A Hammond C-3 organ

The Hammond organ is an electric organ invented by Laurens Hammond and John M. Hanert.[1] The instrument was first manufactured in 1935.[2] It has two manuals along with a set of bass pedals.[3] A variety of models have been produced. The most popular is the B-3, produced between 1954 and 1974.[4]

The instrument was designed to replace the pipe organ in churches, and early adopters included Henry Ford and George Gershwin,[5] but it was not widely adopted for classical music.[6] However, it was played in African American churches, and its use spread to gospel music and then to jazz in the 1950s. After usage declined in the jazz world in the 1970s, it subsequently regained its popularity in the genre and has become the second most used keyboard instrument in jazz after the piano.[7] Jimmy Smith popularized the Hammond organ, and its technique of using drawbars and pedals.[8]

Having found success in jazz, the Hammond organ became popular in rhythm and blues, including Booker T. & the M.G.'s and other Stax Records artists.[9] From there, it became used in rock music, with users including Ian McLagan, Jean Alain Roussel, Matthew Fisher, Steve Winwood,[10][11] Mike Finnigan, Gregg Allman[12] and Jon Lord.[13] It became a significant instrument in progressive rock during the early 1970s,[14] and became a featured instrument in ska and reggae.[15] Although the original Hammond Organ Company collapsed, it was purchased by the Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation, who continued to manufacture the instrument using several former staff for research and development.[16] Jazz organists, including Joey DeFrancesco and Barbara Dennerlein, have continued to feature the Hammond organ into the 21st century.[17][18]

A

Image Name Lifetime Models played Associated acts Notes
Don Airey b. 1948 C-3
A-100 		Rainbow,
Ozzy Osbourne,
Deep Purple[19] 		Used Jon Lord's old C-3 upon joining Deep Purple, but prefers the A-100.[20]
Gregg Allman 1947–2017 B-3 The Allman Brothers Band Was given a brand new B-3 and Leslie 122RV when the band was formed.[21]
Tori Amos b. 1963 B-3 Y Kant Tori Read Played a Hammond on her 2005 album The Beekeeper.[22]
Rod Argent b. 1945 B-3 The Zombies,
Argent[23] 		Solo on 1972 hit single "Hold Your Head Up" cited by Rick Wakeman as "the greatest organ solo ever".[24]
Brian Auger b. 1939 L-100
B-3 		Julie Driscoll, The Trinity, The Oblivion Express Played without a Leslie speaker.[25]

B

Image Name Lifetime Models played Associated acts Notes
Joe Bagg b. 1967 B-3[26] Jeff Goldblum & The Mildred Snitzer Orchestra,[27] Anthony Wilson Featured on Downbeat Magazine's rising stars for organ (2011[28]-present[29])
Tony Banks b. 1950 L-122
T-102
 Genesis Bought a L-122 when the band was formed,[30] which was replaced by a T-102.[31]
Hugh Banton b. 1949 E-100
C-3
 Van der Graaf Generator Played a Hammond E-100 organ that he personally modified with customised electronics.[32]
Nickey Barclay b. 1951[33] TTR-100[34]
C-3 		Fanny[35][36]
Peter Bardens 1944–2002 C-3 Shotgun Express,
Camel,
Van Morrison[37]
Graham Bond 1937–1974 Don Rendell Quintet,
Blues Incorporated,
The Graham Bond Organisation 		An early adopter of the Hammond in the UK, playing it on stage as early as 1962.[38]
James Brown 1933–2006[39] B-3[40] Used the same model for 20 years, calling it "The Godfather", and played it on sessions for other artists.[41]
Milt Buckner 1915–1977 B-3[42] The Hammond Organ Trio Pioneered the use of the Hammond organ in jazz.[43]
John "Rabbit" Bundrick b. 1948 C-3,
XB-2 		The Who
Free 		Used a Hammond on loan from Pete Townshend when he started touring with The Who. Has since used a XB-2.[44]
Jerry Burke 1911–1965 Lawrence Welk Organist for Lawrence Welk from 1934 until his death. Published several volumes of organ arrangements.[45]

C

Image Name Lifetime Models played Associated acts Notes
Tony Carey b. 1953 Rainbow,
Over The Rainbow[46]
Felix Cavaliere b. 1942 The (Young) Rascals,
Steven Van Zandt's 'Little Steven and the Disciples of Soul',
Ringo Starr's All-Starr Band[47] 		Songwriters Hall of Fame inductee [48]
Bill Champlin b. 1947 Sk1-73 & B-3 Keyboard player with US band Sons of Champlin and Wunderground.[49] Worked with artists including Patti LaBelle, Lou Rawls, Elton John, Boz Scaggs, Donna Summer, Nancy Wilson, George Benson, Jimmy Smith, Amy Grant, Neil Diamond and Kenny Rogers[50]
Elbernita "Twinkie" Clark b. 1954 The Clark Sisters US gospel singer, composer, musician, and evangelist dubbed "The Queen of the B-3". Has performed in The Clark Sisters and as a solo artist.[51]
Rob Collins 1965–1996 The Charlatans[52]
Tom Coster b. 1941[53] B-3[54] Santana,
John McLaughlin[55]
Vincent Crane 1943–1989 C-3 The Crazy World of Arthur Brown,
Atomic Rooster[56]
Hank Crawford B-3 Bought a B-3 in 1956, having already accomplished several other instruments.[57]
Jesse Crawford 1895–1962 A US pianist and organist who performed in the 1920s as a theatre organist for silent films. In the 1930s, he switched to the Hammond, and also used the chord organ.[58]

D

Image Name Lifetime Models played Associated acts Notes
Jackie Davis 1920–1999 B-3[59]
Wild Bill Davis 1918–1995[60] C-3 Floyd Smith, Johnny Hodges American jazz pianist, organist, and arranger.[61]
Lenny Dee 1923–2006 A
B-3
transistor models 		An American pop/easy listening/boogie-woogie/jazz organist whose career spanned six decades and 56 albums; he had a Top 20 hit in 1955 with "Plantation Boogie". Used various tonewheel and transistor Hammonds, and was a strong critic of the company.[62]
Joey DeFrancesco 1971-2022 B-3, New B-3 An American jazz organist and trumpeter. Down Beat's 2003 Critics Poll selected him as "top jazz organist". Mentored by Jimmy Smith, he has performed with Miles Davis and John McLaughlin and Van Morrison.[63]
"Papa" John DeFrancesco b. 1940 B-3[64] Father of Joey DeFrancesco.
Barbara Dennerlein b. 1964 B-3 Has achieved particular critical acclaim for use of the bass pedals,[17] and mixing the Hammond with samples. Has won the Down Beat "Talent Deserving of Wider Recognition" title five times, and is a three-time recipient of the German Critics Award.[65]
Bill Doggett 1916–1996 Billy Butler Co-wrote and recorded the instrumental "Honky Tonk" in 1956.[66]
Tyrone Downie b. 1956 Bob Marley and the Wailers Used on "No Woman, No Cry" on the album Live![67]

E

Image Name Lifetime Models played Associated acts Notes
Charles Earland 1941–1999[68][69] B-3 Grover Washington, Jr.
Keith Emerson 1944–2016 L-100
C-3 		The Nice /
Emerson, Lake & Palmer /
Emerson, Lake & Powell 		Infamously abused a L-100 on stage, sticking knives in the instrument.[70]
John Evan b. 1948 C-3 Jethro Tull[71]

F

Image Name Lifetime Models played Associated acts Notes
Georgie Fame b. 1943 M-100 Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames Pioneer of British rhythm and blues through his performances at the Flamingo Club, London in the mid-1960s.[72]
Danny Federici 1950–2008 B-3 Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band[73]
Mike Finnigan 1945–2021 B-3 Jimi Hendrix,[12] Les Dudek, Taj Mahal, The Phantom Blues Band
Matthew Fisher b. 1946 M-102 Procol Harum Co-wrote and recorded "A Whiter Shade of Pale".[74]
Henry Ford 1863–1947 A[5]

G

Image Name Lifetime Models played Associated acts Notes
Mick Gallagher b. 1945 C-3 Ian Dury, The Blockheads, The Animals, Peter Frampton, The Clash[75]
George Gershwin 1898–1937 A[5]
Larry Goldings b. 1968 B-3[76] Maceo Parker, Peter Bernstein
Dave Greenfield (1949–2020) L-100 The Stranglers[77]
Dave Greenslade b. 1943 Greenslade,
Colosseum 		Focused on Hammond organ in Greenslade while Dave Lawson played synthesizers.[78]

H

Image Name Lifetime Models played Associated acts Notes
Bo Hansson 1943–2010 Hansson & Karlsson A jam session featuring Hansson with Jimi Hendrix has been widely bootlegged.[79]
Atsuko Hashimoto b. 197? B-3 with one or two Leslie speakers Jeff Hamilton, Yutaka Hashimoto (jazz guitarist) Plays in jazz trios with a drummer and either a saxophonist or a guitarist.[80]
Alexander Hawkins b. 1981 As part of the trio Decoy.[81]
Isaac Hayes 1942–2008[82] B-3 Stax Records Used on Hot Buttered Soul.[83]
Cory Henry b. 1987 B-3 Cory Henry & The Funk Apostles[84]
Ken Hensley 1945-2020 B-3 Uriah Heep[85]
Milt Herth[86] 1902–1969[87]
Christopher Holland[88] b. 196? Brother of Jools Holland.[89]
Richard "Groove" Holmes 1931–1991 B-3, X-77, Concorde[90] Gene Ammons, Les McCann, Gerald Wilson
John Hondorp b. 1964 A-100, B-3,
HX-3 		Unit Records[91]

I

Image Name Lifetime Models played Associated acts Notes
Doug Ingle b. 1945 Iron Butterfly Started with a Vox organ and later moved to Hammond.[92]

J

Image Name Lifetime Models played Associated acts Notes
Booker T. Jones[93] b. 1944[94] M-1,
M-3,
B-3[95] 		Booker T. & the M.G.'s, The Mar-Keys, Otis Redding, Stephen Stills, Dirty Dozen Brass Band, Drive By Truckers, Rancid Played a M-3 on the 1962 R&B hit "Green Onions".[93]
Melvyn "Deacon" Jones 1943–2017 B-3 Baby Huey & the Babysitters, The Impressions band, Freddie King band, John Lee Hooker band[96][97]
John Paul Jones b. 1946 M-100, C-3,
SK-1 		Led Zeppelin[98] English multi-instrumentalist, best known as a bass player
Lonnie Jordan b. 1948 B-3 Eric Burdon, War [99]

K

Image Name Lifetime Models played Associated acts Notes
Tony Kaye b. 1946[100] M-100
C-3 		Yes,
Badger,
David Bowie[101]
Al Kooper b. 1944[102] Bob Dylan / Super Session /
Blood, Sweat & Tears 		Played a Hammond on Dylan's "Like a Rolling Stone".[103]
Joe Krown b. 1962 A-100, B-3,
XK-2 		Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown Played with Brown from 1992 to 2005.[104]

L

Image Name Lifetime Models played Associated acts Notes
Robert Lamm b. 1944 B-3[105] Chicago
Eddie Layton 1925–2004 Promoted the Hammond as a touring demonstrator, and played the organ at old Yankee Stadium for nearly 40 years.[106]
Ron Levy[107] b. 1951 B-3[108] B.B. King band, Roomful of Blues, Ron Levy's Wild Kingdom
Jon Lord 1941–2012 C-3 Deep Purple Founding member of Deep Purple, played a C-3 through a Marshall amplifier.[13]
Eddy Louiss 1941–2015[109] Jean-Luc Ponty

M

Image Name Lifetime Models played Associated acts Notes
Ray Manzarek 1939–2013 C-3[110] The Doors Used a C-3 on L.A. Woman and the band's post-Jim Morrison career.
Hank Marr 1927–2004[111] C-3, B-3
X-66[112] 		Rusty Bryant [113]
Page McConnell b. 1963[114] B-3 Phish[115]
Jack McDuff[116] 1926–2001 B-3[117] Willis Jackson Also known as "Brother" Jack McDuff. An early collaborator with George Benson.[118]
Jimmy McGriff[119] 1936–2008 B-3
Goldy McJohn 1945–2017 M-3, B-3 Steppenwolf[120]
Ron "Pigpen" McKernan 1945–1973 B-3 Grateful Dead Upgraded from a Vox Continental to a B-3 in 1968.[121]
Ian McLagan 1945–2014[122] M-100 Small Faces,[10]
Faces,
Rolling Stones[123]
Christine McVie 1943-2022[124] B-3[125] Played a chopped and customised B-3 on tour[126] Chicken Shack, Fleetwood Mac
John Medeski[127] b. 1965[128] B-3 Medeski Martin & Wood, John Scofield
Lee Michaels[129] b. 1945 B-2 Often played as a duo, with the Hammond covering all sounds except drums.[130]
Money Mark Beastie Boys[131]
Brent Mydland 1952–1990[132] B-3 Grateful Dead[133]

N

Image Name Lifetime Models played Associated acts Notes
Christopher North b. 1951 B-3 Ambrosia[134]

O

Image Name Lifetime Models played Associated acts Notes
Spooner Oldham b. 1943 B-3 FAME Studios, Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section, Dan Penn, Neil Young On The Box Tops' "Cry Like a Baby"[135] and on Keith Richards' Crosseyed Heart.[136]
Mike Oldfield b. 1953 On Tubular Bells,[137] and Tubular Bells II.[138]

P

Image Name Lifetime Models played Associated acts Notes
Don Patterson[139] 1936–1988[140] B-3 Booker Ervin, Sonny Stitt
Big John Patton[141] 1935–2002 B-3 Grant Green
Sonny Phillips b. 1936 B-3 Gene Ammons, Houston Person[142]
Billy Preston 1946–2006[143] B-3 The Beatles,[144]
The Rolling Stones,[143] Eric Clapton
Alan Price b. 1942[145] The Animals,
Alan Price Set[146] 		Started off with a Vox Continental organ.

R

Image Name Lifetime Models played Associated acts Notes
Doug Riley 1945–2007 Famous People Players Known as "Dr. Music".[147][148]
Billy Ritchie b. 1944 '1–2–3',
Clouds[149]
Gregg Rolie b. 1947[150] B-3 Santana,
Journey[151] 		Two-time inductee of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

S

Image Name Lifetime Models played Associated acts Notes
Merl Saunders 1934–2008 B-3, XB-2 Jerry Garcia[152]
Rhoda Scott[153] b. 1938 B-3, B-3000 (custom model)
Shirley Scott[154] 1934–2002 B-3[155] Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, Stanley Turrentine
Paul Shaffer b. 1949[156] B-3 Saturday Night Live (SNL), The Blues Brothers,
David Letterman[157] 		Beginning in 1982 through 2015 (33 years), Shaffer served as musical director/band leader for David Letterman's late night talk shows.
Dave Sinclair[158] b.1947 A-100 Caravan[159] Used a fuzz-box to achieve distorted guitar-like sound on solos.[160]
Ethel Smith 1902–1996[161][162] A Known as "The First Lady of the Hammond Organ".[163]
Jimmy Smith 1925–2005 B-3 Wes Montgomery His 1950s Blue Note recordings inspired countless organists of the 1960s and 1970s.[8]
Johnny "Hammond" Smith[164] 1933–1997[165] B-3[166] Houston Person
Lonnie Smith[167] 1942–2021[168] B-3 George Benson, Lou Donaldson
Mark Stein b. 1947 B-3 Vanilla Fudge[169]
Dave Stewart b. 1950 L-100 Egg,
Hatfield and the North,
National Health,
Bruford[170]

T

Image Name Lifetime Models played Associated acts Notes
James Taylor B-3 The Prisoners, James Taylor Quartet (JTQ) Credited with popularising the Hammond organ in acid jazz.[171]

V

Image Name Lifetime Models played Associated acts Notes
Earl Van Dyke 1930–1992[172] B-3 The Funk Brothers, Fred Jackson, Ike Quebec Backed many "hits" for the Motown Records label.[173]
Thijs van Leer b. 1948[174] L-100
XB-3[175] 		Focus[176]

W

Image Name Lifetime Models played Associated acts Notes
Cherry Wainer 1935–2014 Lord Rockingham's XI[177] Hammond customised with quilted white-leather and diamanté studs.
Rick Wakeman b. 1949 L-100
C-3 		Yes,
Strawbs,
English Rock Ensemble[178]
Fats Waller 1904–1943[179] A Started his career on pipe organ, then became an early adopter of the Hammond.[180]
Peter Weltner b. 1952 New B-3
 soloist,
organ-drums duo[181]
Steve Winwood b. 1948 C-3, B-3 The Spencer Davis Group,
Traffic,
Blind Faith[182]
Rick Wright 1943–2008 M-100
C-3 		Pink Floyd Founding member of Pink Floyd, upgraded from a Farfisa Compact Duo to a M-100 on stage in 1970.[183]
Winston Wright 1944–1993 Tommy McCook's Supersonics, Harry J Allstars Acknowledged as Jamaica's master of the Hammond organ.[184]
Klaus Wunderlich 1931–1997 C-3, H-100 Played the C-3, then in the mid 1960s changed to model H-100. He later combined the sound of the H-100 with a Lowrey Organ Model H25-3 and Wersi model W248S which was called the "New Pop Organ Sound".[185]

Y

Image Name Lifetime Models played Associated acts Notes
Larry Young 1940–1978 B-3[186] Tony Williams' Lifetime

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