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The C-family programming languages share significant features of the C programming language. Many were developmentally influenced by C due to its success and ubiquity. The family also includes predecessors that influenced C's design such as BCPL.

Notable programming sources use terms like C-style, C-like, a dialect of C, having C-like syntax. The term curly bracket programming language denotes a language that shares C's block syntax.[1][2]

C-family languages have features like:

C-family languages span multiple programming paradigms, conceptual models, and run-time environments.

Language Year started Created by (at) Brief description, relationship to C References
Agora 1993 ? A reflective, prototype-based, object-oriented programming language that is based exclusively on message passing and not delegation.
Alef 1995 Phil Winterbottom (Bell Labs) Created for systems programming on the Plan 9 from Bell Labs operating system; it was published in 1995 but eventually abandoned. It provided substantial language support for concurrent programming. [3]
Amiga E 1993 Wouter van Oortmerssen A combination of many features from a number of languages, but follows the original C programming language most closely in terms of basic concepts.
AMPL 1985 Robert Fourer, David Gay and Brian Kernighan (Bell Labs) An algebraic modeling language with elements of a scripting language.
AWK 1977 Alfred Aho, Peter Weinberger & Brian Kernighan (Bell Labs) Designed for text processing and typically used as a data extraction and reporting tool. [4]
Axum 2009 Microsoft A domain specific concurrent programming language, based on the Actor model.
BCPL 1966 Martin Richards A procedural, imperative, and structured computer programming language. Precursor to C. [5]
C 1969-1973 Dennis Ritchie (Bell Labs) Was an enhancement of Ken Thompson's B language. [2]
C shell/tcsh 1978 Bill Joy (UC Berkeley) Scripting language and standard Unix shell.
C* 1987 Thinking Machines Object-oriented, data-parallel superset of ANSI C.
C++ 1979 Bjarne Stroustrup (Bell Labs) Named as "C with Classes" and renamed C++ in 1983; it began as a reimplementation of static object orientation in the tradition of Simula 67, and through standardization and wide use has grown to encompass generic programming as well as its original object-oriented roots. [6][2]
C-- 1997 Simon Peyton Jones, Norman Ramsey Generated mainly by compilers for very high-level languages.
Cg 2002 Nvidia Based on the C programming language and although they share the same syntax, some features of C were modified and new data types were added to make Cg more suitable for programming graphics processing units. This language is only suitable for GPU programming and is not a general programming language.
Ch 2001 Harry Cheng A C/C++ scripting language with extensions for shell programming and numerical computing. [7][8]
Chapel 2009 Cray Inc. Aims to improve the programmability of parallel computers in general and the Cray Cascade system in particular.
Charm 1996 ? An object oriented computer programming language with similarities to the RTL/2, Pascal and C languages in addition to containing some unique features of its own.
Cilk 1994 MIT Laboratory for Computer Science General-purpose programming language designed for multithreaded parallel computing.
CINT 1997-1999? Masaharu Goto An interpreted version of C/C++, much in the way BeanShell is an interpreted version of Java.
Claire 1994 Yves Caseau A high-level functional and object-oriented programming language with rule processing abilities.
Cyclone 2001 Greg Morrisett (AT&T Labs) Intended to be a safe dialect of the C language. It is designed to avoid buffer overflows and other vulnerabilities that are endemic in C programs, without losing the power and convenience of C as a tool for system programming.
C# 2000 Anders Hejlsberg Developed by Microsoft in the early 2000s as a modern, object-oriented programming language for the .NET Framework. [2]
D 2001 Walter Bright (Digital Mars) Based on C++, but with an incompatible syntax having traits from other C-like languages like Java and C#.
Dart 2013 Lars Bak and Kasper Lund (Google) A class-based, single inheritance, object-oriented language with C-style syntax.
E 1997 Mark S. Miller, Dan Bornstein (Electric Communities) Designed with secure computing in mind, accomplished chiefly by strict adherence to the object-oriented computing model.
eC 2004 Jérôme Jacovella-St-Louis (Ecere) A super-set of C adding object-oriented features (inspired by C++), properties, dynamic modules and reflection developed as part of the Ecere SDK project, an open-source cross-platform SDK.
Fantom 2005 Brian Frank and Andy Frank An object-oriented, functional, actor concurrent with a null-able aware type system emphasizing pragmatism in building enterprise systems running on top of the JVM or the CLR or JavaScript.
Fusion (formerly Ć) 2011 Piotr Fusik and Adrian Matoga Fusion is a programming language based on C and C#. Aimed at crafting portable programming libraries, with syntax akin to C#. The translated code is lightweight (no virtual machine, emulation nor large runtime).
Go 2007 Rob Pike, Ken Thompson, and Robert Griesemer (Google) Released to public in 2009, it is a concurrent language with fast compilations, Java-like syntax, but no object-oriented features and strong typing.
Hack 2014 Julien Verlaguet, Alok Menghrajani, Drew Paroski (Facebook) A programming language for the HipHop Virtual Machine (HHVM).
Handel-C 1996 Oxford University Computing Laboratory A high-level programming language which targets low-level hardware, most commonly used in the programming of FPGAs. It is a rich subset of C.
HolyC 2005 Terry A. Davis A dialect of C for Terry's own operating system TempleOS. [9][10]
Java 1991 James Gosling (Sun Microsystems) Created as Oak, and released to the public in 1995. It is an OODL based inspired heavily by Objective-C, though with a syntax based somewhat on C++. Compiles to its own bytecode, and is strongly typed. [2]
JavaScript 1995 Brendan Eich (Netscape) Created as Mocha and LiveScript, announced in 1995, shipped the next year as JavaScript. Primarily a scripting language used in Web page development as well as numerous application environments such as Adobe Flash and QtScript. Though initially based on Scheme and Self, it is primarily a prototype-based object-oriented language with a syntax based on Java.[11] Standardized as ECMAScript. [12][13]
Limbo 1995 Limbo succeeded Alef and is used in Inferno as Alef was used in Plan9.
LSL 2003 ? Created for the Second Life virtual world by Linden Lab.
Lite-C 2007 Atari Inc A programming language for multimedia applications and personal computer games, using a syntax subset of the C language with some elements of the C++ language.
LPC 1995 Lars Pensjö Developed originally to facilitate MUD building on LPMuds. Though designed for game development, its flexibility has led to it being used for a variety of purposes.
Neko 2005 Nicolas Cannasse (Motion-Twin) A high-level dynamically typed programming language.
Nemerle 2003 Kamil Skalski, Michał Moskal, Prof. Leszek Pacholski, Paweł Olszta at Wrocław University A general-purpose high-level statically typed programming language designed for platforms using the Common Language Infrastructure (.NET/Mono).
nesC 2003 David Gay, Philip Levis, Robert von Behren, Matt Welsh, Eric Brewer, & David Culler Pronounced "NES-see", it is an extension to the C programming language designed to embody the structuring concepts and execution model of TinyOS. TinyOS is an event-driven operating system designed for sensor network nodes that have very limited resources. [14][15]
Newsqueak 1988 Rob Pike A concurrent programming language for writing application software with interactive graphical user interfaces. Newsqueak's syntax and semantics are influenced by the C language, but its approach to concurrency was inspired by CSP. [16][17]
Nim 2008 Andreas Rumpf An imperative, multi-paradigm, compiled programming language.
Noop 2009 Google Attempts to blend the best features of "old" and "new" languages, while syntactically encouraging good programming practice.
Not eXactly C (NXC) 2006 John Hansen A high-level programming language for the Lego Mindstorms NXT. NXC, which is short for Not eXactly C, is based on Next Byte Codes, an assembly language. NXC has a syntax like C. It is part of the BricX IDE that integrates editor, tools for interfacing with the brick, and the compiler, but supports more languages. [18]
Not Quite C (NQC) 1998 (approx.) David Baum An embedded systems programming language, application programming interface (API), and native bytecode compiler toolkit for the Lego Mindstorms RCX platform, Cybermaster and LEGO Spybotics systems. It is intended as a drop-in replacement for the LabVIEW-based ROBOLAB IDE. It is primarily based on the C language but has specific limitations, such as the maximum number of subroutines and variables allowed. Later replaced with NXC, an enhanced version created for the Mindstorms NXT platform. [19]
Oak 1991 James Gosling (Sun Microsystems) A programming language created initially for Sun Microsystems set-top box project. The language later evolved to become Java.
Objective-C 1986 Brad Cox and Tom Love An object-oriented dynamic language based heavily on Smalltalk. A loosely defined de facto standard library by the original developers has now largely been displaced by variations on the OpenStep FoundationKit. [6]
OpenCL C 2009 Apple, Khronos Group OpenCL specifies a modified subset of the C programming language for writing programs to run on various compute devices (e.g. GPUs, DSPs).
Perl 1988 Larry Wall Scripting language used extensively for system administration, text processing, and web server tasks. [2]
PHP 1995 Rasmus Lerdorf Widely used as a server-side scripting language. C-like syntax. [20]
Pike 1994 Fredrik Hübinette An interpreted, general-purpose, high-level, cross-platform, dynamic programming language, with a syntax similar to that of C.
PROMAL 1985 Systems Management Associates A C-like programming language for MS-DOS, Commodore 64, and Apple II.
R 1993 Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman A programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics. [21]
Ratfor 1974 Brian Kernighan (Bell Labs) A hybrid of C and Fortran, implemented as a preprocessor for environments without easy access to C compilers.
Ring 2016 Mahmoud Samir Fayed A general-purpose dynamic programming language for applications development. [22][23][24]
Ruby 1995 Yukihiro Matsumoto An interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language which supports multiple programming paradigms.
Rust 2010 Graydon Hoare (Mozilla) A language empowering everyone to build reliable and efficient software.
S-Lang 1991 John E. Davis A library with a powerful interpreter that provides facilities required by interactive applications such as display/screen management, keyboard input, keymaps, etc. [25]
SA-C 2001 Cameron Project Single Assignment C (SA-C) is designed to be directly and intuitively translatable into circuits, including FPGAs.
SAC 1994 (Germany) Development spread to several institutions in Germany, Canada, and the UK. Functional language with C syntax. [26]
Seed7 2005 Thomas Mertes An extensible general-purpose programming language.
Split-C 1993 ? A parallel extension of the C programming language.
Squirrel 2003 Alberto Demichelis A light-weight scripting language.
Swift 2014 Chris Lattner (Apple) Swift can import any C library, optionally annotating C headers to map C types to Swift objects[27] and import libraries as Swift modules.[28] Swift has two-way bridging with Objective-C on platforms which support Apple's Objective-C runtime. Unlike Objective-C, Swift does not currently support C++ interoperation or exposing Swift types as C structs.
Telescript 1990 Marc Porat An object-oriented programming language.
TypeScript 2012 Microsoft Superset of JavaScript.
Umple 2008 University of Ottawa A language for both object-oriented programming and modeling with class diagrams and state diagrams.
Unified Parallel C 2003 ? An extension of the C programming language designed for high-performance computing on large-scale parallel machines.
V (Vlang) 2019 Alexander Medvednikov A general-purpose statically typed compiled programming language for ease of use, safety, speed, and maintainable software. [29]
Zig 2015 Andrew Kelley A general-purpose programming language and toolchain for maintaining robust, optimal, and reusable software. [30]

References

  1. ^ "Learn a C-style language". oreilly. O'Reilly. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Wang, Wally (2007). Beginning programming for dummies (4th ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Pub. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-470-09968-1. OCLC 773827811.
  3. ^ "Alef Language Reference Manual".
  4. ^ "Glossary (The GNU Awk User's Guide)". www.gnu.org. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  5. ^ "The before-C language - JeeLabs". jeelabs.org. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  6. ^ a b "The C Family".
  7. ^ "Scientific Numerical Computing".
  8. ^ "cross platform Ch Shell Programming".
  9. ^ "The Temple Operating System". 2017-03-25. Archived from the original on 2017-03-25. Retrieved 2019-04-16.
  10. ^ "A Language Design Analysis of HolyC - Harrison Totty". harrison.totty.dev. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  11. ^ "Chapter 4. How JavaScript Was Created". speakingjs.com. Archived from the original on 2020-02-27. Retrieved 2020-06-13.
  12. ^ "JavaScript language overview - JavaScript | MDN". developer.mozilla.org. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  13. ^ Reid, Jonathan (2013). JavaScript programmer's reference. Thomas Valentine. [Berkeley, Calif.]: Apress. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4302-4630-5. OCLC 852144161.
  14. ^ GitHub - tinyos/nesc: Master nesc repository., TinyOS, 2019-03-05, retrieved 2019-03-17
  15. ^ "The nesC Language: A Holistic Approach to Networked Embedded Systems" (PDF).
  16. ^ http://cdn.oreillystatic.com/en/assets/1/event/45/Go%20Presentation.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  17. ^ https://doc.cat-v.org/bell_labs/squeak/squeak.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  18. ^ "NXC - Not eXactly C".
  19. ^ "NQC - Not Quite C".
  20. ^ "PHP: History of PHP - Manual". www.php.net. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  21. ^ Mastering parallel programming with R : master the robust features of R parallel programming to accelerate your data science computations. Simon R. Chapple, Eilidh Troup, Thorsten Forster, Terence Sloan. Birmingham, UK. 2016. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-78439-462-2. OCLC 951337124.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  22. ^ Beginning Ring Programming - From Novice to Professional | Mansour Ayouni | Apress.
  23. ^ "Control Structures - Third Style — Ring 1.16 documentation".
  24. ^ Ring Team (23 October 2021). "The Ring programming language and other languages". ring-lang.net.
  25. ^ "S-Lang Library Information Page".
  26. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-05-11.((cite web)): CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  27. ^ "Swift Programming Language Evolution". GitHub. 17 October 2021.
  28. ^ "Swift Programming Language Evolution". GitHub. 17 October 2021.
  29. ^ "The V Programming Language".
  30. ^ "The Zig Programming Language".
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