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((Short description|List of French possessions and colonies))
((About|every French colonial possession in history|the current French overseas possessions|Overseas France))
((More footnotes|date=March 2011))

From the 16th to the 17th centuries, the First '''French colonial empire''' stretched from a total area at its peak in 1680 to over ((convert|10,000,000|km2|abbr=on)), the second largest empire in the world at the time behind only the [[Spanish Empire]].<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Western-colonialism|title =Western colonialism - European expansion since 1763|website= Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=2021-08-20))</ref><ref>Havard, Vidal, Histoire de L’Amérique française, Flammarion, 2003, p. 67.</ref> During the 19th and 20th centuries, the [[French colonial empire]] was again the second largest colonial empire in the world only behind the [[British Empire]]; it extended over ((convert|13,500,000|km2|abbr=on))<ref>Robert Aldrich, ''Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion'' (1996) p 304</ref><ref>((cite book |editor=Melvin E. Page |title=Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA218 |year=2003 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=218 |isbn=9781576073353 |access-date=23 December 2021 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119170748/https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA218 |url-status=live ))</ref> of land at its height in the 1920s and 1930s. However, on the eve of World War II, France and her colonial possessions totalled only 150 million inhabitants, in terms of population compared with 330 million for British India alone. The total area of the French [[colonial empire]], with the first (mainly in the [[Americas]] and [[Asia]]) and second (mainly in [[Africa]] and [[Asia]]), the French colonial empires combined, reached ((convert|24,000,000|km2|abbr=on)), the [[largest empire|second largest empire]] in the world and human history (the first being the [[British Empire]]). <ref>Robert Aldrich, ''Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion'' (1996) p 304</ref><ref>((cite book |editor=Melvin E. Page |title=Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA218 |year=2003 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=218 |isbn=9781576073353 |access-date=23 December 2021 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119170748/https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA218 |url-status=live ))</ref> The [[French colonial empire]] had an enormous impact on [[Human history|world history]]. [[France]] had about 80 colonies throughout its [[History of France|history]], the second most colonies in the world behind only the [[United Kingdom|British Empire]].<ref>Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African history. New York: CRC Press, p. 878</ref> Around 34 countries gained independence from [[French colonial empire|France]] throughout its history, the second most in the world behind only the [[British Empire]].<ref>[[David Armitage (historian)|David Armitage]], ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150703022618/http://maghis.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/3/61.full The Declaration of Independence in World Context]'', [[Organization of American Historians]], ''Magazine of History'', Volume 18, Issue 3, Pp. 61–66 (2004)</ref>  Over 40% of the world’s borders today, were drawn as a result of British and French imperialism.<ref name=Manning-1990>((cite book |last=Manning |first=Patrick |title=Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=London |year=1990))</ref><ref name="Lovejoy, Paul E. 2012">Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012). Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. London: Cambridge University Press.</ref><ref>Martin Klein, "Slave Descent and Social Status in Sahara and Sudan", in ''Reconfiguring Slavery: West African Trajectories'', ed. Benedetta Rossi (Liverpool: [[Liverpool University Press]], 2009), 29.</ref> In [[Stuart Laycock]]’s book, All the Countries We've Ever Invaded: And the Few We Never Got Round To, he cites that 90% of the world's countries have suffered a British invasion at some point in their history, with only 22 spared. France is the nearest rival to Britain's record with 80% of the world’s countries invaded by France with only 43 spared.<ref name="seymour">Seymour, Richard, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/06/british-invaded-90-per-cent-world "The British have invaded 90% of the world's countries. Ha ha?"], The Guardian (London), 6 November 2012</ref>

France began to establish colonies in North America, the Caribbean and India, following Spanish and Portuguese successes during the [[Age of Discovery]], in rivalry with Britain. A series of wars with Britain during the 18th century and early 19th century, which France finally lost, almost ended its colonial ambitions in these regions, and without it what some historians term the "first" French colonial empire. In the 19th century, starting with the conquest of Algiers in 1830, France began to establish a new empire in Africa and Southeast Asia.

The following is a list of all countries that were part of the French colonial empires from ((start date and age|1534)) to the present, either entirely or in part, either under French sovereignty or as mandate.

((Expand list|date=October 2018))

==In the Americas==
((further|List of French forts in North America))
((see also|Former colonies and territories in Canada|Timeline of the colonization of North America))

[[Image:Claude Bernou Carte de lAmerique septentrionale.jpg|right|thumb|Map of the northern part and upper southern parts of the [[Americas]], showing the results of the expeditions of [[Jacques Marquette|Father Marquette]] and [[Louis Jolliet]] (1673) and of [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle|Cavelier de la Salle]] in the [[Mississippi]] valley (1681).]]
[[Image:New France Colonies Map.svg|right|thumb|Map of the territories having been controlled by France in North America.]]
[[Image:Frank bond 1912 louisiana and the louisiana purchase.jpg|right|thumb|This map shows the [[Louisiana Purchase]] area, which corresponds approximately with colonial French Louisiana.]]
[[Image:Lasalle au Mississippi.jpg|thumb|right|Taking up of the [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]] by [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle|La Salle]] in the name of the [[Kingdom of France]]]]
[[Image:N FR.JPG|thumb|200px|New France at its greatest extent in 1710.]]
* Present-day [[Canada]]
** [[New France]] (1534–1763)
* Present-day [[United States]]
** The [[French colonization of Texas|Fort Saint Louis]] ([[Texas]]) (1685–1689)
** [[Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands]] (1650–1733)
** [[Fort Caroline]] in [[French Florida]] (occupation by Huguenots) (1562–1565)
** [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]] and [[Fort Ouiatenon]] in Indiana
** [[French Louisiana]] 
** [[Louisiana (New France)]] (1672–1764)
* Present-day [[Brazil]]
** [[France Équinoxiale]] (Bay of São Luis) (1610–1615)
** The island of [[Saint Alexis]] (1531)
** [[France Antarctique]], to [[Fort Coligny]] (Rio de Janeiro Bay; intended as a haven for Huguenots) (1555–1567)
** [[Fernando de Noronha|Île Delphine]]'s island (1736–1737)
* Present-day [[Haiti]]
** [[St. Domingue]] (1627–1804)
* Present-day [[Dominican Republic]] (1795–1809)
* Present-day [[Suriname]]
** [[Tapanahony]] (District of [[Sipaliwini District|Sipaliwini]]) (Controversial Franco-Dutch in favour of the [[Netherlands]]) (25.8% of the current territory) (1814)
* Present-day [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
** [[Saint Christopher Island]] (1628–1690, 1698–1702, 1706, 1782–1783)
** [[Nevis]] (1782–1784)
* Present-day [[Antigua and Barbuda]]
** [[Antigua]] (briefly in 1666)
* Present-day [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
** [[Tobago]] (1666–1667, 1781–1793, 1802–1803)
* [[Dominica]] (1625–1763, 1778–1783)
* [[Grenada]] (1650–1762, 1779–1783)
* [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] (1719–1763, 1779–1783)
* [[Saint Lucia]] (1650–1723, 1756–1778, 1784–1803)
* [[Montserrat]] (1666, 1712)
* [[Falkland Islands]] (1504, 1701, 1764–1767)
* [[Îles des Saintes]] (1648–present)
* [[Marie-Galante]] (1635–present)
* [[la Désirade]] (1635–present)
* [[Guadeloupe]] (1635–present)
* [[Martinique]] (1635–present)
* [[French Guiana]] (1604–present)
* [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] (1604–1713, 1763–present)
* [[Collectivity of Saint Martin]] (1624–present)
* [[Saint Barthélemy]] (1648–1784, 1878–present)
* [[Clipperton Island]] (1858–present)

==In [[Southern Europe]]==
* [[Malta]]

==In Africa==

[[Image:Map of Africa (2674833839).jpg|thumb|right|Map of French colonies in Africa (in green)]]

===[[French North Africa]]===

* [[French Algeria]] (1830–1962)
* [[French protectorate of Tunisia|Protectorate of Tunisia]] (1881–1956)
* [[French protectorate in Morocco|Protectorate in Morocco]] (1912–1956)

===[[French West Africa]]===

* [[Ivory Coast]] (1843–1960)
* [[Dahomey]] or [[French Dahomey]] (now [[Benin]]) (1883–1960)
** Independent of [[Dahomey]], under French protectorate in 1889
** [[Porto-Novo]] (protectorate) (1863–1865, 1882)
** [[Cotonou]] (protectorate) (1868)
* [[French Sudan]] (now [[Mali]]) (1883–1960)
** [[Senegambia and Niger]] (1902–1904)
* [[Guinea]] or [[French Guinea]] (1891–1958)
* [[Mauritania]] (1902–1960)
**[[Emirate of Adrar|Adrar]] emirate (protectorate) (1909)
** The [[Tagant Region|Tagant]] confederation's emirate (protectorate) (1905)
** [[Brakna]] confederation's emirate (protectorate)
** [[Emirate of Trarza]] (protectorate) (1902)
* [[Niger]] (1890–1960)
** [[Sultanate of Damagaram]] ([[Zinder]]) (protectorate) (1899)
* [[Senegal]] (1677–1960)
* [[French Upper Volta]] (now [[Burkina Faso]]) (1896–1960)
* [[French Togoland]] (1918–1960) (formerly a [[German colonial empire|German colony]], [[League of Nations mandate|mandate]] became a French colony) (now [[Togo]])
* [[Nigeria]]
** The [[Enclaves of Forcados and Badjibo]] (territory under a lease of 30 years) (1900–1927)
** [[Muri, Nigeria|The Emirate of Muri]] (Northeast of [[Nigeria]]) (1892–1893)
* [[Gambia]]
** [[Albreda]] (1681–1857)
** [[Kunta Kinteh Island]] (1695–1697, 1702)

===[[French Equatorial Africa]]===

* [[Chad]] (1900–1960)
* [[Oubangui-Chari]] (currently [[Central African Republic]]) (1905–1960)
** [[Dar al Kuti]] (protectorate) (1897) (in 1912 its sultanate was suppressed by the French)
** Sultanate of [[Bangassou]] (protectorate) (1894)
* Present-day [[The Republic of Congo]], then [[French Congo]] (1875–1960)
* [[Gabon]] (1839–1960)
* [[French Cameroon]] (91% of current [[Cameroon]]) (1918–1960) (formerly a [[German colonial empire|German colony]], [[League of Nations mandate|Mandate]], [[Protectorate]] then French Colony)
* [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] (1709)

===East Africa and Indian Ocean===

* [[Madagascar]] (1896–1960)
** Kingdom of [[Imerina]] (protectorate) (1896)
* [[Isle de France (Mauritius)|Isle de France]] (1715–1810) (now [[Mauritius]])
* [[Djibouti]] ([[French Somaliland]]) (the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas) ([[French Somalia]]) (1862–1977)
* [[Mayotte]] (1841–present)
* [[Seychelles]] (1756–1810)
* [[Chagos Archipelago]] (1721–1745, 1768–1814)
* The [[Scattered Islands]] ([[Banc du Geyser]], [[Bassas da India]], [[Europa Island]], [[Juan de Nova Island]], [[Glorioso Islands]], [[Tromelin Island]])
* [[Comoros]] (1866–1975)
* [[Réunion]] (1710–present)

==In Asia==
((more citations needed section|date=March 2018))

* [[French Indochina]]
**[[French Indochinese Union]] (1887–1954)
***[[French Protectorate of Laos|Laos (protectorate)]] (1893–1953)
*** [[French Protectorate of Cambodia|Cambodia (protectorate)]] (1863–1953)
****[[French Cochinchina|Cochinchina]] (Southern Vietnam) (1858–1949)
**** [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam (protectorate)]] (Central Vietnam) (1883–1949)
**** [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin (protectorate)]] (Northern Vietnam) (1884–1949)
**** [[State of Vietnam]] (1949–1954)
**** [[Spratly Islands]] (1933–1939)
**** [[Paracel Islands]] (1933–1939) 
***Some territories in the eastern part of [[Thailand]] (independent state, but after [[Franco-Siamese conflict of 1893]], Thailand has lost 3 provinces during the next 15 years)
**** [[Chanthaburi Province]] (1893-1904)
**** [[Trat Province]] (1904-1907)
**** [[Dan Sai District]] (in the area of the [[Loei Province]]: 1903-1907)
* India
** [[French Establishments of India]], composed of [[Pondicherry district|Pondichéry]] (1765–1954); [[Karikal]] (1725–1954); [[Mahé, India|Mahé]] (1721–1954) [[Yanam, French India|Yanaon]] (1723–1954); [[Chandannagar]] (1673–1952) 
* [[China]]
** The territory of [[Kouang-Tchéou-Wan]], a dependency of [[French Indochina]]) (1898–1945)
* [[Syria]] or [[French Syria]] (1920–1946) ([[French Mandate of Syria]])

==In Oceania==

* [[French Polynesia]]
** [[Society Islands]] (became a French protectorate in 1843 and a colony in 1880)
*** [[Otaheiti]], known as Tahiti (protectorate) (1842–1880)
*** [[Raiatea]] and [[Tahaa]] (protectorate) (1880)
** [[Tuamotu Archipelago]]
** [[Marquesas Islands]] (under French control in 1870, and later incorporated into the territory of [[French Polynesia]])
** [[Gambier Islands]]
*** [[Mangareva]] (protectorate) (1844/1871)
** [[Austral Islands]]
*** [[Rurutu (Austral Islands)]] (protectorate) (1858–1889)<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.tahitiheritage.pf/fiche-drapeau-de-rurutu-24163.htm|title=Drapeau de Rurutu - Tahiti Heritage|website=www.tahitiheritage.pf|access-date=23 September 2017|archive-date=10 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010032549/http://www.tahitiheritage.pf/fiche-drapeau-de-rurutu-24163.htm|url-status=dead))</ref>
* [[Papua New Guinea]]
** [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]] (1880–1882) (attempt at colonization, unofficial)
* [[New Caledonia]] 
* The [[New Hebrides]] ([[Vanuatu]])
** Anglo-French [[Condominium (international law)|condominium]] (1906–1980)
* Australia
** [[Dirk Hartog Island]] (1772) (made an unofficial annexation for all Australia)<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.francedownunder.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=17&t=134 |title=Consulter le sujet - L'Australie serait-elle franĂ§aise ?!... • [Forums |publisher=Francedownunder.com |access-date=2011-03-26))</ref><ref>((Citation | author1=Godard, Philippe | author2=Kerros, Tugdual de | author3=Margot, Odette | author4=Stanbury, Myra | author5=Baxter, Sue | author6=Western Australian Museum | author7=Godard, Phillippe | author8=De Kerros, Tugdual | author9=Margot, Odette | author10=Stanbury, Myra | author11=Baxter, Sue | title=1772 : the French annexation of New Holland : the tale of Louis de Saint Aloürn | date=2008 | publisher=Western Australian Museum | isbn=978-1-920843-98-4 ))</ref><ref>Philippe Godard, Tugdual de Kerros 2002, "Louis de Saint Aloüarn, un marin breton à la conquête des terres australes", Les Portes du large, Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande, 331-336</ref>
* [[Wallis and Futuna]] (1887–present)

==In Antarctica==

[[Image:Antarctica, France territorial claim.svg|thumb|right|Territory claim by France in Antarctic ([[Adélie Land]])]]

* [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands]] ([[TAAF]])
** [[Crozet Islands]] (24 January 1772<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.taaf.fr/spip/spip.php?article108 |title=TAAF |publisher=Taaf.fr |access-date=2012-01-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120224633/http://www.taaf.fr/spip/spip.php?article108 |archive-date=2012-01-20 ))</ref>– present)
** [[Kerguelen Islands]] (13 February 1772<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.kerguelen-voyages.com/c/95/p/b0ef218cd2b18874c9a7d4b61925146f/Kerguelen-yves-tremarec-james-cook-asia-hillsborough-rhodes.html |title=Kerguelen – yves trémarec – james cook – asia – hillsborough – rhodes |publisher=Kerguelen-voyages.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002171809/http://www.kerguelen-voyages.com/c/95/p/b0ef218cd2b18874c9a7d4b61925146f/Kerguelen-yves-tremarec-james-cook-asia-hillsborough-rhodes.html |archive-date=2013-10-02 ))</ref>– present)
** [[Île Amsterdam]] (in 1843 but abandoned) (1892–present)
** [[Île Saint-Paul]] (in 1843 but abandoned) (1892–present)
** [[Adélie Land]] (1840–present) (sheltering one of two French Bases in Antarctica, the other one being Franco-Italian) (that borders with the [[Australian Antarctic Territory]] on both sides and divides that in two)

==See also==
* [[First French Empire]]
* [[Second French Empire]]
* [[CFA franc]]
* [[Franco-Trarzan War of 1825]]
* [[French Africa]]
* [[French colonial flags]]
* [[French Colonial Union]]
* [[French colonization of the Americas]]
* [[Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan|Kouang-Tchéou-Wan]] – a small French territory in China
* [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]
* [[Overseas France]]
* [[Timeline of the European colonization of North America]]
* [[Troupes coloniales]] – French colonial forces

== Notes and references ==
((reflist|2))

==External links==
((Commons category|French colonial empire))

((Former French colonies))
((French overseas departments and territories))
((Portal bar|Geography))

[[Category:Former French colonies|•]]
[[Category:French colonial empire|.]]
[[Category:French colonisation in Africa]]
[[Category:French colonisation in Asia]]
[[Category:French colonization of the Americas]]
[[Category:French Union|List]]
[[Category:Lists of former colonies|French possessions]]
[[Category:France geography-related lists|possessions and colonies]]
[[Category:France history-related lists|possessions and colonies]]

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Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
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Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
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Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
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Return to List of French possessions and colonies.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies"