the Alamo.[3] When the Texian volunteer soldiers gained control of the fortress at the Siege of Béxar, compelling Cos to surrender on December 9, many saw his expulsion to the other side of the Rio Grande as the end of Mexican forces in Texas.[4] Most Texian soldiers in Béxar left to join a planned invasion of Matamoros, Mexico.[5]

Garrison commander James C. Neill went home on family matters February 11, 1836, leaving James Bowie and William B. Travis as co-commanders over the predominantly volunteer force.[6] When the Mexican Army of Operations under the command of Santa Anna arrived in Béxar with 1,500 troops on February 23, the remaining Alamo garrison numbered 150.[Note 1] Over the course of the next several days, new volunteers arrived inside the fortress while others were sent out as couriers, to forage for food, or to buy supplies.[7]

A fierce defense was launched from within the walls, even as Bowie and Travis made unsuccessful attempts to negotiate with the Mexican army.[8] Travis repeatedly dispatched couriers with pleas for reinforcements.[9] Although Santa Anna refused to consider a proposed conditional surrender, he extended an offer of amnesty for all Tejanos inside the fortress to walk away unharmed. Most Tejanos evacuated from the fortress about February 25, either as part of the amnesty, or as a part of Juan Seguín's company of courier scouts on their last run.[Note 2]

Cathedral of San Fernando sarcophagus with images of Travis, Bowie and Crockett
Cathedral of San Fernando sarcophagus with images of Travis, Bowie and Crockett

In response to pleas from Travis, James Fannin started from Goliad with 320 men, supplies and armaments, yet had to abort a day later due to a wagon breakdown. Final reinforcements were able to enter the Alamo during March 1–4, most of them from Gonzales which had become a recruitment camp.[Note 3] Others who had left intending to return were unable to re-enter.[10] At 5:30 a.m. on March 6, the Mexican army began the final siege. An hour later, all combatants inside the Alamo were dead.[11] The bodies, with the exception of Gregorio Esparza's, were cremated on pyres and abandoned. Esparza's brother Francisco was a soldier in the Mexican army and received permission from Santa Anna for a Christian burial.[12]

Juan Seguín oversaw the 1837 recovery of the abandoned ashes and officiated at the February 25 funeral. The March 28 issue of the Telegraph and Texas Register only gave the burial location as where "the principal heap of ashes" had been found.[13] In the following decades, the public wanted to know the location of the burial site, but Seguín gave conflicting statements, perceived as due to age-related memory problems.[14] Remains thought to be those of the Alamo defenders were discovered at the Cathedral of San Fernando during the Texas 1936 centennial, and re-interred in a marble sarcophagus. Purported to hold the ashes of Travis, Bowie and Crockett, some have doubted it can be proven whose remains are entombed there.[14]

Identifying the combatants

Below are 215 known combatants: 193 who died during the siege, 31 survivors, and one escapee who later died of his wounds.

Mexican Colonel Juan Almonte, Santa Anna's aide-de-camp, recorded the Texian fatality toll as 250 in his March 6 journal entry. He listed the survivors as five women, one Mexican soldier and one slave. Almonte did not record names, and his count was based solely on who was there during the final assault.[15] Santa Anna reported to Mexico's Secretary of War Tornel that Texian fatalities exceeded 600. Historians Jack Jackson and John Wheat attributed that high figure to Santa Anna's playing to his political base.[16]

Research into the battle, and exactly who was inside the fortress, began when the Alamo fell and has continued with no signs of abatement. The first published Texian list of casualties was in the March 24, 1836 issue of the Telegraph and Texas Register. The 115 names were supplied by John W. Smith and Gerald Navan,[17] who historian Thomas Ricks Lindley believed likely drew from their own memories, as well as from interviews with those who might have left or tried to enter.[18] In an 1860 statement for the Texas Almanac, former San Antonio alcalde (mayor) Francisco Antonio Ruiz set the number at 182.[19]

When the Alamo Cenotaph was created by Pompeo Coppini in 1939, the 187 defender names on the monument came from the research of Amelia Williams,[20] considered the leading Alamo authority of her day.[21] Her work is still used by some as a benchmark, although skepticism has been voiced. Lindley's 2003 Alamo Traces: New Evidence and New Conclusions upended much of what was previously accepted as fact.[22] He devoted a chapter to deconstructing Williams' research as "misrepresentation, alteration, and fabrication of data",[23] criticizing the low value she placed on muster rolls as evidence that a man died at the Alamo, and her over-reliance on military land grants, even though the officials who approved the land grants considered the muster rolls to be sufficient proof.[24] Many historians have been slow to embrace Lindley's findings, however. At this writing, most Alamo defender biographies on the Texas State Historical Association's website (tshaonline.org) and the official Alamo site (thealamo.org) draw from the work of historian Bill Groneman, who relied heavily on Williams, and show little, if any, influence from Lindley.

In the pursuit of uncovering every infinitesimal piece of evidence about what happened during the battle, more thorough research methods continue to evolve and Tejanos have begun to add their voices. Until recent decades, accounts of Tejano participation in the Texas revolution were notably absent, but historians such as Timothy M. Matovina[25] and Jesús F. de la Teja[26] have helped add that missing perspective to the battle's events.

Key to military rank abbreviations

Key to military rank abbreviations
COL Colonel LT Lieutenant SGM Sergeant-Major CPL Corporal
LTC Lieutenant Colonel 1LT First Lieutenant 4SG Fourth Sergeant PVT Private
MAJ Major 2LT Second Lieutenant SGT Sergeant QM Quartermaster
CPT Captain CNT Cornet 3CPL Third Corporal AQM Assistant Quartermaster

Defenders

Name Rank Birth year Birthplace Status Legacy and notes Ref(s)
Juan Abamillo SGT — Texas fatality [27]
James L. Allen PVT 1815 Kentucky survivor Left on March 5 as the final courier sent from the Alamo [28]
Robert Allen PVT — Virginia fatality [29]
George Andrews — — — fatality [30]
Miles DeForest Andross PVT 1809 Vermont fatality [31]
José María Arocha — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Simon Arreola — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Micajah Autry PVT 1793[32] North Carolina fatality [33]
Juan A. Badillo SGT — Texas fatality [34]
Peter James Bailey III PVT 1812 Kentucky fatality Namesake of Bailey County, Texas [35]
Isaac G. Baker PVT 1814 Arkansas fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [36]
William Charles M. Baker CPT — Missouri fatality [37]
John J. Ballentine PVT — Pennsylvania fatality [38]
Richard W. Ballentine PVT 1814 Scotland fatality [39]
John J. Baugh CPT 1803 Virginia fatality Adjutant of the garrison, next in command after co-commanders Bowie and Travis [40]
Samuel G. Bastian — — Louisiana survivor Claimed to be a courier, quickly denounced as a fraud, but now accepted by some historians [41]
Joseph Bayliss PVT 1808 Tennessee fatality [40]
John Walker Baylor Jr. PVT 1813 Kentucky survivor Sent as a courier to Goliad [42]
John Blair PVT 1803 Tennessee fatality [43]
Samuel Blair CPT 1807 Tennessee fatality Assistant to Master of Ordnance [44]
William Blazeby CPT 1795 England fatality [44]
James Bonham 2LT 1807 South Carolina fatality Courier to Goliad and Gonzales, returned March 3, possibly died manning one of the cannons [45]
Daniel Bourne PVT 1810 England fatality [46]
James Bowie COL c. 1796 Kentucky fatality Co-commander of the garrison after the departure of James. C. Neill; became bedridden the day after the siege began. Namesake of Bowie County. [47]
J. B. Bowman — — — fatality Possibly a.k.a. James H. Bowman [48]
Robert Brown PVT c. 1818 — survivor Left after February 25, later served as a baggage guard at the Battle of San Jacinto [49]
James Buchanan PVT 1813 Alabama fatality [50]
Samuel E. Burns PVT 1810 Ireland fatality [50]
George D. Butler PVT 1813 Missouri Territory fatality [50]
John Cain PVT 1802 Pennsylvania fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [51]
Robert Campbell LT 1810 Tennessee fatality [52]
William R. Carey CPT 1806 Virginia fatality [52]
Cesario Carmona — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
M.B. Clark PVT — Mississippi fatality [53]
Daniel W. Cloud PVT 1812 Kentucky fatality [54]
Robert E. Cochran PVT 1810 New Hampshire fatality Namesake of Cochran County, Texas [55]
George Washington Cottle LT 1811 Missouri fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company; namesake of Cottle County, Texas [56]
Henry Courtman PVT 1808 Germany fatality [57]
Lemuel Crawford PVT 1814 South Carolina fatality [58]
David Crockett COL 1786 Tennessee fatality Frontiersman and congressman, his life was portrayed in many exploits during and after his death. Namesake of Crockett County, Texas [59]
Robert Crossman PVT 1810 Pennsylvania fatality [60]
Antonio Cruz y Arocha PVT — Mexico survivor Left as courier with Seguin on February 25 [61]
David P. Cummings PVT 1809 Pennsylvania fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [62]
Robert Cunningham PVT 1804 New York fatality [63]
Matias Curvier — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Jacob C. Darst LT 1793 Kentucky fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [64]
John Davis PVT 1811 Kentucky fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [65]
Freeman H.K. Day PVT 1806 — fatality [66]
Squire Daymon PVT 1808 Tennessee fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [67]
William Dearduff PVT c. 1811 Tennessee fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [67]
Alexandro De la Garza PVT — Texas survivor Dispatched as a courier [68]
Stephen Dennison PVT 1812 England or Ireland fatality [69]
John Desauque — — Louisiana fatality Slave of Francis Desauque, served as a combatant (Slaves identified by last names of their masters) [70]
Charles Despallier PVT 1812 Louisiana fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [71]
Lewis Dewall PVT 1812 New York fatality [72]
Almaron Dickinson CPT 1810 Tennessee fatality [73]
John Henry Dillard PVT 1805 Tennessee fatality [74]
James R. Dimpkins SGT — England fatality AKA Dicken, Dickon, Dickson, Dockon, Dimkin, Dinkin, Dinkins [75]
Andrew Duvalt PVT 1804 Ireland fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [76]
Samuel M. Edwards — — — fatality [77]
Conrad Eigenauer — — — fatality [78]
Lucio Enriques — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Carlos Espalier PVT 1819 Texas fatality [79]
José Gregorio Esparza PVT 1802 Texas fatality [80]
Robert Evans MAJ 1800 Ireland fatality Master of Ordnance [81]
Samuel B. Evans PVT 1812 New York fatality [82]
James L. Ewing PVT 1812 Tennessee fatality [82]
William Keener Fauntleroy PVT 1814 Kentucky fatality [83]
William Fishbaugh PVT — Alabama fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [84]
John Flanders PVT 1800 Salisbury, Massachusetts fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [84]
Manuel N. Flores — c.1801 Texas survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Salvador Flores CPT 1806 Texas survivor Left with Seguín on February 25 [85]
Dolphin Ward Floyd PVT 1804 North Carolina fatality Namesake of Floyd County, Texas; Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [86]
John Hubbard Forsyth CPT 1797 New York fatality [87]
Antonio Fuentes PVT 1813 Texas fatality [88]
Galba Fuqua PVT 1819 Alabama fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [89]
William Garnett PVT 1812 Virginia fatality [90]
James W. Garrand PVT 1813 Louisiana fatality [90]
James Girard Garrett PVT 1806 Tennessee fatality [91]
John E. Garvin PVT 1809 — fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [92]
John E. Gaston PVT 1819 — fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [93]
James George PVT 1802 — fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [94]
John C. Goodrich CNT 1809 Virginia fatality [95]
Albert Calvin Grimes PVT 1817 Georgia fatality [96]
Ignacio Gurrea — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Brigido Guerrero PVT — Mexico survivor A deserter from Ugartechea's troops, convinced the Mexican troops he was a prisoner of war [97]
James C. Gwin PVT 1804 England fatality aka Gwynne [98]
John Harris PVT 1813 Kentucky fatality [99]
Andrew Jackson Harrison PVT 1809 Tennessee fatality [99]
I.L.K. Harrison — — — fatality [100]
William B. Harrison CPT 1811 Ohio fatality [101]
Joseph M. Hawkins PVT 1799 Ireland fatality [101]
John M. Hays PVT 1814 Tennessee fatality [102]
Charles M. Heiskell PVT 1813 Tennessee fatality [102]
Patrick Henry Herndon PVT 1802 Virginia fatality [103]
Pedro Herrera — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
William Daniel Hersee SGT 1805 England fatality [104]
Tapley Holland PVT 1810 Ohio fatality First to cross over the line in the sand. [105]
James Holloway — — — fatality [30]
Samuel Holloway PVT 1808 Pennsylvania fatality [106]
William D. Howell — 1791 Massachusetts fatality [107]
Thomas P. Hutchinson — — — fatality [30]
Thomas R. Jackson PVT — Ireland fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [108]
William Daniel Jackson LT 1807 Kentucky fatality [109]
Green B. Jameson MAJ 1807 Kentucky fatality [110]
Gordon C. Jennings CPL 1780 Connecticut fatality Oldest defender of The Alamo [111]
Damacio Jiménez PVT — Texas fatality [112]
John Johnson PVT 1800 Missouri survivor Dispatched as courier February 23 [113]
Lewis Johnson PVT — Illinois Territory fatality [114]
William Johnson PVT — Pennsylvania fatality [115]
John Jones 1LT 1810 New York fatality [115]
John Benjamin Kellogg LT 1817 Kentucky fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company
James Kenny PVT 1814 Virginia fatality [116]
Andrew Kent PVT 1791 Kentucky fatality Namesake of Kent County, Texas, Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [117]
Joseph Kerr PVT 1814 Louisiana fatality [118]
George C. Kimble LT 1803 Pennsylvania fatality Namesake of Kimble County, Texas; Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [119]
William Philip King PVT 1820 Mississippi fatality Youngest defender fatality; namesake of King County; Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [120]
William Irvine Lewis PVT 1806 Virginia fatality [121]
William J. Lightfoot 3CPL 1805 Kentucky fatality [121]
Jonathan Lindley PVT 1814 Illinois fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [122]
William Linn PVT — Massachusetts fatality [123]
Byrd Lockhart CPT 1782 Virginia survivor Left with Andrew Jackson Sowell to buy supplies; namesake of Lockhart, Texas [124]
Toribio Losoya PVT 1808 Texas fatality [116]
George Washington Main LT 1807 Virginia fatality [125]
William T. Malone PVT 1817 Georgia fatality [126]
William Marshall PVT 1808 Tennessee fatality [126]
Albert Martin CPT 1808 Rhode Island fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company dispatched with the Travis letter To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World; returned to the Alamo [127]
Samuel Augustus Maverick PVT 1803 South Carolina survivor Garrison delegate to the March 1 Convention of 1836 at Washington-on-the-Brazos [128]
Edward McCafferty LT — — fatality [129]
Ross McClelland — — — fatality [130]
Jesse McCoy PVT 1804 Tennessee fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [131]
William McDowell PVT 1794 Pennsylvania fatality [132]
James McGee PVT — Ireland fatality [132]
John McGregor SGT — Scotland fatality [133]
Robert McKinney PVT 1809 Ireland fatality [134]
Eliel Melton QM, LT 1798 Georgia fatality [135]
Thomas R. Miller PVT 1795 Tennessee fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [136]
William Mills PVT 1815 Tennessee fatality [137]
Isaac Millsaps PVT c. 1795 Mississippi fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [138]
Edward F. Mitchasson — 1806 Virginia fatality a.k.a. Dr. E.F. Mitchusson [139]
Edwin T. Mitchell PVT 1806 — fatality [140]
Napoleon B. Mitchell PVT 1804 — fatality [141]
Robert B. Moore PVT 1781 Virginia fatality [142]
Willis A. Moore PVT 1808 Marion County

MS

fatality [143]
John Morman — — — fatality [144]
Robert Musselman SGT 1805 Ohio fatality [145]
Andrés Nava SGT 1810 Texas fatality [146]
George Neggan PVT 1808 South Carolina fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [147]
Andrew M. Nelson PVT 1809 Tennessee fatality [148]
Edward Nelson PVT 1816 South Carolina fatality [148]
George Nelson PVT 1805 South Carolina fatality [149]
James Northcross PVT 1804 Virginia fatality [150]
James Nowlan PVT 1809 England fatality [151]
George Olamio PVT — Ireland fatality [77]
William Sanders Oury PVT 1817 Virginia survivor Dispatched as a courier February 29 [152]
George Pagan PVT 1810 — fatality [153]
Christopher Adams Parker PVT 1814 — fatality [145]
William Parks PVT 1805 North Carolina fatality [145]
William Patton AQM, LT 1808 Kentucky survivor Assumed to be a courier, who left with John William Smith [154]
Richardson Perry PVT 1817 Mississippi fatality [155]
Amos Pollard — 1803 Massachusetts fatality Chief surgeon of the garrison, created a hospital in the fortress [156]
Eduardo Ramirez — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
John Purdy Reynolds PVT 1806 Pennsylvania fatality [157]
Thomas H. Roberts PVT — — fatality [158]
James Waters Robertson PVT 1812 Tennessee fatality [159]
Ambrosio Rodriguez — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Guadalupe Rodriquez — — — fatality [77]
James M. Rose PVT 1805 Ohio fatality [160]
(Louis?) Rose PVT Nacogdoches fatality or left before the battle Historians are divided over whether a purported Alamo survivor named Louis "Moses" Rose is the same man who appears on most early Alamo casualty lists. [161]
Jacob Roth MAJ — — fatality [100]
Jackson J. Rusk PVT — Ireland fatality [162]
Joseph Rutherford PVT 1798 Kentucky fatality [163]
Isaac Ryan PVT 1805 Louisiana fatality [162]
Mial Scurlock PVT 1809 North Carolina fatality [155]
Juan Seguín CPT 1806 Texas survivor Left February 25 to recruit reinforcements [164]
Marcus L. Sewell PVT 1805 England fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [Note 4]
Manson Shied PVT 1811 Georgia fatality aka Shudd [155]
Silvero — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Cleveland Kinloch Simmons LT 1815 South Carolina fatality [165]
Andrew H. Smith PVT 1815 Tennessee fatality [165]
Charles S. Smith PVT 1806 Maryland fatality [166]
John William Smith — 1792 Virginia survivor The final courier sent to Washington-on-the-Brazos, unable to return [167]
Joshua G. Smith SGT 1808 North Carolina fatality [168]
William H. Smith PVT 1811 — fatality [169]
Launcelot Smither PVT 1800 — survivor Left for Gonzales as a courier on February 23; relayed the Travis letter from Albert Martin to the provisional government at San Felipe [170]
Andrew Jackson Sowell PVT 1815 Tennessee survivor Left with Byrd Lockhart to buy supplies [171]
John Spratt PVT — — fatality [30]
Richard Starr PVT 1811 England fatality [172]
James E. Stewart PVT 1808 England fatality [172]
Richard L. Stockton PVT 1817 New Jersey fatality [172]
A. Spain Summerlin PVT 1817 Tennessee fatality [173]
William E. Summers PVT 1812 South Carolina fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [174]
John Sutherland PVT 1792 Virginia survivor Sent to Gonzales for reinforcements on February 23 [175]
William DePriest Sutherland PVT 1818 Alabama fatality [169]
Edward Taylor PVT 1812 Tennessee fatality Namesake of Taylor County, Texas, brother of James and George [176]
George Taylor PVT 1816 Tennessee fatality Namesake of Taylor County, brother of Edward and James [177]
James Taylor PVT 1814 Tennessee fatality Namesake of Taylor County, Texas, brother of George and Edward [178]
William Taylor PVT 1799 Tennessee fatality [179]
B. Archer M. Thomas PVT 1818 Kentucky fatality [180]
Henry Thomas PVT 1811 Germany fatality [181]
Thompson — — — fatality Per historian Lindley, no first name on the muster rolls [182]
John W. Thomson PVT 1807 North Carolina fatality [183]
John, M. Thurston 2LT 1812 Pennsylvania fatality [184]
Burke Trammel PVT 1810 Ireland fatality [184]
Joe Travis — 1813 or 1815 Alabama survivor Slave of William B. Travis, fought beside him in the battle; accompanied Susanna Dickinson to Gonzales. (Slaves identified by last names of their masters) [185]
William B. Travis LTC 1809 South Carolina fatality Shared command of the garrison with James Bowie until the latter became bedridden and unable to command. Namesake of Travis County. [186]
George W. Tumlinson PVT 1814 Missouri Territory fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [187]
James Tylee PVT 1795 New York fatality [188]
Asa Walker PVT 1813 Tennessee fatality [189]
Jacob Walker PVT 1799 Tennessee fatality [189]
William B. Ward SGT 1806 Ireland fatality [189]
Henry Warnell PVT 1812 Arkansas escaped Died June 1836 of wounds incurred during the battle or during his escape [190]
Joseph G. Washington PVT c. 1808 Tennessee fatality Possibly a.k.a. James Morgan [189]
Thomas Waters PVT 1812 England fatality [189]
William Wells PVT 1798 Georgia fatality [189]
Isaac White SGT — — fatality [191]
Robert White CPT 1806 England fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [192]
Hiram James Williamson SGM 1810 Pennsylvania fatality [193]
William Wills — — — fatality [193]
David L. Wilson PVT 1807 Scotland fatality [193]
John Wilson PVT 1804 Pennsylvania fatality [193]
Anthony Wolf PVT 1782 — fatality [193]
Claiborne Wright PVT 1810 North Carolina fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [194]
Charles Zanco LT 1808 Denmark fatality [193]
Vicente Zepeda — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]

See also

Citations

Notes

  1. ^ "The enemy in large force is in sight. We want men and provisions. Send them to us. We have 150 men and are determined to defend the Alamo to the last. Give us assistance. (signed) William Barret Travis, February 23, 1836" Letter to Gonzales alcalde Andrew Ponton. Groneman (2001), p. 1; The Alamo was under Sam Houston's authority as commander-in-chief of the paid army, which included Neill, Bowie, Travis and Crockett. Until March 4, Houston's authority did not extend to volunteers and local militias, which were the majority of the fighting force inside the Alamo. Hatch (1999), p. 188.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Some Tejanos were part of the Bexar military garrison, but others were part of Seguin's volunteer scout company and were in the Alamo on or before Feb 23. Enrique Esparza, who was inside the fortress as the son of defender Gregorio Esparza, later recalled that Santa Anna offered a three-day amnesty to all Tejano defenders. According to Esparza, Tejanos discussed the matter with Bowie who advised them to take the amnesty. It is believed most of the Tejanos left when Seguin did, either as couriers or because of the amnesty. Poyo (1996), pp. 53, 58 "Efficient in the Cause" (Stephen L. Hardin); Lindley (2003), pp. 94, 134.
  3. ^ The most notable group from Gonzales in the final days was the Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company, nicknamed the Immortal 32 in later decades, although the exact head count of that company varies by source. Moore (2004), pp. 28–29, 39–43, 46, 51; Moore (2007), p. 100; Lindley (2003), p. 98.
  4. ^ Some lore give the birthplace of Sewell as Tennessee but have no definitive source; however, scholars and other sourcing, including the Alamo, say he was born in England. Todish (1998), p. 85; Moore (2007), p. 100.; "Marcus L.Sewell". Alamo Mission in San Antonio. Archived from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2016."Who Was Marcus Sewell?". Sons of DeWitt Colony Texas. TAMU. Retrieved March 30, 2016.Groneman, Bill (June 15, 2010). "Marcus Sewell". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved March 30, 2016.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Todish et al. (1998), pp. 2, 4, 6.
  2. ^ Todish et al. (1998), pp. 137–138.
  3. ^ Davis (2004), p. 143; Todish et al. (1998), p. 121.
  4. ^ Poyo (1996), p. 54, "Efficient in the Cause" (Stephen L. Hardin).
  5. ^ Todish et al. (1998), pp. 29, 125.
  6. ^ Todish et al. (1998), p. 126; Moore (2004), p. 39.
  7. ^ Groneman (2001), p. 1; Lindley (2003), pp. 90, 93.
  8. ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 92–93; Groneman (2001), pp. 4–5; Jackson, Wheat (2005), p. 367.
  9. ^ Green, Michael R. (April 1988). "To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 91 (4). Texas State Historical Association: 483–508. JSTOR 30240052.
  10. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 4, 22.
  11. ^ Lord (1961), p. 166.
  12. ^ Edmondson (2000), pp. 45–46, 374.
  13. ^ "Telegraph and Texas Register May 28, 1837". The Portal to Texas History. Texas State Historical Association. March 28, 1837. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
  14. ^ a b Sibley, Marilyn McAdams (October 1966). "The Burial Place of the Alamo Heroes". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 70 (2). Texas State Historical Association: 272–280. JSTOR 30236392.
  15. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 148; Jackson, Wheat (2005), pp. 374, 377.
  16. ^ Jackson, Wheat (2005), p. 389.
  17. ^ Chariton (1990), p. 180.
  18. ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 226–227.
  19. ^ Matovina (1995), pp. 43–44.
  20. ^ Williams, Amelia (January 1934). "Reviewed Work: A Critical Study of the Siege of the Alamo and of the Personnel of Its Defenders: IV. Historical Problems Relating to the Alamo". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 37 (3). Texas State Historical Association: 157–184. JSTOR 30235477.
  21. ^ Smoot, Jane (June 15, 2010). "Amelia Worthington Williams". Texas Handbook Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
  22. ^ Roell, Craig H. (July 2004). "Reviewed Work: Alamo Traces: New Evidence and New Conclusions by Thomas Ricks Lindley". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 108 (1). Texas State Historical Association: 105–106. JSTOR 30239499.
  23. ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 37, 39–41, 67–68.
  24. ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 52, 57.
  25. ^ Flores, Richard R (February 1999). "Reviewed Work: The Alamo Remembered: Tejano Accounts and Perspectives by Timothy M. Matovina". American Ethnologist. 26 (1). American Anthropological Association: 265. doi:10.1525/ae.1999.26.1.265. JSTOR 647542.
  26. ^ de la Teja, Jesús F (Spring 1998). "Discovering the Tejano Community in "Early" Texas". Journal of the Early Republic. 18 (1). University of Pennsylvania Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic: 73–98. doi:10.2307/3124734. JSTOR 3124734.
  27. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 76.
  28. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 1.
  29. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 2.
  30. ^ a b c d Lindley (2003), pp. 54, 143.
  31. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 6–7.
  32. ^ Photo of cemetery monument at Hillcrest Cemetery in northern Mississippi, accessed December 8, 2015.
  33. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 7.
  34. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 8; Todish (1998), p. 76.
  35. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 8.
  36. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 9; Moore (2007), p. 100
  37. ^ Todish (1998), p. 76; Groneman (1990), pp. 9–10.
  38. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 10.
  39. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 10–11.
  40. ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 11; Todish (1998), p. 76.
  41. ^ Brown, p. 149; Lindley (2003), p. 131.
  42. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 12.
  43. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 13–14.
  44. ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 14.
  45. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 15–16.
  46. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 16.
  47. ^ Hopewell (1994), pp. 2–3, 116.
  48. ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 62, 79.
  49. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 20–21; Moore (2004), p. 457.
  50. ^ a b c Groneman (1990), p. 21.
  51. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 22; Moore (2007), p. 100.
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References

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