Aeolian Hammond BA player organ with Hammond tone cabinet (1938)

The Hammond organ is an electric organ, invented by Laurens Hammond and John M. Hanert[1] and first manufactured in 1935.[2] Various models were produced, which originally used tonewheels to generate sound via additive synthesis, where component waveform ratios are mixed by sliding switches called drawbars and imitate the pipe organ's registers. Around 2 million Hammond organs have been manufactured, and it has been described as one of the most successful organs ever.[3] The organ is commonly used with, and associated with, the Leslie speaker.

Tonewheel organs

Tonewheel organs generate sound by shaped mechanical wheels, that rotate in front of electromagnetic pickups. Each tonewheel assembly creates tones with low harmonic content, close to a sine wave. Inside the coil is a permanent magnet. As the profile of the tonewheel pass by, the strength of the magnetism changes—when the highest part is closest to the tip of the magnet, the magnetism is strongest. As the magnetism varies, an alternating current (AC) is induced in the coil, producing one of the frequencies used in harmonic synthesis.[4]

Image Model Name / Number Years produced Description
Model A
 A 1935–1938[5] The first Hammond in production. Two 61-note manuals, 25-note pedalboard, 2 x 9 drawbars per manual, 2 pedal drawbars, 9 presets per manual, a tremolo effect generator ("tremulant").[5]
A-B 1936–1938[5] /1942[6] After the introduction of Model B-C in 1936, previous Model A was available as Model A-B.[5] / B series actually starts with Model A-B.[6]
B-C 1936–1942[7] The first organ produced in the deeper Model B cabinet, to accommodate the chorus generator[7]
B-A 1938[8] Model B-C style organ with built-in player organ mechanism[9] (possibly Duo-Art), custom built by Aeolian-Skinner.[10]
BV 1946–1949[6] Same as Model B-C but with the Hammond Vibrato and Vibrato Chorus. Model B-C itself could be converted to the Model BCV by installing these units.[6]
B-2 1949–1954[11] Model B style cabinet with Selective Vibrato (vibrato available on either manual independently).
B-3 1954–1974[12] The best known Hammond. Similar to the B-2, but with added Touch-Response Percussion Control. Made famous by Jimmy Smith who influenced numerous other players.[13]
A-100 1959–1965[14] Same tone-wheel generator as the B-3 / C-3 but with power amp and speakers built into the console, along with a separate Reverb amplifier and speaker.[15]
C 1939–1942[16] Almost same as Model A-B but with church style cabinet.[16]
CV 1945–1949[17] Based on Model C, Hammond Vibrato was added. Similar to the B-V, but without a chorus generator, and with in a church style cabinetry.[17]
C-2 1949–1954[11] Identical to the B-2 except for cabinetry (Tudor-style "closed" cabinet).
C-3 1954–1974[12] The second best known Hammond. Identical to the B-3 except for cabinetry.
D 1939–1942[8] A model C organ with factory supplied chorus generator
D-100 1963–1969[18] Internals of an RT-3 with built-in amp and speakers
E 1937–1949[19] The first Hammond Organ with a 32-note American Guild of Organists (AGO) pedalboard. Also included toe pistons, a Great to Pedal coupler and separate Expression Pedals for Swell and Great Manuals.
E-100 1965–1970[20] A self-contained organ somewhat similar to the A-100 except for: One set of Drawbars per manual instead of two, Preset Tabs replace reverse-color Preset Keys, Percussion Voices with Reiterate instead of harmonic percussion and added Harp Sustain and rhythm effects (Cymbal and Brush) for Lower Manual and Pedals.
E-200 1965–1971[21] A version of the E-100 specifically designed for churches. Liturgical Preset Tabs, no Cymbal/Brush or Reiterate on the Percussion which plays from the Lower Manual.
E-300 1965–1969[22] A lower-cost version of the E-100. Celesta substituted for Harp Sustain in the Percussion section.
G 1941–1944[23] /1946[citation needed] Almost identical to model D, except for the side handles for transportation. Model G means US Government model to use on US Army and various recreational service facilities. Supplied with tone cabinet G-40 (B-40 with an extra reverb unit).[23][24]

Two models in Church-styled cabinet were made under military specifications, and named G (G for "Government contract", with chorus), and G-2 (with vibrato), to be installed in chapels and officer's messes of U.S. Army and Navy.[citation needed]

Later, Government model was taken over by model C-2G (1952-1953) and C-3G (1955-?).[23]

G-100 1964–1967[25] Non-drawbar tone-wheel organ built completely to AGO specifications. Included 65 stop tablets, 12 couplers, 18 thumb pistons, 8 toe pistons. Also known as the Grand-100.
H-100 1965–1969[26] Deluxe self-contained tone-wheel organ with extra tonewheels for higher pitched tones. Also included reverse-color Preset Keys, Mixture Drawbars for additional harmonic, String Bass (pedal sustain), Stereo Reverb and stereo chorus and vibrato scanners. 50 Watts of three-channel amplification.[27]
H-262 1969–1975[28] Version of the H-100 designed for churches.
HX-100 1970-1975[citation needed] Version of the H-100 in an X-66-style case for stage work. Supplied with D10 speaker.[citation needed]
L-100 series 1961–1968[19] First Hammond to retail for under £1,000.[29]
  • L-100A Same as L-100 but with additional Percussion voices such as Guitar, Banjo, etc., alternating reiteration on Xylophone and Marimba and rhythm effects (Cymbal and Brush) for the Lower Manual and Pedals.
  • L-200 Included built-in Rhythm II rhythm unit.
 Porta B
series 		1971–1974[30] (1970[31]) Portable version of L-100 series for professional use.[31] There were several versions on each country, built by different factories:[32]
  • L-100NS / L-PNS-100 – USA version (LP-100 ?)
  • L-100-PN / L-100PNS – Belgian version, also sold in Netherlands. S means a version with pedal sustain.
  • P-100 / L-100-P – converted L-102, sold in Germany and Denmark.
  • P-100-S – a version with pedal sustain (1972–1974)
  • P-100-H
 M 1948–51[11][33] First spinet organ. 2x44 key manuals, 12 note pedalboard.
M-2 1951–1955[11][33] An M with Selective Vibrato (Vibrato available on either Manual separately).
M-3 1955–1964[11][33] Same as M-2 but with Touch-Response Percussion Control.
M-100 1961–1968[34] Tone-wheel spinet organ, replacing the M series. Added features include Presets, Vibrato Celeste and Stereo Reverb. Also the Legato Pedal control is controlled by a tablet, replacing the foot switch on the M-series organs.
R-100 1970–1975[35] Self-contained organ based on the E-100 but with transistor / solid-state power amp, built-in Leslie (no scanner vibrato) and Pedal String Bass.
RT 1949 Replacement for the Model E. Similar cabinet style to models C and D but with 32 note AGO pedalboard and electronic Pedal Solo Unit.
RT-2 1949–1954[14] Similar to RT but with Selective Vibrato.
RT-3 1954–1969[14] Same as RT-2 but with added Touch-Response Percussion Control.
T-100 series 1968–1975[36] A tonewheel spinet with a transistor / solid-state power amplifier
X-66 1967–1973[37] 12-tone tonewheel generator with frequency divider and various additional features
X-77 1968–1973[38] A restyled H-100, designed to replace the B-3. Had its own Leslie cabinet, the X-77L


Vacuum tube musical instruments

Vacuum tube musical instruments mean electronic musical instruments generating sound with vacuum tube-based electronic oscillators. Hammond Organ Company commercialized it in the late-1930s as Novachord (1939–1942) and Solovox (1940–1948). Especially, new designs introduced on Novachord — subtractive synthesis and frequency divider — were immediately followed by many manufacturers of electronic organs and polyphonic synthesizers during the 1940s-1970s. However, Hammond Organ Company did not adopt these on main products until the 1960s, except for S series chord organ (1950–1966) and "Solo Pedal Unit" on RT series and D-100 (1949–1969).

Image Model Name / Number Years produced Description
Novachord (model H) 1939–1942[39] First commercial polyphonic synthesizer. Although Novachord itself is not referred to as an electronic organ, its basic design became mainstream, being implemented in electronic organs and polyphonic synthesizers during 1940s-1970s.
Solovox
(model J,K,L) 		1940–1950[40]

Monophonic attachment keyboard instrument, intended to accompany the pianos with lead voice of organ and orchestral sound. It consists of two units — a 3-octave mini keyboard attaching under the piano keyboard, and a tone cabinet including electronic sound generator, amplifier and loudspeaker.[41] The sound generator is based on a vacuum tube oscillator and octave divider circuits originally designed for Novachord. There are three minor changed models:[40]

  • Model J (1940–1946)
  • Model K (1946–1948)
  • Model L (1948–1950)
 Solo Pedal Unit
on RT series and D-100 		1949–1969[14]

Solo Pedal Unit (or Pedal Solo Unit) provides a monophonic bright bass sound on RT series and model D-100 consoles, layered with traditional polyphonic tonewheel pedal sound. Although Solo Pedal Unit is highest-note priority and it can play only one note at a time, the players can play polyphonic bass lines by the help of traditional pedal sound. The sound generator is electrically similar to Solovox Model L. It consists of a vacuum tube oscillator and five frequency divider circuits, controlled by a volume and 8-stop tablets (Bourdon 32', Bombarde 32', 16', 8', 4', 2' & 1', mute, pedal solo on) placed on the right side of lower manual. Although there are five revisions of units, these are interchangeable on all RT series consoles.[42]

S series
Chord Organ 		1950–1966[43]

First chord organ. Its "easy to play"[44] style initiated a new market segment leading to today's home keyboard market.[45] The S series Chord Organ can be played via following interfaces:[43]

  • 37-note keyboard for solo or chords
  • 96-chord buttons (12-semitones × 8-chords variation) for chords
  • 2 wire touch-plates for strumming effect
  • 2 bass pedals for root & 5th
  • 1 expression pedal (or knee lever) for total volume control
  • 3 volume knobs for volume of each part (solo, chord, bass)
[46] 		F-100 Extravoice
(model A, B) 		1960-1961 / 1961-1964[47] Descended from the Novachord and are more like a tube synthesizer than an organ, with nothing in common with the tonewheel Hammond models. They produce totally unique sounds that can be mellow and haunting or brash and quirky. They also incorporate the circuitry from a Solovox monophonic tube synthesizer, with more tonal options and greater stability than the Solovox models typically have. Used in Fiona Apple's track "Fast As You Can".[48][49]

Transistor organs

Hammond started to produce transistor organs when the production of tonewheels became too expensive, switching to full-time Integrated Circuit (IC) models in 1975.[50][51]

Image Model Name / Number Years produced Description
Aurora (Century, Custom and Classic)[52] 1975-81[31][52] First composite spinet organ with both drawbars and electronic voices, no tonewheels.

Classic top of range with strings brass and presets.Final model had pro-chord.[citation needed]

B3000 1978[53] (or 1975[54]) Solid-state copy of the B-3, with additional string division, electric and grand pianos. Key click was re-introduced.[31] Supplied with matching Leslie HL-722.[citation needed]
VS-150
VS-300
VS-350
 Cadette
(model V,VS) 		1969–1970s[55][56] Entry-level all-tab transistor spinet organ, no tonewheels. This series were all designed in the United States, built in Japan, and subsequently also assembled in England: Initially, first series were built by Yamaha (c.1969–), then by Nihon Hammond during 1973–1975. Subsequently Hammond UK began to import these models in kit form, and assembled in proper wooden cases for domestic market.[55][56]
Chord
1965–1969[57] Transistor organ with 48 chord buttons.[57]
Colonnade 1979[58] Console version of Aurora Classic.[citation needed]
Commodore 1979-81[59] 9 upper and 9 lower drawbars.[59]
Composer
1982–83[60] Transistor organ with "Compose-a-chord" feature.[60]
Concorde 1972 - c.1977[61] (or 1973[31]) First LSI-based Hammond console organ with drawbars, no tonewheels.[31] This model was once erroneously advertised as a next generation top model take over the X-77, called X-99; though, its official name was the Concorde.[62]
Cougar 1973–1976[63] Transistor spinet organ with drawbars, in some extent, corresponded to a kind of successor of L-100 series tonewheel spinet organ, although its new drawbars arrangement is slightly exotic; its upper manual has normal nine drawbars; on the other hand, lower manual has only two 8' drawbars with sawtooth. This anomalous design was only followed by a few models (8000 series, 8100 series, and 8200 Aurora series).[63]
Dolphin 1973–1976[64] Spinet organ with 20 one finger chords. Dolphin 9900 series in 1976 has the built-in polyphonic synthesizer.
Elegante 1980-1981 [53] Hammond 1980s Flagship 2x61 note manuals, 25 pedals, Tonebars, Multiplex Synthesiser, Easy Play, 9 pistons, 4 speakers plus Leslie. Unlikel the contemporary Romance series, the electronics were mostly discrete transistors apart from the 440 multiplex generator and 434/435 LSI chips in the rhythm and auto-play boards.[65]
Grandee 1975[66]-? Grandee (11100 and 11200(M) series), released in 1975, was a model that enjoyed great interest in the Low Countries. It equipped full features at that time: 61×2 keys, 25 pedal with sustain, IC based tone generator, Delay Vibrato or Leslie & Vibrato, Reverb & Sustain, Auto-Vari 64 Rhythm, Automatic Accompaniment, Arpeggiator, etc.[66]
Model J-112
 J-100
series 		1967–1968[67] (Late 1960s[36]) Transistor spinet organ - no tonewheels
Model K-102
 K-100
series 		1968(Late 1960s)[citation needed] Transistor spinet organ - no tonewheels.[68]
Maverick 1973–1975[69] Middle-priced all-tab spinet organ.
Monarch 1975-77 Console organ 1975-77[70]
Phoenix 1972[31] First LSI-based all-tab Hammond spinet organ.
Piper Autochord 1970–1979[71] First automatic chording instrument. Single manual, with automatic rhythm, automatic chording and no bass pedals.[31][72]
Portable B-100 1980–1984[73] Single manual version of B-250. Manufactured by Nihon Hammond.[73]
Portable B-200 1980— Successor of X-5, portable version of Aurora 8222.[74]
Portable B-250 1980–1984[75] 2 x 61 note manuals. Manufactured by Nihon Hammond.[75]
Portable B-300 1980— B-200 plus strings, portable version of Aurora Classic 232000.[76]
Composer 146
(a sibling model)
 Portable B-400 1984[77]–? Only drawbars to upper, digital drum machine, digital solo voice, human choirs, and MIDI.[78][77]
Portable X-2 1978[31] Single manual version of X-5.[79]
Portable X-5 1979[11] Portable spinet, transistor copy of the B-3 (or Porta B), derived from Ace Tone GT-7[80] circa 1971. Manufactured by Nihon Hammond, a Japanese joint venture between main company and Sakata (parent company of Ace Tone).
Regent 1973–1976[81] First all-tab theatre style Hammond organ.
Romance series 1977–1983[82] Integrated circuit generated spinet organ. No drawbars.
Sounder 1973[31]-1976[83] First Hammond to retail for under $500, sold through both music and mass merchant outlets. Single manual organ.

Digital organs

After the Hammond Organ Company ceased trading in 1985, production initially went to Noel Crabbe's Hammond Organ Australia, and then to Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation, who, under the name Hammond-Suzuki, manufacture digital organs.[84]

Image Model Name / Number Years produced Description
Super B 1986[85] First full-digitally sampled Hammond organ, with dual manual, downloadable voice tables, and MIDI.[85][86] Manufactured by Suzuki-Hammond, the predecessor of later Hammond-Suzuki.
Super CX-2000 1988[87] CX-2000 and its minor model SX-2000, probably released by Hammond Suzuki in 1988, were based on the predecessors, SX-1 & CX-1. Newly expanded "Orchestral Section" was two groups/banks of digitally sampled orchestral voices that can be combined with the drawbars and strings group.[87][88]
EX-1000 1989[89] EX-1000 was one of the first models built by Hammond Suzuki in Japan. Later the minor models EX-700 and 800 were added. This model had 3 types of expansion cards: (1) Voice ROM cards (extra sounds), (2) Autoband Style cards (rhythm and accompaniments), (3) RAM cards (user memory, 16K and 32K)[89][90]
XB-2 1991–1998[11] Single manual organ. First digital organ produced by Hammond-Suzuki. Tone generator was same as Super B.[91]
XB-3 1993–1998[92] Dual manual organ with 4 sets of drawbars, reverse colour presets and waterfall keys. In an extended B3 case.[citation needed]
XB-5 1993[92]—? Two manual organ with two sets of drawbars and bass drawbars.[93]
XM-1 / XM-c1 1997–2005[92] MIDI organ module (XM-1) with drawbar controller (XM-c1)
XB-1 1998–2005[92] Standalone version of the XM-1. / Cost-cut model using DSP technology (32-voice polyphony, DSP effects including Leslie-simulator, and the simplify of Leslie connector).[91]
XK-2 1999–2004[94] Improved XB-2 with waterfall keys
XE series 2000c. 2000[95][96] –? XE-1 / XE-2 / XE-200: Modular all singing and dancing[citation needed] single manual modular organ (XE-1), dual manual(XE-2), and built in cabinet (XE-200)[96][97]
New B-3 2003–present[98] A replica of the original B-3 with digitally generated tonewheel simulation
XK-1 2005–2011 Cut down version of XK-3, but extended vib/cho settings later in XK-3C
XM-2 / XM-c2 2005–present MIDI module version of the XK-1
XK-3 2004–2007 Same internals as a New B-3 with cheaper keyboard base and built in Leslie simulator. Can be expanded with optional lower manual, stand and pedalboard.[99]
XK-3c 2007–present[100] Updated version of the XK-3
SK1 2011–present[101] Stage keyboard with pianos and other instrument samples as well as organ
SK-2 2011–present Dual manual SK-1
XK-1c 2013–present Improved XK-1
XK-5 2016–present 4 drawbar sets + pedal like B3, improved multicontact shallow keybed etc.
SK-X 2018–present Replaced SK-2 and has 2 sets of drawbars, improved interface and 11-pin Leslie connector

References

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  95. ^ "Hammond Accomplishments: 2001 -". Hammond Zone (hammond-organ.com). Archived from the original on 2017-11-16. 2001 XE2 released, stage two of the XE system; a dedicated 61 note (with genuine Hammond keys) MIDI lower manual, initially available in kit form which includes side panels and cables, later available as a pre-built system. / 2002 XE-200, third stage of the XE system, a high powered amplified stand for the XE2 with pedals and expression pedal built in. / 2004 stage 4 of the XE series; the XE200se, a luxury version of the XE200 finished in Burgundy with full length music rest.
  96. ^ a b Hammond Organ Compact Series XE-1 School (PDF catalog) (in Japanese). Hamamatsu, Japan: Hammond Suzuki / Suzuki Musical Instrument Manufacturing Company. 2001-09-20.
  97. ^ "Hammond XE-200 Luxury Organ". United Kingdom: A&C Hamilton Musical Instruments. HAMMOND XE-Series An expandable, keyboard component system ... Now with the introduction of the XE-200 the totally integrated system is complete, providing a natural progression from single keyboard to full spinet organ with out ever having to change the basic unit. / XE-200 upgrade set for XE-1 and XE-2. The XE-200 (full spinet organ) can also be created with an upgrade set for the XE-1 or XE-2. The upgrade set for model XE-1 consists of: ● XLK-1 midi control manual (including 2 new side panels). ● STE-200, a wooden design substructure with a built-in 13 note pedal-board, expression pedal with footswitch, piano-sustain pedal and additional stereo amplification system (2x 50 Watt). The upgrade set for model XE-2 consists of: ● STE-200, ...
  98. ^ Hugh Robjohns. "Hammond B3: Modelled Electromechanical Tonewheel Organ". Sound on Sound (July 2003). Archived from the original on 2006-11-06.
  99. ^ Robjohns, Hugh (July 2005). "Hammond XK3/XLK3 & Leslie 2121/2101". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  100. ^ Hart, Terry (12 August 2011). "Hammond XK-3C". Mixdown Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2013. ((cite journal)): Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  101. ^ Fortner, Stephen (13 December 2011). "Hammond SK1". Keyboard Magazine. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
Bibliography
Other sources
  • "De Hammond Encyclopedia" (in Dutch). Hammond Toonwielorgelvereniging Netherland (Hammond Organ Club of the Netherlands). Retrieved 2013-08-06.
  • Service Manual. Hammond Organ Company.
    • Introductory Section (Hammond Organ Models) (PDF). Winterpark, FL: Audio Playground Synthesizer Museum. 2001 [1970]. Archived from the original (retyped PDF) on 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2013-08-07. (recreation of original in 1970); Originally published as: Introductory Section. Service Manual. Melrose Park, Illinois: Hammond Organ Company. 1970. HO-495-1-2500.
    • The Blue Book of HAMMOND (PDF). 2001 [c. 1975]. Archived from the original (retyped PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-08-07.
      Note: It seems a retyped copy of original "Introductory Section" of Service Manual in circa 1975, or similar.
    • BlueBook Hammond and Leslie (scanned image in PDF). 2009 [c. 1984]. Retrieved 2013-08-07.
      Note: It seems a reprint of "Introductory Section" of Service Manual circa 1984, or similar.
  • "History & Reference". Hammond Zone (hammond-organ.com). Archived from the original on 2018-02-22. Retrieved 2013-08-06.
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