In the United States, the public display of Confederate monuments, memorials and symbols has been and continues to be controversial. The following is a list of Confederate monuments and memorials that were established as public displays and symbols of the Confederate States of America (CSA), Confederate leaders, or Confederate soldiers of the American Civil War. Many monuments and memorials have been or are being removed. Part of the commemoration of the American Civil War, these symbols include monuments and statues, flags, holidays and other observances, and the names of schools, roads, parks, bridges, buildings, counties, cities, lakes, dams, military bases, and other public structures.[a] In a December 2018 special report, Smithsonian Magazine stated, "over the past ten years, taxpayers have directed at least $40 million to Confederate monuments—statues, homes, parks, museums, libraries and cemeteries—and to Confederate heritage organizations."[2]

This list does not include commemorations of pre-Civil War figures connected with the origins of the Civil War or white supremacy but not directly tied to the Confederacy, such as Supreme Court Justice Roger B. Taney, pro-slavery congressman Preston Brooks, North Carolina Chief Justice Thomas Ruffin,[3] or Southern politician John C. Calhoun, although Calhoun was venerated by the Confederacy and post-war segregationists, and monuments to Calhoun "have been the most consistent targets" of vandals.[4] It also does not include post-Civil War white supremacists, such as North Carolina Governor Charles Aycock and Mississippi Governor James K. Vardaman.

Monuments and memorials are listed below alphabetically by state, and by city within each state. States not listed have no known qualifying items for the list.[5]

History

Monument building and dedications

Memorials have been erected on public spaces (including on courthouse grounds) either at public expense or funded by private organizations and donors. Numerous private memorials have also been erected.

Chart of public symbols of the Confederacy and its leaders as surveyed by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), by year of establishment. Most of these were put up either during the Jim Crow era or during the Civil Rights Movement.[b] These two periods also coincided with the 50th and 100th anniversaries of the Civil War.[c][6]
Chart of public symbols of the Confederacy and its leaders as surveyed by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), by year of establishment. Most of these were put up either during the Jim Crow era or during the Civil Rights Movement.[b] These two periods also coincided with the 50th and 100th anniversaries of the Civil War.[c][6]

According to Smithsonian Magazine, "Confederate monuments aren't just heirlooms, the artifacts of a bygone era. Instead, American taxpayers are still heavily investing in these tributes today."[2] The report also concluded that the monuments were constructed and are regularly maintained in promotion of the Lost Cause, white supremacist mythology, and over the many decades of their establishment, African American leaders regularly protested these memorials and what they represented.[2]

A small number of memorializations were made during the war, mainly as ship and place names. After the war, Robert E. Lee said on several occasions that he was opposed to any monuments, as they would, in his opinion, "keep open the sores of war".[7] Nevertheless, monuments and memorials continued to be dedicated shortly after the American Civil War.[8][better source needed] Many more monuments were dedicated in the years after 1890, when Congress established the first National Military Park at Chickamauga and Chattanooga, and by the turn of the 20th century, five battlefields from the Civil War had been preserved: Chickamauga-Chattanooga, Antietam, Gettysburg, Shiloh, and Vicksburg. At Vicksburg National Military Park, more than 95% of the park's monuments were erected in the first eighteen years after the park was established in 1899.[9]

Jim Crow

See also: Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia

Confederate monument-building has often been part of widespread campaigns to promote and justify Jim Crow laws in the South.[10][1][11] According to the American Historical Association (AHA), the erection of Confederate monuments during the early 20th century was "part and parcel of the initiation of legally mandated segregation and widespread disenfranchisement across the South." According to the AHA, memorials to the Confederacy erected during this period "were intended, in part, to obscure the terrorism required to overthrow Reconstruction, and to intimidate African Americans politically and isolate them from the mainstream of public life." A later wave of monument building coincided with the civil rights movement, and according to the AHA "these symbols of white supremacy are still being invoked for similar purposes."[12] According to Smithsonian Magazine, "far from simply being markers of historic events and people, as proponents argue, these memorials were created and funded by Jim Crow governments to pay homage to a slave-owning society and to serve as blunt assertions of dominance over African-Americans."[2]

Confederate Soldier Statue, in Monroe County, West Virginia, 2016
Confederate Soldier Statue, in Monroe County, West Virginia, 2016

According to historian Jane Dailey from the University of Chicago, in many cases, the purpose of the monuments was not to celebrate the past but rather to promote a "white supremacist future".[13] Another historian, Karen L. Cox, from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, has written that the monuments are "a legacy of the brutally racist Jim Crow era", and that "the whole point of Confederate monuments is to celebrate white supremacy".[11] Another historian from UNC, James Leloudis, stated that "The funders and backers of these monuments are very explicit that they are requiring a political education and a legitimacy for the Jim Crow era and the right of white men to rule."[14] They were erected without the consent or even input of Southern African Americans, who remembered the Civil War far differently, and who had no interest in honoring those who fought to keep them enslaved.[15] According to Civil War historian Judith Giesberg, professor of history at Villanova University, "White supremacy is really what these statues represent."[16] Some monuments were also meant to beautify cities as part of the City Beautiful movement, although this was secondary.[17]

In a June 2018 speech, Civil War historian James I. Robertson Jr. of Virginia Tech said the monuments were not a "Jim Crow signal of defiance" and referred to the current trend to dismantle or destroy them as an "age of idiocy" motivated by "elements hell-bent on tearing apart unity that generations of Americans have painfully constructed."[18] Katrina Dunn Johnson, Curator of the South Carolina Confederate Relic Room and Military Museum, states that "thousands of families throughout the country were unable to reclaim their soldier's remains--many never learned their loved ones' exact fate on the battlefield or within the prison camps. The psychological impact of such a devastating loss cannot be underestimated when attempting to understand the primary motivations behind Southern memorialization."[19]

Many Confederate monuments were dedicated in the former Confederate states and border states in the decades following the Civil War, in many instances by Ladies Memorial Associations, United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC), United Confederate Veterans (UCV), Sons of Confederate Veterans (SCV), the Heritage Preservation Association, and other memorial organizations.[20][21][22] Other Confederate monuments are located on Civil War battlefields. Many Confederate monuments are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, either separately or as contributing objects within listings of courthouses or historic districts. Art historians Cynthia Mills and Pamela Simpson argued, in Monuments to the Lost Cause, that the majority of Confederate monuments, of the type they define, were "commissioned by white women, in hope of preserving a positive vision of antebellum life."[23][24]

In the late nineteenth century, technological innovations in the granite and bronze industries helped reduce costs and made monuments more affordable for small towns. Companies looking to capitalize on this opportunity often sold nearly identical copies of monuments to both the North and South.[25]

Another wave of monument construction coincided with the Civil Rights Movement and the American Civil War Centennial.[1]: 11  At least thirty-two Confederate monuments were dedicated between 2000 and 2017, including at least 7 re-dedications.[26][27][28][29]

Scholarly study

Scholarly studies of the monuments began in the 1980s. In 1983 John J. Winberry published a study which was based on data from the work of R.W. Widener.[30][31] He estimated that the main building period for monuments was from 1889 to 1929 and that of the monuments erected in courthouse squares over half were built between 1902 and 1912. He determined four main locations for monuments; battlefields, cemeteries, county courthouse grounds, and state capitol grounds. Over a third of the courthouse monuments were dedicated to the dead. The majority of the cemetery monuments in his study were built in the pre-1900 period, while most of the courthouse monuments were erected after 1900. Of the 666 monuments in his study 55% were of Confederate soldiers, while 28% were obelisks. Soldiers dominated courthouse grounds, while obelisks account for nearly half of cemetery monuments. The idea that the soldier statues always faced north was found to be untrue and that the soldiers usually faced the same direction as the courthouse. He noted that the monuments were "remarkably diverse" with "only a few instances of repetition of inscriptions".[31]

The Confederate Memorial in Fulton, Kentucky is listed on the National Register of Historic Places

He categorized the monuments into four types. Type 1 was a Confederate soldier on a column with his weapon at parade rest, or weaponless and gazing into the distance. These accounted for approximately half the monuments studied. They are, however, the most popular among the courthouse monuments. Type 2 was a Confederate soldier on a column with rifle ready, or carrying a flag or bugle. Type 3 was an obelisk, often covered with drapery and bearing cannonballs or an urn. This type was 28% of the monuments studied, but 48% of the monuments in cemeteries and 18% of courthouse monuments. Type 4 was a miscellaneous group, including arches, standing stones, plaques, fountains, etc. These account for 17% of the monuments studied.[31]

Over a third of the courthouse monuments were specifically dedicated to the Confederate dead. The first courthouse monument was erected in Bolivar, Tennessee, in 1867. By 1880 nine courthouse monuments had been erected. Winberry noted two centers of courthouse monuments: the Potomac counties of Virginia, from which the tradition spread to North Carolina, and a larger area covering Georgia, South Carolina and northern Florida. The diffusion of courthouse monuments was aided by organizations such as the United Confederate Veterans and their publications, though other factors may also have been effective.[31]

Winberry listed four reasons for the shift from cemeteries to courthouses. First was the need to preserve the memory of the Confederate dead and also recognize the veterans who returned. Second was to celebrate the rebuilding of the South after the war. Third was the romanticizing of the Lost Cause, and the fourth was to unify the white population in a common heritage against the interests of African-American Southerners. He concluded: "No one of these four possible explanations for the Confederate monument is adequate or complete in itself. The monument is a symbol, but whether it was a memory of the past, a celebration of the present, or a portent of the future remains a difficult question to answer; monuments and symbols can be complicated and sometimes indecipherable."[31]

The Monument Movement

The Monument Movement was a national movement of the late 19th and early 20th century. The Union and Confederate monuments were erected as community memorials. In the North and South communities came together in the time of war, contributing their men and boys (and a few documented women), then they came together again to memorialize these soldiers and their contributions to the cause as they saw it. Citizens paid subscriptions to memorials, for monument associations, taxes were issued, the GAR, Allied Orders, the United Daughters of the Confederacy, and the United Confederate Veterans all lead fundraisers.[32]

The monument to Confederate Colonel Francis S. Bartow was erected after First Manassas but was destroyed before or during Second Manassas. The other early monuments were Union monuments at Battle of Rowlett’s Station in Munfordville, Kentucky in January 1862 for the men of the 32nd Indiana killed. It was removed for its own protection from the elements in 2008.[33] Other early Union monuments before the war ended were the Hazen Brigade Monument in Murfreesboro and the 1865 Ladd and Whitney Monument in Lowell, Massachusetts.[34][35][36]

The Northern memorials recorded in the survey work to date lists 11 monuments erected before 1866 including the previously mentioned monuments. Another ten monuments were documented in 1866, and 11 more in 1867 by the time the first post-war Confederate monuments were erected in Romney, Hampshire County, West Virginia and Chester, Chester County, South Carolina in 1867.[32]

Blevins' "Forever in Mourning" Chart of Union and Confederate Monuments, 1860-1920
Blevins' "Forever in Mourning" Chart of Union and Confederate Monuments, 1860-1920

In addition to monuments to the Union and Confederate honorees, the Monument Movement saw the placement of Revolutionary War Monuments for the 100th of the American Revolution from 1876 to 1883. In the W.H. Mullins Company catalog, The Blue and the Gray, it notes with Union and Confederate Monuments the company’s recent installments of monuments for the Revolutionary War at Guilford Courthouse, North Carolina.[37]

Vandalism

As of June 19, over 12 Confederate monuments had been vandalized in 2019, usually with paint.[38][39][needs update]

Removal

Main article: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials

The Confederate Monument to Robert E. Lee is removed from its pedestal in Lee Circle in New Orleans on May 17, 2017
The Confederate Monument to Robert E. Lee is removed from its pedestal in Lee Circle in New Orleans on May 17, 2017

As of April 2017, at least 60 symbols of the Confederacy had been removed or renamed since 2015, according to the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC).[40] At the same time, laws in various Southern states place restrictions on, or prohibit altogether, the removal of statues and memorials and the renaming of parks, roads, and schools.[41][42][43][44][45]

A 2017 Reuters poll found that 54% of adults stated that the monuments should remain in all public spaces, and 27% said they should be removed, while 19% said they were unsure. The results were split along racial and political lines, with whites and Republicans preferring to keep the monuments in place, while blacks and Democrats were more likely to support their removal.[46][47] A similar 2017 poll by HuffPost/YouGov found that one-third of respondents favored removal, while 49% were opposed.[48][49]

Support for removal increased during the George Floyd protests, with 52% in favor of removal, and 44% opposed.[50][51]

Time period Number of removals[52]
1865-2009 2
2009-2014 3
2015 (after Charleston church shooting) 4
2016 4
2017 (year of the Charlottesville car attack) 36
2018 8
2019 4
2020 (after murder of George Floyd) 94[53]
2021 16[54]

Geographic distribution

Confederate monuments are widely distributed across the southern United States.[31] The distribution pattern follows the general political boundaries of the Confederacy.[31] Of the more than 1503 public monuments and memorials to the Confederacy, more than 718 are monuments and statues. Nearly 300 monuments and statues are in Georgia, Virginia, or North Carolina. The northern states that remained part of the Union, and the western states that were largely settled after the Civil War, have few or no memorials to the Confederacy.

National

See also: Civil War commemoration stamps and CSA-affinity license plates

United States Capitol

Main article: Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol

There are eight Confederate figures in the National Statuary Hall Collection, in the United States Capitol.
There are eight Confederate figures in the National Statuary Hall Collection, in the United States Capitol.

Arlington National Cemetery

Main article: List of memorials and monuments at Arlington National Cemetery

Confederate Memorial, Arlington National Cemetery
Confederate Memorial, Arlington National Cemetery
The NPS describes the property as "the nation's memorial to Robert E. Lee. It honors him for specific reasons, including his role in promoting peace and reunion after the Civil War. In a larger sense it exists as a place of study and contemplation of the meaning of some of the most difficult aspects of American History: military service; sacrifice; citizenship; duty; loyalty; slavery and freedom."[68]

Coins and stamps

See also: Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps

US military

Bases

See also: List of U.S. Army installations named for Confederate soldiers

There are 10 major U.S. military bases named in honor of Confederate military leaders, all in former Confederate states.[1] In 2015 the Pentagon declared it would not be renaming these facilities,[72] and declined to make further comment in 2017.[73] President Donald Trump strongly opposed renaming military bases named after prominent Confederates.[74] Trump threatened to veto the 2021 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) if provisions that allow Confederate-named bases to be renamed were not removed.[75] Donald Trump ultimately vetoed the 2021 NDAA, this veto was overridden by a bi-partisan vote of Congress.[76]

Facilities

Current ships

Former ships

See also: List of ships of the Confederate States Navy

Several ships named for Confederate leaders fell into Union hands during the Civil War. The Union Navy retained the names of these ships while turning their guns against the Confederacy:

Multi-state highways

On October 16, 2018, the Board of Commissioners of Orange County, North Carolina (location of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, see Silent Sam), voted unanimously to repeal the county's 1959 resolution naming for Davis the portion of U.S. 15 running through the county.[84]

Alabama

Main article: List of Confederate monuments and memorials in Alabama

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 122 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Alabama.[85]

Alaska

Arizona

As of 20 August 2020, only two Confederate related plaques on public property remain in Phoenix and Sierra Vista, Arizona.[85]

Further information: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials § Arizona

Type of monument Date Location Details Image
Public 2010 Sierra Vista Confederate Memorial, Historical Soldiers Memorial Cemetery area of the state-owned Southern Arizona Veterans' Memorial Cemetery. The monument was erected in to honor the 21 soldiers interred in that cemetery who served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War and later fought in Indian wars in Arizona as members of the U.S. Army.[88][89]
Private 1999 Phoenix Arizona Confederate Veterans Monument, at Greenwood Memory Lawn Cemetery; erected by SCV.[88]
CSA cemetery marker, Phoenix AZ, USA.jpg
Public 1961–2020 Phoenix Memorial to Arizona Confederate Troops, in Wesley Bolin Park, next to the Arizona State Capitol; UDC memorial.[88]
CSA monument, Phoenix AZ, USA.jpg
Road 1943–2020 Jefferson Davis Memorial Highway marker 50 mi (80 km) east of Phoenix; erected by UDC. Tarred and feathered in August 2017.[88][90]
Public 1984–2015 Picacho Peak State Park A commemorative sign and a plaque commemorated the Battle of Picacho Pass, the westernmost Confederate engagement of the war. The sign is "dedicated to Capt. Sherod Hunter's 'Arizona Rangers, Arizona Volunteers' C.S.A.", while the plaque states three Union soldiers buried on battlefield and includes both US Union and CSA flags. The sign was removed in 2015 due to deterioration of the wood and the plaque was moved onto the Union stone monument.[88][91][92]
Picacho-Battle of Picacho Marker.jpg

Arkansas

See also: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials § Arkansas

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 65 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Arkansas.[85]

State capitol

Monuments

Van Buren Confederate Monument at Crawford County Courthouse in Van Buren, Arkansas
Van Buren Confederate Monument at Crawford County Courthouse in Van Buren, Arkansas

Courthouse monuments

Other public monuments

See also: Camp Nelson Confederate Cemetery and Prairie Grove Battlefield State Park

Bentonville Confederate Monument
Confederate Statue, Fayetteville Confederate Cemetery
Confederate Statue, Fayetteville Confederate Cemetery
Confederate Soldiers Monument, Little Rock National Cemetery
Confederate Soldiers Monument, Little Rock National Cemetery
Little Rock Confederate Memorial, Little Rock National Cemetery
Little Rock Confederate Memorial, Little Rock National Cemetery
Robert E. Lee Monument in Marianna
Star City Confederate Memorial

Inhabited places

Parks

Roads

Schools

State symbols

Flag of Arkansas since 1913
Flag of Arkansas since 1913

California

See also: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials § California

As of 23 July 2020, there were at least four public spaces with Confederate monuments in California.[85]

Inhabited places

Roads

Schools

Mountains and recreation

Mine

Stonewall Jackson Mine, San Diego County, circa 1872
Stonewall Jackson Mine, San Diego County, circa 1872

Colorado

Robert E. Lee Mine in Leadville. Photo by William Henry Jackson.
Robert E. Lee Mine in Leadville. Photo by William Henry Jackson.

Schools

Monument

Mine

Delaware

As of June 24, 2020, there is at least one public space with Confederate monuments in Delaware.[85]

District of Columbia

See also: List of Confederate monuments and memorials § National

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least nine public Confederate monuments in Washington, D.C., mostly in the National Statuary Hall Collection. (See above)[85]

Florida

See also: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials § Florida

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 63 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Florida.[85]

An August 2017 meeting of the Florida League of Mayors was devoted to the topic of what to do with Civil War monuments.[140]

State capitol

State symbol

Flag of Florida since 1900
Flag of Florida since 1900

State holiday

Monuments

Courthouse monuments

Unveiling of Confederate Monument, Ocala, 1908
Unveiling of Confederate Monument, Ocala, 1908

Other public monuments

Yellow Bluff Fort Monument
Yellow Bluff Fort Monument
United Daughters of the Confederacy members seated around a Confederate monument in Lakeland, 1915
United Daughters of the Confederacy members seated around a Confederate monument in Lakeland, 1915
Olustee Battlefield Historic State Park
Olustee Battlefield Historic State Park

Private monuments

Inhabited places

Counties

Municipalities

Parks

Roads

Schools and libraries

City symbols

City holiday

County holiday

Georgia

Main article: List of Confederate monuments and memorials in Georgia

As of June 24, 2020, there are at least 201 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Georgia.[85]

Confederate monument in Macon, Ga on Mulberry street circa 1877
Confederate monument in Macon, Ga on Mulberry street circa 1877

Hawaii

Idaho

The settlement of Idaho coincided with the Civil War and settlers from Southern states memorialized the Confederacy with the names of several towns and natural features.[217][218][219]

As of June 24, 2020, there are at least three public spaces with Confederate monuments in Idaho.[85]

Inhabited places

Natural features and recreation

Illinois

Confederate Monument at Oak Woods Cemetery in Chicago
Confederate Monument at Oak Woods Cemetery in Chicago

The four memorials in Illinois are in Federal cemeteries and connected with prisoners of war.

Federal cemeteries

Federal plot within private cemetery

Indiana

As of June 24, 2020, there is at least one public space with Confederate monuments in Indiana.[85]

Confederate monument, Crown Hill National Cemetery, Indianapolis
Confederate monument, Crown Hill National Cemetery, Indianapolis

Iowa

As of June 24, 2020, there is at least one public space with Confederate monuments in Iowa.[85]

Kansas

Veterans Memorial Park in Wichita, Kansas holds one Confederate and Union monument, a Reconciliation Memorial. "The intent of this memorial is to bring folks together and reconcile their differences," As Confederate Monuments Come Down Across U.S., Wichita Memorial Comes Into Question. The Memorial is a small obelisk with text honoring North and South combatants on both sides. See Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials#Kansas for monuments which have been removed.

Kentucky

See also: List of Civil War Monuments of Kentucky and Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials § Kentucky

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 37 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Kentucky.[85]

Monuments

Confederate Monument, Georgetown
Confederate Monument, Georgetown
Confederate Monument, Spring Hill Cemetery, Harrodsburg
Confederate Monument, Spring Hill Cemetery, Harrodsburg
John B. Castleman Monument, Louisville
John B. Castleman Monument, Louisville
Lloyd Tilghman Statue, Paducah
Lloyd Tilghman Statue, Paducah

Bridge

Inhabited places

Parks

Roads

Highways

Schools

Louisiana

See also: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials § Louisiana

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 83 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Louisiana.[85]

State capitol

Buildings

Confederate Memorial Hall in New Orleans
Confederate Memorial Hall in New Orleans

Monuments

Courthouse monuments

Other public monuments

Greenwood Cemetery, New Orleans
Greenwood Cemetery, New Orleans
Army of Tennessee Tomb, Metairie Cemetery, New Orleans
Army of Tennessee Tomb, Metairie Cemetery, New Orleans
Monument at Camp Moore, Tangipahoa Parish
Charles Didier Dreux statue in New Orleans
Charles Didier Dreux statue in New Orleans

Inhabited places

Parks

Roads

Schools

Confederate flag display

Maryland

The Confederate Soldier, Loudon Park National Cemetery, Baltimore
The Confederate Soldier, Loudon Park National Cemetery, Baltimore

See also: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials § Maryland

There are at least 7 confederate monuments on public land. They are generally in or near cemeteries.

As of December 27th, 2022 there is one statue on a large stone of general Lee at the Antietam battlefield, visible from the road.

It was on private land adjacent to the park, and was donated with the land.

The "Talbot Boys" statue in Easton, Maryland was the last Confederate monument removed from public property on March 14, 2022.

State symbols

Flag of Maryland since 1904
Flag of Maryland since 1904

Monuments

Public monuments

Private monuments

Monument to the Unknown Confederate Soldiers, Frederick, Maryland
Monument to the Unknown Confederate Soldiers, Frederick, Maryland
North Carolina Memorial at Fox's Gap (2003)
North Carolina Memorial at Fox's Gap (2003)
The original monument, a bronze life-sized Confederate soldier on this pedestal, was originally donated by the UDC and the United Confederate Veterans, and built by the Washington firm of Falvey Granite Company at a cost of US$3,600 (equivalent to $98,703 in 2021). The artist is unknown.[308] The inscription says "To Our Heroes of Montgomery Co. Maryland That We Through Life May Not Forget to Love The Thin Gray Line / Erected A.D. 1913 / 1861 CSA 1865."[309] because Confederate uniforms are gray. The Rockville dedication was on June 3, 1913, Jefferson Davis's birthday,[309] and was attended by 3,000 out of a county population of 30,000.[310] It was originally located in a small triangular park[311] called Courthouse Square. In 1971, urban renewal led to the elimination of the Square, and the monument was moved to the east lawn of the Red Brick Courthouse (no longer in use as such), facing south.[312] In 1994 it was cleaned and waxed by the Maryland Military Monuments Commission.[308] The monument was defaced with "Black Lives Matter" in 2015; a wooden box was built over it to protect it.[313] The monument was removed in July 2017 from its original location outside the Old Rockville Court House to private land[311] at White's Ferry in Dickerson, Maryland.[314][315] The statue was removed from the pedestal in June 2020, but the pedestal urging people to "Love The Thin Gray Line" remains.

Inhabited places

Roads

Ferry

Gen. Jubal A. Early
Gen. Jubal A. Early
The renamed White's Ferry ferryboat
The renamed White's Ferry ferryboat

Gallery

Massachusetts

As of May 2019, all public memorials listed by the Southern Poverty Law Center[85] had been removed.[321]

Private memorials

Michigan

As of June 29, 2020, there is at least one known public monument of a confederate soldier in Michigan. It is located in Allendale, Michigan, a town in Ottawa County. A part of the Veterans Garden of Honor (1998) which features nine life sized statues of soldiers from various wars, the statue in question depicts a union soldier and a confederate soldier back to back with a young slave at their feet holding a plaque reading "Freedom to Slaves," and the date January 5, 1863.[322]

Mississippi

Main article: List of Confederate monuments and memorials in Mississippi

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 147 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Mississippi.[85]

Missouri

See also: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials § Missouri

As of 24 June 2020, there were at least 19 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Missouri.[85]

Monuments

Courthouse monuments

Statue of David Rice Atchison in front of the Clinton County Courthouse, Plattsburg, Missouri
Statue of David Rice Atchison in front of the Clinton County Courthouse, Plattsburg, Missouri

Other public monuments

UDC monument at Forest Hill and Calvary Cemetery, Kansas City, Missouri
UDC monument at Forest Hill and Calvary Cemetery, Kansas City, Missouri
Union Confederate Monument, Kansas City, Missouri
Union Confederate Monument, Kansas City, Missouri

Inhabited places

Parks

Roads

Schools

Montana

See also: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials § Montana

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 2 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Montana.[85]

Nevada

As of June 24, 2020, there is at least one public space with Confederate monuments in Nevada.[85]

New Jersey

Confederate Monument (1910), Finn's Point National Cemetery.
Confederate Monument (1910), Finn's Point National Cemetery.

There is at least one public space dedicated to the Confederacy in New Jersey.[85]

New Mexico

As of June 24, 2020, there is at least one public space with Confederate monuments in New Mexico.[85]

New York

Confederate Monument, Woodlawn National Cemetery, Elmira, New York
Confederate Monument, Woodlawn National Cemetery, Elmira, New York

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 3 public spaces with Confederate monuments in New York.[85][342]

Monuments

Public monuments

Private monuments

Roads

Governor Andrew Cuomo had twice requested the Army, unsuccessfully, to have these streets renamed.[344]

North Carolina

Main article: List of Confederate monuments and memorials in North Carolina

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 164 public spaces with Confederate monuments in North Carolina.[85]

Ohio

See also: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials § Ohio

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 5 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Ohio.[85]

Historical marker

Monuments

Confederate Soldier Memorial, Camp Chase, Columbus
Confederate Soldier Memorial, Camp Chase, Columbus
The Lookout (1910), Johnson's Island, Ottawa County[355]
The Lookout (1910), Johnson's Island, Ottawa County[355]

Inhabited places

Roads

Schools

Oklahoma

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 13 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Oklahoma.[85]

Buildings

Monuments

Stand Watie Monument, Polson Cemetery, Delaware County
Stand Watie Monument, Polson Cemetery, Delaware County
Confederate Monument at Cherokee National Capitol
Confederate Monument at Cherokee National Capitol

Schools

Robert E. Lee School in Durant, Oklahoma
Robert E. Lee School in Durant, Oklahoma

Inhabited places

Roads

Oregon

As of 24 June 2020, there are no public spaces with Confederate monuments in Oregon.[85]

Pennsylvania

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 3 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Pennsylvania.[85]

Monuments

See also: List of monuments of the Gettysburg Battlefield § Confederate monuments

Virginia State Monument (1917), Gettysburg Battlefield.
Virginia State Monument (1917), Gettysburg Battlefield.
Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument (1911), Philadelphia National Cemetery.
Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument (1911), Philadelphia National Cemetery.

Roads

Rhode Island

As of 24 June 2020, there are no public spaces with Confederate monuments in Rhode Island.[85]

South Carolina

Main article: List of Confederate monuments and memorials in South Carolina

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 194 public spaces with Confederate monuments in South Carolina.[85]

[374]==South Dakota==

In July 202o the Confederate flag was removed from the patch of Gettysburg South Dakota police officers.

As of June 24, 2020, there is at least one public space with Confederate monuments in South Dakota.[85]

Tennessee

See also: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials § Tennessee, and Nathan Bedford Forrest § Historical reputation and legacy

Further information: Tennessee in the American Civil War

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 105 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Tennessee.[85] The Tennessee Heritage Protection Act (2016) and a 2013 law restrict the removal of statues and memorials.[41]

The Tennessee legislature designated Confederate Decoration Day, the origin of Memorial Day, as June 3, and in 1969[377] designated January 19 and July 13, their birthdays, as Robert E. Lee Day and Nathan Bedford Forrest day respectively.

State capitol

Buildings

Monuments

Courthouse monuments

Tipton County Courthouse, Covington
Tipton County Courthouse, Covington
Confederate Monument "Chip", Franklin
Confederate Monument "Chip", Franklin
Confederate Women monument, Nashville
Confederate Women monument, Nashville

Other public monuments

Pyramid of cannonballs commemorate Patrick Cleburne in Franklin, Tennessee
Pyramid of cannonballs commemorate Patrick Cleburne in Franklin, Tennessee

Private monuments

Inhabited place

Parks

Roads

Schools

Calhoun Hall, named for slave owner and Confederate supporter W. H. Calhoun.
Calhoun Hall, named for slave owner and Confederate supporter W. H. Calhoun.

Tourist sites

Texas

See also: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials § Texas

Further information: Texas in the American Civil War

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 205 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Texas.[85][425] "Nowhere has the national re-examination of Confederate emblems been more riven with controversy than the Lone Star State."[426]

State capitol

State symbols

Seal of Texas

State holiday

Buildings

Monuments

Many monuments were donated by pro-Confederacy groups like Daughters of the Confederacy. County governments at the time voted to accept the gifts and take ownership of the statues.[434][435]

Courthouse monuments

Denton, Texas
Dignified Resignation in Galveston, Texas
Dignified Resignation in Galveston, Texas
Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument in Georgetown, Texas
Confederate Mothers Monument in Texarkana

Other public monuments

Confederate Memorial Plaza in Anderson, Texas
Confederate Memorial Plaza in Anderson, Texas
Confederate Soldiers Monument, Austin
Confederate Monument, Beaumont
Confederate Monument, Beaumont
John H. Reagan Memorial in Palestine, Texas. The allegorical figure seated beneath Reagan represents the Lost Cause of the Confederacy.[459]
John H. Reagan Memorial in Palestine, Texas. The allegorical figure seated beneath Reagan represents the Lost Cause of the Confederacy.[459]

Private monuments

Confederate Veterans Memorial Plaza, Palestine, Texas
Confederate Veterans Memorial Plaza, Palestine, Texas

Inhabited places

Counties

Further information: List of counties in Texas

Municipalities

Museums

See also: Texas Confederate Museum

Parks

Roads

Note: "There are similarly named streets in towns and cities across east Texas, notably Port Arthur and Beaumont, as well as memorials to Dowling and the Davis Guards, not least at Sabine Pass, where the battleground is now preserved as a state park"

Schools

Stonewall Jackson Elementary School, Dallas
Stonewall Jackson Elementary School, Dallas

Other memorials

Utah

See also: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials § Utah

Vermont

See also: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials § Vermont

Virginia

Main article: List of Confederate monuments and memorials in Virginia

Further information: Virginia in the American Civil War

See also: List of memorials and monuments at Arlington National Cemetery and Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials § Virginia

As of 24 June 2020, there were at least 241 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Virginia,[85] more than in any other state.[528][529] Virginia also has numerous schools, highways, roads and other public infrastructure named for Confederates. Some have been removed since. Lee-Jackson Day ceased to be a State holiday in 2020.

Washington State

See also: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials § Washington (state)

As of 24 June 2020, only one public space contains a Confederate connected monument in Washington.[85]

3rd Flag of the Confederacy and the Bonnie Blue Flag at the Jefferson Davis Park, 2018
3rd Flag of the Confederacy and the Bonnie Blue Flag at the Jefferson Davis Park, 2018

At least two private properties contain a Confederate memorial or fly a CSA flag:

West Virginia

As of 2020 there were 21 public spaces with Confederate monuments in West Virginia.[85]

State capitol

Monuments

See also: Confederate Cemetery at Lewisburg

Bronze plaque commemorating the site of Pettigrew's death.
Bronze plaque commemorating the site of Pettigrew's death.
First Confederate Memorial (1867), Romney, West Virginia
First Confederate Memorial (1867), Romney, West Virginia

Inhabited places

Parks and water features

Roads

Schools

Wisconsin

See also: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials § Wisconsin

Wyoming

Natural features

International

Brazil

Canada

Ireland

Scotland

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "In an effort to assist the efforts of local communities to re-examine these symbols, the SPLC launched a study to catalog them. For the final tally, the researchers excluded nearly 2,600 markers, battlefields, museums, cemeteries and other places or symbols that are largely historical in nature."[1]
  2. ^ This chart is based on data from an SPLC survey which identified "1,503 publicly sponsored symbols honoring Confederate leaders, soldiers or the Confederate States of America in general." The survey excluded "nearly 2,600 markers, battlefields, museums, cemeteries and other places or symbols that are largely historical in nature."[1]
  3. ^ "The second spike began in the early 1950s and lasted through the 1960s, as the civil rights movement led to a backlash among segregationists."[1]
  4. ^ Pair of Kentucky Historic Markers located on KY 61, near bridge crossing at Salt River, near Shepherdsville. Marker #1296, "L & N Bridge in Civil War. Destroyed three times by CSA. Partially razed on Sept. 7, 1862, by troops under Col. John Hutcheson. During the occupation of Shepherdsville, Sept. 28, Braxton Bragg's troops again destroyed it, but new bridge was up by Oct. 11. After Battle of Elizabethtown, Dec. 27, John Hunt Morgan's men moved along tracks, destroying everything on way to trestle works at Muldraugh's Hill." Marker #1413, "Morgan-on to Ohio. July 2, 1863, CSA Gen. J. H. Morgan began raid to prevent USA move to Tenn. and Va. Repulsed at Green River, July 4. Defeated a USA force at Lebanon, July 5. Moved through Bardstown, July 6. After night march, crossed here July 7. Rested troops few hours and proceeded to Brandenburg. Crossed to Indiana, July 8. He continued raid until captured in northeast Ohio, July 26." See also Morgan's Raid.[260]
  5. ^ Kentucky Historic Marker located 2 mi. N. of Somerset, KY 39. Marker #712, "March 30, 1863, USA force of 1,250 under General Q. A. Gillmore overtook 1,550 Confederate cavalry under Gen. John Pegram, here. Five-hour battle resulted. CSA driven from one position to another, withdrew during night across Cumberland. Killed, wounded, missing, CSA 200 and USA 30. On nine-day expedition into Ky., CSA had captured 750 cattle and took 537 across river.".[260]
  6. ^ Kentucky Historic Marker located Springfield, US 150, KY 55. Marker #689, erected in 1964, "CSA Gen. John H. Morgan's cavalry moved thru Springfield on raids, July 12 and December 30, 1862. On third raid, into Ohio, after battle of Lebanon, July 5, 1863, Union prisoners brought here but paroled to speed CSA movement. Confederate invasion force of 16,000 here before meeting Union Army in battle at Perryville, Oct. 8, 1862. See map other side."[260]
  7. ^ Kentucky Historic Marker #625, "Morgan's Men Here" located in Winchester, Kentucky on Courthouse lawn, US 60 & KY 627. Inscribed "CSA Gen. John H. Morgan's cavalry first raided Kentucky July, 1862. Took Cynthiana but, faced by large USA forces, withdrew. Destroyed arms here on 19th and went to Richmond. On last raid, June 1864, after two battles at Mt. Sterling, they moved by here to Lexington and to Cynthiana where they met defeat on 12th and retreated to Virginia. See map on other side." Dedicated March 9, 1964. See also Battle of Cynthiana.[260]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Gunter, Booth; Kizzire, Jamie (April 21, 2016). Gunter, Booth (ed.). "Whose heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy" (PDF). Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d Palmer, Brian; Wessler, Seth Freed (December 2018). "The Costs of the Confederacy". Smithsonian Magazine.
  3. ^ Shaffer, Josh (October 25, 2018). "NC's highest court will review courtroom portraits amid complaint about pro-slavery judge". Island Packet.
  4. ^ Kytle, Ethan J.; Roberts, Blain (June 25, 2015). "Take Down the Confederate Flags, but Not the Monuments". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
  5. ^ Criss, Doug; Elkin, Elizabeth (June 5, 2018). "The state leading the way in removing Confederate monuments? Texas". CNN.
  6. ^ Cunningham, Anne, ed., The Confederate Flag, p. 31 (quotes original text of SPLC report).
  7. ^ CNN (August 16, 2017). "Actually, Robert E. Lee was against erecting Confederate memorials". WPTV. Retrieved February 10, 2018. ((cite news)): |author= has generic name (help)
  8. ^ Maxwell, Hu (1897). History of Hampshire County, West Virginia: from its earliest settlement to the present. Morgantown, W. Va: A.B. Boughner, printer. OL 23304577M.
  9. ^ "Monuments and Memorials". Vicksburg National Military Park. National Park Service. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
  10. ^ Leib, Jonathan I.; Webster, Gerald R.; Webster, Roberta H. (December 1, 2000). "Rebel with a cause? Iconography and public memory in the Southern United States". GeoJournal. 52 (2): 303–310. doi:10.1023/A:1014358204037. ISSN 0343-2521. S2CID 151000497.
  11. ^ a b Cox, Karen L. (August 16, 2017). "Analysis – The whole point of Confederate monuments is to celebrate white supremacy". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  12. ^ American Historical Association, AHA Statement on Confederate Monuments (August 2017)
  13. ^ Parks, Miles (August 20, 2017). "Confederate Participation Trophies Were Built To Further A 'White Supremacist Future'". npr.org. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  14. ^ "Durham Confederate Participation Trophy: tribute to dying veterans or political tool of Jim Crow South?". The Herald-Sun. Durham, North Carolina. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  15. ^ Confederate Monuments and Civic Values in the Wake of Charlottesville. Dell Upton, Society of American Historians, September 13, 2017
  16. ^ Confederate monuments: What to do with them?. Grier, Peter. Christian Science Monitor, August 22, 2017
  17. ^ Dotinga, Randy (June 14, 2017). "Inside the hidden history of confederate memorials". The Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  18. ^ Robertson, James I. Jr. (July 28, 2018). "Debate Over Confederate Monuments | C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org.
  19. ^ Kristina Dunn Johnson (April 6, 2009). No Holier Spot of Ground: Confederate Monuments & Cemeteries of South Carolina. Arcadia Publishing Inc. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-1614232827.
  20. ^ Winsboro, Irvin D.S. (2016). "The Confederate Monument Movement as a Policy Dilemma for Resource Managers of Parks, Cultural Sites, and Protected Places: Florida as a Case Study" (PDF). The George Wright Forum. 33: 217–29.
  21. ^ Wiggins, David N. (2005). Remembering Georgia's Confederates. Arcadia. pp. 106, 108, 109, 117. ISBN 978-0738518237.
  22. ^ Confederate Monument in Forsyth Park Archived May 31, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, City of Savannah website, accessed April 24, 2010
  23. ^ Mills, Cynthia; Simpson, Pamela H. (2003). Monuments to the Los Cause: Women, Art, and the Landscapes of Southern Memory. University of Tennessee Press. p. [page needed]. ISBN 978-1572332720.
  24. ^ Gulley, H.E. (1993). "Women and the Lost Cause: preserving a Confederate identity in the American Deep South". Journal of Historical Geography. 19 (2): 125–41. doi:10.1006/jhge.1993.1009.
  25. ^ Fisher, Marc (August 18, 2017). "Why those Confederate soldier participation trophies look a lot like their Union counterparts". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved September 16, 2017. Because of technological innovations in the granite and bronze industries, the price of these participation trophies came way down
  26. ^ Holpuch, Amanda; Chalabi, Mona (August 16, 2017). "'Changing history'? No – 32 Confederate monuments dedicated in past 17 years". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  27. ^ "Confederate participation trophy removed from University of Louisville campus rededicated in Kentucky". Fox News. May 30, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
  28. ^ "FPAN – Destination: Civil War – – Ocala". fpan.us. Archived from the original on August 22, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
  29. ^ "Rededicating a Confederate monument to peace". myajc. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Widener, Ralph W. (1982). Confederate monuments: Enduring symbols of the South and the War Between the States. Andromeda Associates. OCLC 8697924.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g Winberry, John J. (2015). "'Lest We Forget': The Confederate Monument and the Southern Townscape". Southeastern Geographer. 55 (1): 19–31. doi:10.1353/sgo.2015.0003. S2CID 128637533.
  32. ^ a b Blevins, Ernest (Fall 2019). "Forever in Mourning: Union and Confederate Monuments, 1860–1920". Nineteenth Century. 39 (2).
  33. ^ Bennett, Alec. ""History of the 32nd Indiana Infantry Monument,"". July 7, 2019.
  34. ^ "Hazen Brigade Monument". Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  35. ^ ""Ladd and Whitney Memorial,"". June 29, 2019.
  36. ^ ""Massachusetts Civil War Monuments Project: Lowell,"". June–July 2019. October 31, 2018.
  37. ^ W.H. Mullins Company (1913). The Blue and the Gray. Salem, Cleveland: The Canon Company.
  38. ^ Du can, Charles (June 19, 2019). "More than a dozen Confederate participation trophies vandalized around the country so far in 2019". Charlotte Observer.
  39. ^ Feit, Noan (June 16, 2019). "Confederate monument splashed with paint-like substance, SC cops say, and 2 arrested". The State.
  40. ^ "US Confederate monuments: What is the debate about?". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  41. ^ a b Harrop, Katelyn (June 13, 2017). "BTW, These Four States Legally Protect Confederate Monuments". Vice Impact. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
  42. ^ Harrison, Bobby (May 28, 2017). "Mississippi law prohibits removal of historical markers". Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
  43. ^ Cote, Rachel Vorona. "Heritage Act Keeps Confederate Flags Flying in South Carolina". Jezebel. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  44. ^ Reynolds, Jacob (August 17, 2017). "Georgia state law makes it difficult to completely remove or hide Confederate monuments". WMAZ. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
  45. ^ Olivo, Antonio (August 25, 2017). "After Charlottesville, Va. Democrats see opening to change 114-year-old monuments law". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
  46. ^ "A majority of Americans want to preserve Confederate monuments: Reuters/Ipsos poll". Reuters. August 21, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  47. ^ "Reuters/Ipsos Data: Confederate Monuments". ipsos.com. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  48. ^ Edwards-Levy, Ariel (August 23, 2017). "Polls Find Little Support For Confederate Statue Removal – But How You Ask Matters". Retrieved October 20, 2017 – via Huff Post.
  49. ^ "HuffPost: Confederate Flag, August 15–16, 2017 – 1000 US Adults" (PDF). huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  50. ^ Klar, Rebecca (June 17, 2020). "Poll: Majority supports removing Confederate statues from public places". The Hill. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
  51. ^ "QU Poll Release Detail". QU Poll. Quinnipiac University. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
  52. ^ Berkowitz, Bonnie; Blanco, Adrian (June 20, 2020). "Confederate monuments are falling, but hundreds still stand. Here's where". The Washington Post.
  53. ^ Treisman, Rachel (February 23, 2021). "Nearly 100 Confederate Monuments Removed In 2020, Report Says; More Than 700 Remain". NPR.
  54. ^ "SPLC LAUNCHES THIRD EDITION OF ITS WHOSE HERITAGE? REPORT TRACKING CONFEDERATE MEMORIALS AND THEIR REMOVALS ACROSS THE U.S." Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
  55. ^ Ford, Matt (August 17, 2017). "Will Congress Remove Confederate Statues From the Capitol?". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  56. ^ DeBonis, Mike (June 23, 2015). "A field guide to the racists commemorated inside the U.S. Capitol". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  57. ^ a b Brockell, Gillian; Brockell, Gillian (August 16, 2017). "How statues of Robert E. Lee and other Confederates got into the U.S. Capitol". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  58. ^ "Zebulon Vance". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  59. ^ "Uriah Milton Rose". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
  60. ^ Florida Senate (March 19, 2018). "SB 472: National Statuary Hall". Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  61. ^ "Joseph Wheeler". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  62. ^ "Alexander Hamilton Stephens". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  63. ^ "Wade Hampton". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  64. ^ "Jefferson Davis". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  65. ^ "James Zachariah George". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  66. ^ "Helen Keller". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  67. ^ "The Beginnings of Arlington National Cemetery". Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial. National Park Service. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
  68. ^ "Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
  69. ^ Visitor Information: Monuments and Memorials: Confederate Memorial Archived July 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Arlington National Cemetery website, accessed April 24, 2010
  70. ^ Pilitowski, Tom. "Information about the Stone Mountain Half Dollar coin". U.S. Rare Coin Investments. Archived from the original on November 20, 2018. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  71. ^ "Robert E. Lee on U.S. Postage Stamps". civilwartalk.com. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  72. ^ a b Sims, Cliff (June 30, 2015). "Pentagon won't rename Alabama's Ft. Rucker, named after Confederate officer". Yellowhammer News. Yellowhammer Multimedia. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  73. ^ Bergengruen, Vera (August 16, 2017). "Ten major Army bases honor Confederate generals, and there are no plans to change that". McClatchy DC Bureau. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  74. ^ Daly, Mathew (April 20, 2021). "Trump, GOP ally vow Confederate base names won't change". Associated Press.
  75. ^ Edmondson, Catie; Broadwater, Luke (November 18, 2020). "Trump's Confederate Base Veto Threat Imperils Defense Bill". The New York Times.
  76. ^ Daly, Mathew (April 20, 2021). "In a first, Congress overrides Trump veto of defense bill". Associated Press.
  77. ^ "Camp Beauregard, near Alexandria Louisiana in World War II". Alexandria-louisiana.com. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
  78. ^ "The world's biggest military bases". Army Technology. September 4, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  79. ^ Malanowski, Jamie (June 14, 2013). "Why Fort Hood needs a new name". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  80. ^ Carola, Chris (August 17, 2017). "2 NY lawmakers: Strip Robert E. Lee's name from West Point". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  81. ^ a b Witte, Brian (August 23, 2017). "Confederate names at Naval Academy could face rough seas". Fox News. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  82. ^ Diana Fontaine Maury-Corbin "Life of Matthew Fontaine Maury USN & CSN" Life of Matthew Fontaine Maury, U.S.N. and C.S.N.
  83. ^ "Troopships of World War II: Liberty Ships". www.skylighters.org. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
  84. ^ GRubb, Tammy (October 16, 2018). "A Chapel Hill highway no longer honors a Confederate leader. But what about the sign?". Herald Sun.
  85. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba "Whose Heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy". Southern Poverty Law Center. February 1, 2019.
  86. ^ "Confederate Gulch". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  87. ^ Maddren, A. G. (1913). "The Koyukuk-Chandalar Region, Alaska" (PDF). United States Government Printing Office.
  88. ^ a b c d e "Slideshow: Where are Arizona's Confederate monuments?". KMOV. August 16, 2017. Archived from the original on August 30, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  89. ^ "Southern Memorial Cemetery". Arizona Department of Veterans' Services. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  90. ^ Simpson, Ian (August 18, 2017). "Statue defaced as U.S. Confederate monument protests grow". Reuters. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  91. ^ Sameer Rao (June 5, 2017). "Black Leaders Fight to Remove Arizona's Confederate Monuments". ColorLines.com.
  92. ^ Schladebeck, Jessica (June 8, 2017). "Arizona civil rights leaders call to remove Confederate memorials". NY Daily News. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  93. ^ a b "A Walk on the Hill" (PDF). Arkansas.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  94. ^ a b c d National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Registration Form: Civil War Commemorative Sculpture in Arkansas, 1886–1934, 1996.
  95. ^ Elledge, Zachary (2015). Defeat and Memory at the Arkansas State Capitol: The Little Rock Monument to the Women of the Confederacy, 1896–1914. Thesis, Master of Arts, Arkansas State University.
  96. ^ Cynthia DeHaven Pitcock (July 29, 1997). "Old State House – National Historic Landmark Nomination" (PDF). National Park Service. National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. pp. 6–7. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  97. ^ QuesterMark. "Little Rock Defenders Memorial Plaque – Little Rock, Arkansas". Waymarking.com. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  98. ^ QuesterMark. "Old State House Civil War Memorial Plaque – Little Rock, Arkansas". Waymarking.com. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  99. ^ Roberts, Adam (August 19, 2017). "The Bentonville Confederate Monument's history". KHBS/KHOG Fort Smith-Fayetteville.
  100. ^ "National Register Listings: Clarksville Confederate Monument" (PDF). Arkansas Historic Preservation Program.
  101. ^ Christ, Mark K.; Slater, Cathryn H. (2000). Sentinels of History: Reflections on Arkansas Properties on the National Register of Historic Places. University of Arkansas Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-1557286055.
  102. ^ "Battle of Jenkins' Ferry". HMdb.org. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  103. ^ "Monuments". Conserve ART. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  104. ^ "Little Rock Confederate Memorial" (PDF). National Park Service. March 6, 1996.
  105. ^ "Confederate Generals Memorial". Waymarking.com. silverquill. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
  106. ^ "Reunited Soldiery Monument – Pea Ridge Battlefield". Waymarking.com. silverquill. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
  107. ^ "Pea Ridge Texas Monument". The Civil War Muse.
  108. ^ "Smithville". Civil War Buff.
  109. ^ "Fairview Cemetery – Confederate Memorial – Van Buren, AR". Waymarking.com. iconions. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  110. ^ "Washington Confederate Monument". National Park Service.
  111. ^ "National Register Listings: Washington Confederate Monument" (PDF). Arkansas Historic Preservation Program.
  112. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 84.
  113. ^ "Faulkner County History". Faulkner County Arkansas. Archived from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  114. ^ "About Forrest City". City of Forrest City. Archived from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  115. ^ "Lee County". Arkansas Municipal League. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  116. ^ "NRHP nomination for Confederate Mothers Memorial Park" (PDF). Arkansas Preservation. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
  117. ^ "These 5 states still use Confederate symbols in their flags". Msnbc.com. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  118. ^ Ark. Code Ann. (1987), Section 1–4–101; cited in B.F. Shearer and B.S. Shearer (2002), State Names, Seals, Flags, and Symbols, Greenwood Press, p. 54
  119. ^ "The Forgotten Anti-Rebel Yell in Steinbeck's The Wayward Bus, Steinbeck Now. |url=http://www.steinbecknow.com/2017/10/30/anti-rebel-yell-steinbecks-wayward-bus/ 30 Oct. 2017."
  120. ^ "J. D. Highway". Rootsweb.ancestry.com. August 16, 2017. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  121. ^ "School board rejects bid to restore 'Rebel' statue". ocregister.com. February 19, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  122. ^ Kyle, Douglas E. and Hoover, Mildred Brooke (1990). Historic Spots in California, p. 122. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804744831.
  123. ^ "Jeff Davis Peak : Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering : SummitPost". www.summitpost.org. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  124. ^ Erwin E. Gudde, California Place Names
  125. ^ "Pickett Peak : Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering : SummitPost". www.summitpost.org. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  126. ^ "Camping at Pickett Peak Campground near Mad River – California". www.campscout.com. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  127. ^ Peterson, Richard H. (July 2001). "The Stonewall Jackson Mine, San Diego County, California". ICMJ Prospecting and Mining Journal.
  128. ^ Redmond, James (August 26, 2017). "Confederate-themed mascot at Weld Central High School stirs up controversy". The Greely Tribune. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  129. ^ "Colorado Confederate Veterans Memorial – Riverside Cemetery, Denver, CO – American Civil War Monuments and Memorials on Waymarking.com". www.waymarking.com.
  130. ^ Keller, Steve (2007). Colorado in Depth. Lulu. p. 290. ISBN 978-1430311942.
  131. ^ "Robert E Lee Mine". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  132. ^ Fishman, Margie (August 15, 2017). "Delaware leaders make no moves to oust Confederate monument". The News Journal. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  133. ^ Tavernise, Sabrina (August 30, 2017). "A Boom in Confederate Monuments, on Private Land". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  134. ^ Fruin, Alex [@afruin] (June 19, 2020). "Tonight in #DC – statue of confederate officer Albert Pike was pulled down from its post in Judiciary Square. @shomaristone was there, reporting LIVE as it happened on @nbcwashington with @RealLeonHarris" (Tweet). Retrieved June 20, 2020 – via Twitter.
  135. ^ Trentanove, Gaetano (1899). Brigadier General Albert Pike. Washington Granite Monumental Company, Fonderia Galli.
  136. ^ Goode, James M. (1974). The Outdoor Sculpture of Washington, D.C.: A Comprehensive Historical Guide (1st Edition/ 2nd Printing ed.). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Inst Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0874741490.
  137. ^ Jacob, Kathryn Allamong; Remsberg, Edwin H. (1998). Testament to Union: Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C. Baltimore, Md.; London: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0801858611.
  138. ^ Iacone, Amanda (August 16, 2017). "DC officials seek to remove statue of Confederate general". WToP. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  139. ^ Forgey, Quint (December 21, 2020). "Robert E. Lee statue removed from Capitol". POLITICO. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
  140. ^ a b Elias, Dave (August 18, 2017). "Fort Myers mayor considering options for removing Civil War pieces". WBBH. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
  141. ^ "Leon County Civil War Monument Historical Marker". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  142. ^ "Permanent Exhibits". Florida Historic Capitol Museum. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  143. ^ Williams, Dave (September 17, 2000). "Flag debate spreading across Deep South". Savannah Morning News. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  144. ^ Ingraham, Christopher (June 21, 2015). "How the Confederacy lives on in the flags of seven Southern states". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  145. ^ "State Flag – Florida Department of State". dos.myflorida.com. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  146. ^ Munzenrieder, Kyle (June 26, 2015). "Is Florida's State Flag "the Most Overtly Racist Symbol in the United States"?". Miami New Times. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  147. ^ Garvin, Glenn (June 24, 2015). "Historians differ on whether Florida flag echoes Confederate banner". Miami Herald.
  148. ^ "The Burgundian Saltire – 1565–1763 – Florida Department of State". dos.myflorida.com. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  149. ^ Florida Legislature (2019). "The 2018 Florida Statutes, Title XXXIX, Chapter 683". Retrieved April 4, 2019.
  150. ^ "Bartow". Florida Public Archaeology Network. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  151. ^ Taylor, George (January 31, 2010). "Confederate Soldiers' Memorial, Brooksville, FL". George Lansing Taylor Collection Main Gallery. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  152. ^ a b c d "Big Bend peppered with Confederate monuments". tallahassee.com. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  153. ^ "Jefferson County Confederate Memorial – Monticello, FL". Waymarking. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  154. ^ "Ocala". Florida Public Archaeology Network. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  155. ^ a b Ross, Jim (April 13, 2016). "Marion County to relocate Confederate flag by mid-May". Ocala Star-Banner.
  156. ^ a b c d e f Moyer, Crystal. "Most Confederate statues in Central Florida have been relocated". WKMG-TV (clickorlando.com).
  157. ^ "American Veteran Monument". Florida Public Archaeology Network. University of West Florida. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  158. ^ "FPAN – Destination: Civil War – Confederate Monument". Flpublicarchaeology.org. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  159. ^ "Judah P. Benjamin Confederate Memorial at Gamble Plantation Historic State Park". Floridastateparks.org. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  160. ^ "Gamble Plantation". Florida Division UDC. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017.
  161. ^ Feldman, Ari (August 20, 2017). "Why Are There No Statues Of Jewish Confederate Judah Benjamin To Tear Down?". Forward. Retrieved September 6, 2017. There is only one known statue of a Jewish Confederate leader. It depicts David Levy Yulee, an industrialist, plantation owner and Confederate senator from Florida, and it shows him sitting on a bench.
  162. ^ Newman, Allen George (January 1, 1914). "Florida's Tribute to the Women of the Confederacy". Siris-artinventories.si.edu.
  163. ^ Gancarski, A.G. (August 18, 2017). "Jax Chamber backs Confederate monument 'inventory'; Anna Brosche modifies position". floridapolitics.com. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  164. ^ "Confederate Monuments Are Coming Down Across the United States. Here's a List". New York Times. August 28, 2017. Retrieved October 28, 2017.
  165. ^ "To the Memory of the Confederate Soldiers who Defended Jacksonville". Florida Public Archaeology Network. University of West Florida. Archived from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  166. ^ "Clinton Square Historical Marker". The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  167. ^ Klingener, Nancy (August 25, 2015). "Key West Preserves Memorials To Confederate and Union Armies". WLRN Public Radio and Television. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  168. ^ "Mallory Square Signage in Key West, Florida". encircle photos.
  169. ^ "Lake City – Downtown Square". Florida Public Archaeology Network. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  170. ^ "City of Miami Cemetery". Florida Public Archaeology Network. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  171. ^ a b Buchanan, Drew (August 26, 2017). "Rally at Confederate monument in downtown Pensacola draws hundreds, one arrested". The Pulse.
  172. ^ "J. F. Manning Company, fabricator". SIRIS – Smithsonian Institution Research Information System.
  173. ^ "Perry". Florida Public Archaeology Network. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  174. ^ "Confederate Monument – Perry, FL". Waymarking. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  175. ^ "Soldiers Cemetery Confederate Memorial – Quincy, FL". Waymarking. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  176. ^ "On the Trail in Historic Quincy" (PDF). Gadsden Arts Center & Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  177. ^ Taylor, George (June 14, 2009). "Confederate Memorial Obelisk, St. Augustine, FL". George Lansing Taylor Collection Main Gallery.
  178. ^ Harding, Ashley; Calloway, Ethan (July 9, 2018). "Task force: Context needed for St. Augustine's Confederate memorial". WJXT.
  179. ^ "St. Cloud, Florida". Civil War Album. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  180. ^ "St. Petersburg – Greenwood Cemetery". Florida Public Archaeology Network. Retrieved August 18, 2017.[permanent dead link]
  181. ^ "Fallen Confederates honored Saturday". Gilchrist County Journal. April 29, 2010. Retrieved August 17, 2017.[permanent dead link]
  182. ^ "Confederate and Union Soldiers who died at Natural Bridge". Florida Public Archaeology Network. Archived from the original on August 30, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  183. ^ "Newnansville Cemetery Confederate Veterans Memorial – Alachua, FL". Waymarking. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  184. ^ "Bradfordville". Florida Public Archaeology Network. Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  185. ^ "Approved Minutes from October 10, 2013, Meeting". Tallahassee Historical Society. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  186. ^ "Pasco County Civil War Veterans Memorial-Dade City, Florida". Waymarking. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  187. ^ "Confederate Veteran Memorial – DeLand, FL". Waymarking. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  188. ^ "Lake City – Last Confederate War Widow". Florida Public Archaeology Network. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  189. ^ "Florida Civil War Heritage Trail" (PDF). Florida Department of State.
  190. ^ "Lake City – Battle of Olustee Soldiers Plot". Florida Public Archaeology Network. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  191. ^ "Monument in Oaklawn Cemetery : Lake City, Florida". Florida Memory, State Library & Archives of Florida.
  192. ^ "White Springs". Florida Public Archaeology Network. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  193. ^ a b c "County Name Origins". Florida Department of State: Division of Historical Resources. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  194. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 184.
  195. ^ "Polk County Courthouse". Florida 10th Judicial Circuit. Archived from the original on November 1, 2010. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  196. ^ "City Name Origins". Florida Department of State: Division of Historical Resources. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  197. ^ a b "Name Origins of Florida Places: Florida OCHP". Flheritage.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  198. ^ "Gamble Plantation Historic State Park". Florida State Parks. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  199. ^ Cox, Dale. "Camp Walton – Confederate Fort at Fort Walton Beach, Florida". www.exploresouthernhistory.com. Archived from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
  200. ^ "Confederate Park History". Metro Jacksonville. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  201. ^ "Confederate Memorial – Hemming Plaza – Jacksonville, FL". Waymarking. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  202. ^ "Hemming Plaza". apps2.coj.net. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  203. ^ "Wynwood Walls "Stories Through The Walls"". September 11, 2015. p. 14. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  204. ^ Elfrink, Tim (August 17, 2017). "Activists Want to Erase Wynwood's Robert E. Lee Park, but Officials Say It Doesn't Actually Exist". Miami New Times. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  205. ^ "Stonewall Jackson Memorial Highway". Waymarking. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  206. ^ "Stonewall Jackson Memorial Highway Terminus". The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  207. ^ Frago, Charlie (August 15, 2017). "Kriseman removes Confederate marker from St. Pete's waterfront". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  208. ^ "J.J. Finley Elementary School History". J.J. Finley Elementary School History. Archived from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  209. ^ Taylor, George (August 3, 2009). "Kirby Smith School 2, Gainesville, FL". George Lansing Taylor Collection Main Gallery. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  210. ^ "Alachua County School Board Changing Name". WCJB. August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  211. ^ Sokol, Marlene (June 14, 2017). "As Confederate monuments fall, Tampa's Robert E. Lee Elementary could get name change". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  212. ^ Bennett, Erica (August 15, 2017). "Duval County Public Schools not considering changes to schools with Confederate names". Action News Jax. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  213. ^ Martin, Annie (February 14, 2017). "Lee Middle School will become College Park Middle". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  214. ^ "Today in Florida, it's Robert E. Lee Day". Tampa Bay Times. January 19, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  215. ^ Morrow, Emerald (June 19, 2017). "Hillsborough school official moves to rename Robert E. Lee school". WTSP. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  216. ^ Thebault, Reis (April 5, 2019). "Mayor announces 'Confederate Memorial Day.' A city council member says it should cost him his job". The Washington Post.
  217. ^ "History of the Boise National Forest, 1905–1976" (PDF). Idaho State Historical Society. 1983. p. 25.
  218. ^ Parsons, Gretchen (August 16, 2017). "Legacy of the Civil War in Idaho". www.ktvb.com. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  219. ^ a b "Lower Boise Historical Marker-Confederates in Idaho". Clio. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  220. ^ Game, Brent Thomas, Idaho Fish and. "Confederate Gulch | Idaho Fishing Planner". idfg.idaho.gov. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  221. ^ "Boise National Forest – Grayback Campground and Group". www.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  222. ^ Parsons, Gretchen (August 15, 2017). "Legacy of the Civil War in Idaho". KTVB-TV. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  223. ^ Camp and Picnic in the National Forests of the Intermountain Region. United States Forest Service. 1981. p. 46.
  224. ^ a b "Is there a Robert E. Lee campground in the Boise National Forest?". www.idahostatesman.com. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  225. ^ "Robert E. Lee Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  226. ^ labeled on public state signs
  227. ^ "North Alton Confederate Cemetery". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  228. ^ a b c d e f g h "Feds spending millions to beef up security at Confederate monuments, cemeteries". NBC News. Associated Press. October 15, 2018.
  229. ^ "Rock Island Confederate Cemetery". National Park Service. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  230. ^ "Camp Butler National Cemetery". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. August 28, 2017.
  231. ^ "Confederate Mound at Oak Woods Cemetery Chicago, Illinois". National Park Service. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  232. ^ a b Holloway, Kali (June 3, 2018). "Announcing the Launch of the Make It Right Project". Independent Media Institute. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
  233. ^ Historic Hoosier Hills Research, Consetvation & Development. "John Hunt Morgan Map of the Trail". Retrieved December 12, 2018.
  234. ^ Cahill, Lora Schmidt (2011). John Hunt Morgan Heritage Trail in Indiana : a tour guide to the Indiana portion of Morgan's Great Raid, July 8-13, 1863. Attica, Ohio: K-Hill. ISBN 978-1889030227. OCLC 650094122.
  235. ^ Harrison County Park and Recreation Department. "Corydon's Civil War Museum". Retrieved December 2, 2018.
  236. ^ "Evansville Confederate monument controversy-free". Evansville Courier & Press. August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  237. ^ Ryckaert, Vic (July 12, 2014). "Group wants to restore Confederate fighters' monument". Indianapolis Star. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  238. ^ Hays, Holly V. (August 17, 2017). "Confederate monument discussion comes to Indianapolis over Garfield Park's memorial". Indianapolis Star (IndyStar). Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  239. ^ "Confederate Tower Still in Place 1 Year After Removal Calls". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. August 2, 2018.
  240. ^ "Crown Hill Confederate Plot". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. August 28, 2017.
  241. ^ "Woodlawn Monument Site". Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  242. ^ a b Munson, Kyle (August 25, 2017). "'Stupid liberals' vs. white privilege: Iowa caught up in Confederate monuments debate". Des Moines Register. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  243. ^ "Confederate Invasion of Iowa Monument, Bloomfield, Iowa". RoadsideAmerica.com.
  244. ^ "In some states, it's illegal to take down monuments or change street names honoring the Confederacy". LA Times. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  245. ^ Chapman, Matthew (June 13, 2020). "Armed group protects Confederate statue in Kentucky: 'This is our battle line'". www.rawstory.com. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  246. ^ "Cadiz, Ky". Trails-R-Us. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  247. ^ "Danville, Ky". Trails-R-Us. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  248. ^ Hampson, Rick (May 22, 2017). "Confederate monuments, more than 700 across USA, aren't budging". USA Today. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  249. ^ "Confederate Monument, Georgetown, Kentucky". Waymarking. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  250. ^ "Camp Beauregard Memorial". National Park Service. July 17, 1997. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  251. ^ a b Eads, Morgan; Ward, Karla; Musgrave, Beth (October 17, 2017). "In a surprise move, Lexington removes controversial Confederate statues". Herald-Leader.
  252. ^ "Confederate statue removed from University of Louisville campus rededicated in Kentucky". Fox News. May 30, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  253. ^ "Confederate monuments receive mixed reactions in Western KY". USA Today. August 20, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  254. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Albert Sidney Johnston Historical Marker
  255. ^ "Nicholasville, Ky". Trails-R-Us. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  256. ^ a b c d "Monuments and Memorials". City of Paducah. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  257. ^ a b "Perryville, Ky". Trails-R-Us. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  258. ^ "Confederate Soldier Monument-Princeton, KY". Waymarking. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  259. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: John Hunt Morgans Raid Historical Marker
  260. ^ a b c d "Search For Markers". Kentucky Historical Society. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  261. ^ "Dutton Hill". Lake Cumberland Tourism. Archived from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  262. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: John Hunt Morgan's Raids Historical Marker
  263. ^ "St. Joseph". Trails-R-Us. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  264. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: John Hunt Morgan Historical Marker
  265. ^ "Jefferson Davis State Historic Site – Kentucky State Parks". parks.ky.gov.
  266. ^ "Lexington, Kentucky: One-Day President Birthplace". roadsideamerica.com. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
  267. ^ Jafari, Samira (December 10, 2006). "Eastern Kentucky students hold onto Confederate school symbols". Ocala Star Banner. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  268. ^ Phillips, Carron J. (August 18, 2017). "It's time for colleges to dump Old South nicknames and mascots". NY Daily News. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  269. ^ a b c Jacobs, David (October 3, 2017). "Will Confederate Landmarks in Baton Rouge Become the Subject of Controversy?". 225 Magazine.
  270. ^ "Confederate Memorial Hall Museum". Confederate Memorial Hall Museum. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
  271. ^ "East Feliciana Parish Court House, Clinton, Louisiana | Library of Congress". Loc.gov. October 14, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
  272. ^ Brito, Christopher (August 28, 2020). "Hurricane Laura topples Confederate statue, two weeks after officials voted to keep it". www.cbsnews.com. Archived from the original on August 31, 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  273. ^ "Caddo Parish Confederate Monument". National Park Service.
  274. ^ "Confederate monument relocated to de Soto Parish battlefield site". July 5, 2022.
  275. ^ "Battle of Pleasant Hill". Civilwaralbum.com. Archived from the original on July 21, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
  276. ^ "Battle of Pleasant Hill". Civilwaralbum.com. Archived from the original on June 8, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
  277. ^ Hilton, Mark (July 12, 2017). "Battle of Pleasant Hill Memorial". HMdb.com.
  278. ^ Pierce, Walter (February 1, 2016). "A Monumental Question: Amid a National Conversation on Confederate Iconography, What, If Anything, Should Lafayette Do with Our Own Memorial to Jim Crow". The Independent (Lafayette, Louisiana).
  279. ^ "Should Lafayette remove Confederate statue from downtown?". theadvertiser.com. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
  280. ^ "Confederate statue removed from city hall in Louisiana after 99 years". The Guardian. July 18, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
  281. ^ Branley, Edward (January 27, 2014). "NOLA History: Greenwood Cemetery in Mid-City". New Orleans Tourism Marketing Corporation. Archived from the original on October 1, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
  282. ^ Huber, Leonard V. (1974). New Orleans Architecture: Volume III The Cemeteries. Pelican. p. 54. ISBN 978-1455609345.
  283. ^ a b c d Serrano, Alicia (June 29, 2015). "Who Are the other Confederate Soldiers Honored with Statues on Jefferson Davis Parkway in Mid-City?". Midcity Messenger. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  284. ^ "Short History of Camp Moore". Camp Moore. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
  285. ^ Hémard, Ned (2012). "History's Muse" (PDF). New Orleans Bar Association. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  286. ^ "Petition: LSU Tigers mascot a 'symbol of white oppression'". campusreform.org. May 31, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  287. ^ "Confederate symbols need to go but don't touch LSU's Fighting Tigers nickname: Jeff Duncan". nola.com. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  288. ^ "P G T Beauregard Middle School (historical)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  289. ^ Rosen, Michael (December 1, 2015). "Here are all the racist college mascots left in the United States". Splinter. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  290. ^ Beaujon, Andrew (August 19, 2015). "Maryland's Flag Has a Subtle Symbol of Confederate Sympathy". Washingtonian. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  291. ^ Johnson, Matt (June 5, 2015). "Maryland's flag may be more symbolic than you realize". Greater Greater Washington. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  292. ^ Tkacik, Christina (August 3, 2017). "Activist draws attention to Maryland flag's Confederate ties during #NoConfederate campaign". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  293. ^ "Does Maryland's Flag Have Confederate Ties? Social Media Campaign Sparks Controversy". CBS Baltimore. August 2, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  294. ^ Gabriel, Trip (August 25, 2017). "Far From Dixie, Outcry Grows Over a Wider Array of Monuments". The New York Times. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  295. ^ "UMD Band Stops Playing pro-Confederate Song", Afro, Baltimore, Associated Press, August 30, 2017. Retrieved on September 4, 2017.
  296. ^ Neuman, Scott (May 20, 2021). "Maryland Repeals State Song That Called Lincoln A 'Tyrant'". NPR.org. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
  297. ^ "Baltimore's Confederate Memory & Monuments". Baltimore's Civil Rights Heritage. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  298. ^ "Loudon Park National Cemetery". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. August 28, 2017.
  299. ^ "Point Lookout Confederate Cemetery". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. August 28, 2017.
  300. ^ "Monument to Gen. Robert E. Lee". National Park Service. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  301. ^ "H.R.970 – Robert E. Lee Statue Removal Act". US Congress. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
  302. ^ "Brigadier General Samuel Garland". Stone Sentinels. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  303. ^ "Monocacy Cemetery" (PDF). Maryland Historical Trust. September 15, 2004.
  304. ^ Scharf, John Thomas (1882). History of Western Maryland: Being a History of Frederick, Montgomery, Carroll, Washington, Allegany, and Garrett Counties from the Earliest Period to the Present Day, Including Biographical Sketches of Their Representative Men. Vol. 1. Louis H. Everts. p. 551.
  305. ^ Grace Episcopal Church. History of Grace Church: Grace Episcopal Church History of Grace Church Archived August 19, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  306. ^ "Confederate Monument at Grace Episcopal Church, Silver Spring". Landmarks. June 22, 2011.
  307. ^ "North Carolina Monument on South Mountain". Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  308. ^ a b City of Rockville (September 10, 2015). "Historic District Commission Staff Report: Certificate of Approval HDC2016-00756, 29 Courthouse Square".
  309. ^ a b Browne, Allen (March 26, 2017). "The Confederate Monument in Rockville".
  310. ^ Meyer, Eugene L. (March 17, 2017). "Montgomery County decides to hide, instead of confront, its ugly history". The Washington Post.
  311. ^ a b Turque, Bill (July 24, 2017). "Confederate statue moved from Rockville courthouse over the weekend". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  312. ^ Bunow, Miriam (July 16, 2015). "The History and Future of the Rockville Confederate Soldier Statue". Peerless Rockville Historic Preservation Ltd.
  313. ^ Turque, Bill (August 3, 2015). "Montgomery boxes Confederate statue to protect it from vandalism". The Washington Post.
  314. ^ Turque, Bill (February 28, 2017). "New spot for Confederate statue: site of historic ferry". The Washington Post.
  315. ^ Loewen, James W. (March 22, 2017). "ROCKVILLE'S CONFEDERATE MONUMENT BELONGS AT WHITE'S FERRY". History News Network.
  316. ^ "Saving History from Sprawl: Threats to Civil War Battlefields". Kaid Benfield Archive. December 4, 2008.
  317. ^ "Road Listings" (PDF). Washington County, Maryland, Planning Department. May 27, 1994.
  318. ^ Tan, Rebecca (July 4, 2020). "A Confederate statue is toppled in rural Maryland, then quietly stored away". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  319. ^ Beecher, Katie (December 30, 2020). "White's Ferry Ceases Operations Across the Potomac". Montgomery Magazine. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  320. ^ Campbell, Douglas E.; Sherman, Thomas B. (2014). On the Potomac River. Lulu. p. 48. ISBN 978-1304698728.
  321. ^ Dowd, Brian (July 15, 2019). "Civil War plaques are on display".
  322. ^ Fisher, Jada (June 23, 2020). "Confederate soldier statue likely to stay in West Michigan veterans display". MLive.
  323. ^ "Shelby's Last Stand". HMdb.org. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
  324. ^ a b c d Schmitt, Will. "No apparent plans yet to remove Confederate monuments in Springfield and Missouri". Springfield News-Leader.
  325. ^ Keegan, Charlie (August 25, 2017). "Watch: City crews remove Confederate monument on Ward Parkway". KSHB. KSHB. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
  326. ^ "Lone Jack Battlefield Museum and Soldier's Cemetery". Lone Jack Historical Society. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  327. ^ Franklin, Wes. "Neosho Daily News – Neosho, MO". www.neoshodailynews.com.
  328. ^ "Springfield National Cemetery – Springfield, Missouri". National Park Service. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
  329. ^ "Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery, Saint Louis, Missouri". National Park Service. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  330. ^ Visitors Guide to the Confederate Prison Site & Confederate Memorials Alton, Illinois Archived June 26, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Visitors Guide to the Middle Mississippi River Valley, accessed June 25, 2015
  331. ^ Bill Earngey (1995). Missouri Roadsides: The Traveler's Companion. ISBN 978-0826210210.
  332. ^ "Confederate Memorial State Historic Site". mostateparks.com. December 10, 2010.
  333. ^ "Confederate Dam, Beaverhead County, Montana, Dam [Everson Creek USGS Topographic Map] by MyTopo". www.mytopo.com. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  334. ^ "Confederate Dam Topo Map in Beaverhead County, Montana". www.anyplaceamerica.com. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  335. ^ "Jeff Davis Creek Topo Map in Beaverhead County, Montana". www.anyplaceamerica.com. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  336. ^ Aarstad, Rich; Arguimbau, Ellie; Baumler, Ellen; Porsild, Charlene; Shovers, Brian (2009). Montana Place Names from Alzada to Zortman. Montana Historical Society. p. 53. ISBN 978-0975919613.
  337. ^ "Confederate Gulch". Independent Record. July 9, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  338. ^ Melanie Burney, "Honoring Union and Confederacy," The Philadelphia Inquirer, August 29, 2017.
  339. ^ "Santa Fe National Cemetery". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. August 28, 2017.
  340. ^ Haederle, Michael (May 17, 1993). "Putting to Rest New Mexico's Civil War Past : Confederate Soldiers are Reinterred. They Died for a Dream of Seizing the Denver Mint's Gold". Los Angeles Times.
  341. ^ "For Southern Independence". HMdb.org. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
  342. ^ Plitt, Amy (August 16, 2017). "New York pols push to remove Confederate street names in Brooklyn (updated)". Curbed NY. Retrieved August 17, 2017. Memorializing Confederate generals has no place in 2017
  343. ^ a b "Confederate Monuments Are Coming Down Across the United States. Here's a List". The New York Times. August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  344. ^ a b CNN (August 18, 2017). "Here are the Confederate memorials that will be removed after Charlottesville". WPTV. Retrieved February 12, 2018. ((cite news)): |author= has generic name (help)
  345. ^ Hallman, J. C. (November 1, 2017). "[Essay] | Monumental Error, by J. C. Hallman". Harper's Magazine. November 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  346. ^ "The Cry of Alice | J.C. Hallman". The Baffler. November 11, 2019. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  347. ^ "J Marion Sims: controversial statue taken down but debate still rages". The Guardian. April 21, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  348. ^ Sullivan, Robert (June 19, 2017). "A Confederate General in Brooklyn". The New Yorker. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  349. ^ "Woodlawn National Cemetery, Elmira, New York". National Park Service. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
  350. ^ McKinney, Michael P. (August 19, 2017). "Confederate marker in Hastings draws concern". The Journal News. p. 1.
  351. ^ "Fort Hamilton avenue named for Confederate General Robert E. Lee renamed for Black Vietnam War hero John Warren". ABC7 New York. June 2, 2022. Archived from the original on June 2, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
  352. ^ O'Shaugnessy, Patrice (August 24, 2009). "Gettysburg addresses run thru city". NY Daily News. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  353. ^ "John Hunt Morgan Heritage Trail in Ohio Historical Markers". Historical Markers Database.
  354. ^ "Ohio's new John Hunt Morgan Heritage Trail follows Confederate army's push across a panicked state (video)". Cleveland Plain Dealer. July 6, 2018.
  355. ^ a b "Confederate Stockade Cemetery". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. August 28, 2017.
  356. ^ WSYX ABC (August 22, 2017). "A confederate statue was knocked down at Camp Chase Cemetery in west Columbus. Officers are investigating.pic.twitter.com/e5Nm4sMhxf". Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  357. ^ "Camp Chase Confederate Cemetery – Civil War Era National Cemeteries: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary". www.nps.gov. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  358. ^ Burger, Beth. "Vandals decapitate Confederate soldier statue at Camp Chase cemetery". Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
  359. ^ Ferenchik, Mark. "Repaired statue of Confederate soldier reinstalled at Camp Chase cemetery". The Columbus Dispatch.
  360. ^ a b Bamforth, Emily (August 17, 2017). "Willoughby South High School drops rebel mascot, keeps name". cleveland.com. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  361. ^ Schulze, Bruce. "Oklahoma Veterans Center". Civil War Album. Archived from the original on September 8, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  362. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Lees, William B. (2004). "Oklahoma's Civil War Monuments and Memorial Landscapes" (PDF). William B. Lees. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  363. ^ Kerr, Kevin (June 23, 2013). "Monument to Confederate Soldiers Dedicated Saturday". Daily Ardmoreite.
  364. ^ "Confederate Cemetery". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  365. ^ Hampson, Rick (May 22, 2017). "Confederate monuments, more than 700 across USA, aren't budging". USA Today. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  366. ^ "Confederate Soldiers Monument, Durant, Oklahoma". Civilwaralbum.com. Archived from the original on August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  367. ^ a b