Major League Soccer (MLS) is the premier professional soccer league in the United States and Canada. The league has 29 teams in 29 stadiums as of the 2023 season: 26 in the United States and 3 in Canada; a 30th team is planned to enter in 2025. At the time of the league's inauguration in 1996, MLS teams used multi-purpose stadiums, often shared with National Football League (NFL) or college football teams. Because of lower attendance, these stadiums had rows of seats covered in tarps to limit capacity. Starting in 1999 with the Columbus Crew's construction of Historic Crew Stadium, the league has constructed soccer-specific stadiums which are tailor-made for soccer and which have smaller capacity. Today, the majority of MLS stadiums are soccer-specific stadiums. While the league's early stadiums relied heavily on public financing, several modern soccer-specific stadiums have been majority-funded by clubs and their owners.[1]

The league's soccer-specific stadiums, with the exception of Providence Park in Portland, Oregon, have grass playing surfaces. The remaining stadiums with artificial turf surfaces are mostly used by teams sharing their venues with other sports, including American football.[2] Pitch sizes range from a width of 70 yards (64 m) used by New York City FC at Yankee Stadium and the Houston Dynamo at Shell Energy Stadium, to 80 yards (73 m) used by the LA Galaxy at Dignity Health Sports Park.[3]

As with the other major North American sports leagues, the majority of MLS stadiums have sold their naming rights to corporations. BC Place, Citypark, Soldier Field, and Yankee Stadium are the only current MLS stadiums without a corporate-sponsored name. (Citypark is a temporary placeholder name while St. Louis City SC seeks a new stadium naming rights sponsor.[4])

List of Major League Soccer stadiums is located in the United States
Allianz Field
America First Field
BC Place
BMO Stadium
Children's Mercy Park
Dick's Sporting Goods Park
Dignity Health Sports Park
CityPark
Lumen Field
PayPal Park
Providence Park
Q2 Stadium
Shell Energy Stadium
Toyota Stadium
Snapdragon Stadium (2025)
Audi Field
Bank of America Stadium
BMO Field
Chase Stadium
Geodis Park
Gillette Stadium
Inter&Co Stadium
Lower.com Field
Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Red Bull Arena
Saputo Stadium
Soldier Field
Subaru Park
TQL Stadium
Yankee Stadium
Location of MLS team stadiums: Western Conference Eastern Conference Future

Stadiums

The following is a list of current primary MLS stadiums.

Soccer-specific stadium
Reduced capacity
(Full capacity)
‡ Stadiums with a retractable roof
Image Stadium Team Location First MLS year in stadium Capacity Opened Surface Field dimensions Coordinates Roof type Soccer specific Ref(s)
Allianz Field Minnesota United FC Saint Paul, Minnesota 2019 19,400 2019 Grass 115 yd × 75 yd
(105 m × 69 m) 		44°57′10″N 93°9′54″W / 44.95278°N 93.16500°W / 44.95278; -93.16500 Open Yes [5]
America First Field Real Salt Lake Sandy, Utah 2008 20,213 2008 Grass 120 yd × 75 yd
(110 m × 69 m) 		40°34′59″N 111°53′35″W / 40.582923°N 111.893156°W / 40.582923; -111.893156 (America First Field) Open Yes [6]
Audi Field D.C. United Washington, D.C. 2018 20,000[7] 2018 Grass 115 yd × 75 yd
(105 m × 69 m)		 38°52′6″N 77°0′44″W / 38.86833°N 77.01222°W / 38.86833; -77.01222 (Audi Field) Open Yes [8]
Bank of America Stadium Charlotte FC Charlotte, North Carolina 2022 38,000
(74,867)		 1996 FieldTurf TBA 35°13′33″N 80°51′10″W / 35.22583°N 80.85278°W / 35.22583; -80.85278 (Bank of America Stadium) Open No [9]
BC Place ‡ Vancouver Whitecaps FC Vancouver, British Columbia 2011 22,120
(54,500)		 1983 Polytan 117 yd × 75 yd
(107 m × 69 m) 		49°16′36″N 123°6′43″W / 49.27667°N 123.11194°W / 49.27667; -123.11194 (BC Place) Retractable No [10][11]
BMO Field Toronto FC Toronto, Ontario 2007 30,991[note 1] 2007 Hybrid grass

(SISGrass)

115 yd × 74 yd
(105 m × 68 m) 		43°37′58″N 79°25′07″W / 43.63278°N 79.41861°W / 43.63278; -79.41861 (BMO Field) Open Yes [12]
BMO Stadium Los Angeles FC Los Angeles, California 2018 22,000 2018 Grass 115 yd × 75 yd
(105 m × 69 m) 		34°00′47″N 118°17′6″W / 34.01306°N 118.28500°W / 34.01306; -118.28500 (BMO Stadium) Open Yes [13]
Chase Stadium Inter Miami CF Fort Lauderdale, Florida 2020 21,550 2020 Grass 115 yd × 75 yd
(105 m × 69 m) 		26°11′35″N 80°9′40″W / 26.19306°N 80.16111°W / 26.19306; -80.16111 (DRV PNK Stadium) Open Yes [14]
Children's Mercy Park Sporting Kansas City Kansas City, Kansas 2011 18,467 2011 Grass 120 yd × 75 yd
(110 m × 69 m) 		39°07′18″N 94°49′25″W / 39.1218°N 94.8237°W / 39.1218; -94.8237 (Children's Mercy Park) Open Yes [15]
CityPark St. Louis City SC St. Louis, Missouri 2023 22,500 2022 Grass 114 yd × 74 yd
(104 m × 68 m) 		38°37′51.7″N 90°12′39.3″W / 38.631028°N 90.210917°W / 38.631028; -90.210917 (Citypark) Open Yes [16][17]
Dick's Sporting Goods Park Colorado Rapids Commerce City, Colorado 2007 18,061 2007 Grass 120 yd × 75 yd
(110 m × 69 m) 		39°48′20″N 104°53′31″W / 39.80556°N 104.89194°W / 39.80556; -104.89194 (Dick's Sporting Goods Park) Open Yes [18]
Dignity Health Sports Park Los Angeles Galaxy Carson, California 2003 27,000 2003 Grass 120 yd × 75 yd
(110 m × 69 m) 		33°51′52″N 118°15′40″W / 33.86444°N 118.26111°W / 33.86444; -118.26111 (Dignity Health Sports Park) Open Yes [19]
Gillette Stadium New England Revolution Foxborough, Massachusetts 2002 20,000
(65,878)		 2002 FieldTurf 115 yd × 75 yd
(105 m × 69 m) 		42°05′27.40″N 71°15′51.64″W / 42.0909444°N 71.2643444°W / 42.0909444; -71.2643444 (Gillette Stadium) Open No [20]
Geodis Park Nashville SC Nashville, Tennessee 2022 30,000 2022 Grass 120 yd × 75 yd
(110 m × 69 m) 		36°7′49″N 86°45′56″W / 36.13028°N 86.76556°W / 36.13028; -86.76556 (Geodis Park) Open Yes
Inter&Co Stadium Orlando City SC Orlando, Florida 2017 25,500 2017 Grass 120 yd × 75 yd
(110 m × 69 m) 		28°37′27.83″N 81°23′20.53″W / 28.6243972°N 81.3890361°W / 28.6243972; -81.3890361 (Exploria Stadium) Open Yes [21]
Lower.com Field Columbus Crew Columbus, Ohio 2021 20,371 2021 Grass 120 yd × 75 yd
(110 m × 69 m) 		39°58′6.46″N 83°1′1.52″W / 39.9684611°N 83.0170889°W / 39.9684611; -83.0170889 (Lower.com Field) Open Yes [22]
Lumen Field Seattle Sounders FC Seattle, Washington 2009 37,722
(68,740)		 2002 FieldTurf 114 yd × 74 yd
(104 m × 68 m) 		47°35′43″N 122°19′54″W / 47.5952°N 122.3316°W / 47.5952; -122.3316 (Lumen Field) Open No [23][24]
Mercedes-Benz Stadium ‡ Atlanta United FC Atlanta, Georgia 2017 42,500
(71,000)		 2017 FieldTurf 115 yd × 75 yd
(105 m × 69 m) 		33°45′19.30″N 84°24′4.29″W / 33.7553611°N 84.4011917°W / 33.7553611; -84.4011917 (Mercedes-Benz Stadium) Retractable No [25]
PayPal Park San Jose Earthquakes San Jose, California 2015 18,000 2015 SISGrass (Hybrid) 115 yd × 75 yd
(105 m × 69 m) 		37°21′5″N 121°55′30″W / 37.35139°N 121.92500°W / 37.35139; -121.92500 (PayPal Park) Open Yes [26]
Providence Park Portland Timbers Portland, Oregon 2011 25,218 1926 FieldTurf 110 yd × 75 yd
(101 m × 69 m) 		45°31′17″N 122°41′30″W / 45.52139°N 122.69167°W / 45.52139; -122.69167 (Providence Park) Open Yes[Note 1] [27][28]
Q2 Stadium Austin FC Austin, Texas 2021 20,738 2021 Grass 115 yd × 75 yd
(105 m × 69 m) 		30°23′17.54″N 97°43′11.51″W / 30.3882056°N 97.7198639°W / 30.3882056; -97.7198639 (Q2 Stadium) Open Yes [29]
Red Bull Arena New York Red Bulls Harrison, New Jersey 2010 25,000 2010 Grass 120 yd × 75 yd
(110 m × 69 m) 		40°44′12″N 74°9′1″W / 40.73667°N 74.15028°W / 40.73667; -74.15028 (Red Bull Arena) Open Yes [30]
Saputo Stadium CF Montréal Montreal, Quebec 2012 19,619 2008 Grass 120 yd × 77 yd
(110 m × 70 m) 		45°33′47″N 73°33′9″W / 45.56306°N 73.55250°W / 45.56306; -73.55250 (Saputo Stadium) Open Yes [31]
Shell Energy Stadium Houston Dynamo FC Houston, Texas 2012 22,039 2012 Grass 115 yd × 73 yd
(105 m × 67 m) 		29°45.132′N 95°21.144′W / 29.752200°N 95.352400°W / 29.752200; -95.352400 (BBVA Stadium) Open Yes [32][33][34]
Soldier Field Chicago Fire FC Chicago, Illinois 1998 24,955
(61,500)		 1924 Grass 114 yd × 74 yd
(104 m × 68 m) 		41°51′44″N 87°37′00″W / 41.8623°N 87.6167°W / 41.8623; -87.6167 (Soldier Field) Open No [35]
Subaru Park Philadelphia Union Chester, Pennsylvania 2010 18,500 2010 Grass 120 yd × 75 yd
(110 m × 69 m) 		39°49′56″N 75°22′44″W / 39.83222°N 75.37889°W / 39.83222; -75.37889 (Subaru Park) Open Yes [36]
Toyota Stadium FC Dallas Frisco, Texas 2005 19,096 2005 Grass 117 yd × 74 yd
(107 m × 68 m) 		33°9′16″N 96°50′7″W / 33.15444°N 96.83528°W / 33.15444; -96.83528 (Toyota Stadium) Open Yes [37][38]
TQL Stadium FC Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio 2021 26,000 2021 Hybrid grass 110 yd × 75 yd
(101 m × 69 m) 		39°06′41″N 84°31′20″W / 39.11139°N 84.52222°W / 39.11139; -84.52222 (TQL Stadium) Open Yes [39]
Yankee Stadium New York City FC Bronx, New York 2015 30,321
(47,309)		 2009 Grass 110 yd × 70 yd
(101 m × 64 m) 		40°49′45″N 73°55′35″W / 40.82917°N 73.92639°W / 40.82917; -73.92639 (Yankee Stadium) Open No [40]

^1 Providence Park began as a track and field stadium and later was used as a minor league baseball stadium, which was converted to primarily soccer use in 2011. It occasionally has and still hosts collegiate American football games.

Future stadiums

The following is a table of future MLS stadiums that are undergoing construction, have been approved for construction, or are existing venues that are planned to be used by a future team.

The New England Revolution have reportedly been in negotiations over a potential site in Everett.[41]

Soccer-specific stadium
Reduced capacity
(Full capacity)
‡ Stadiums with a retractable roof
Stadium Team Location Capacity Construction
begin 		Planned
opening 		Surface Roof type Soccer specific Ref(s)
Miami Freedom Park Inter Miami CF Miami, Florida 25,000 2023 2025 Grass Open Yes [42][43]
New York City FC Stadium New York City FC Queens, New York 25,000 2027 Open Yes [44]
Snapdragon Stadium San Diego FC San Diego, California 35,000 2020 2025 Grass Open No [45]

Former stadiums

The following is a list of former MLS stadiums.

Soccer-specific stadium
Reduced capacity
(Full capacity)
Image Stadium Franchise(s) Location Used for MLS Capacity Opened Surface Ref(s)
Arrowhead Stadium Kansas City Wizards Kansas City, Missouri 1996–2007 20,269
(79,451)[note 2]		 1972 Grass
Bobby Dodd Stadium Atlanta United FC Atlanta 2017 55,000 1913 Grass
Buck Shaw Stadium San Jose Earthquakes Santa Clara, California 2008–2014 10,525 1962 Grass [46]
Camping World Stadium Orlando City SC Orlando, Florida 2015–2016 19,500
(65,438)		 1936 AstroTurf [47]
Cardinal Stadium Chicago Fire Naperville, Illinois 2002–2003 15,000 1999 FieldTurf
CommunityAmerica Ballpark Kansas City Wizards Kansas City, Kansas 2008–2010 10,385 2003 Grass
Cotton Bowl Dallas Burn Dallas 1996–2002, 2004–2005 25,425
(92,100)		 1932 Grass
Dragon Stadium Dallas Burn Southlake, Texas 2003 11,000 2001
Empire Field Vancouver Whitecaps FC Vancouver 2011 20,500 2010 FieldTurf [48]
Foxboro Stadium New England Revolution Foxborough, Massachusetts 1996–2001 24,871
(60,292)		 1971 Grass
Giants Stadium New York Red Bulls
NY/NJ MetroStars		 East Rutherford, New Jersey 1996–2009 25,576
(78,148)		 1976 Grass; AstroTurf; FieldTurf
Historic Crew Stadium Columbus Crew Columbus, Ohio 1999–2021 19,968 1999 Grass [49][50]
Invesco Field at Mile High Colorado Rapids Denver 2002–2006 17,500
(76,125)		 2001 Grass
Mile High Stadium Colorado Rapids Denver 1996–2001 17,500
(76,273)		 1948 Grass
Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium D.C. United Annapolis, Maryland 2018 34,000 1959 FieldTurf [51]
Nippert Stadium FC Cincinnati Cincinnati 2019–2021 32,250
(40,000)		 1915 Act Global UBU Sports Speed M6-M [52]
Nissan Stadium Nashville SC Nashville 2020–2021 N/A
(69,143)		 1999 Grass
Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum San Jose Earthquakes Oakland, California 2008–2009 47,416
(63,132)		 1966 Grass [46]
Ohio Stadium Columbus Crew Columbus, Ohio 1996–1998 25,243
(104,944)		 1922 Grass [53][54][55]
RFK Stadium D.C. United Washington, D.C. 1996–2017 20,000
(45,596)		 1961 Grass [56]
Rice–Eccles Stadium Real Salt Lake Salt Lake City 2005–2008 24,521
(45,634)		 1927 FieldTurf
Robertson Stadium Houston Dynamo Houston 2006–2011 25,462
(32,000)		 1941 Grass
Rose Bowl Los Angeles Galaxy Pasadena, California 1996–2002, 2023 26,000 82,110
(104,091)		 1922 Grass
SeatGeek Stadium Chicago Fire Bridgeview, Illinois 2006–2019 20,000 2006 Grass [57]
Spartan Stadium San Jose Earthquakes San Jose, California 1996–2005 19,166
(31,218)		 1933 Grass [46]
TCF Bank Stadium Minnesota United FC Minneapolis 2017–2018 21,895
(50,805)		 2009 FieldTurf

Defunct teams

Reduced capacity
(Full capacity)
Image Stadium Team(s) Location Used for MLS Capacity Opened Surface Field Dimensions Ref(s)
Houlihan's Stadium Tampa Bay Mutiny Tampa, Florida 1996–1998 16,000
(65,857)		 1967 Grass unknown
Lockhart Stadium (1959) Miami Fusion Fort Lauderdale, Florida 1998–2002 20,450 1959 Grass 116 by 75 yards (106 m × 69 m)
Raymond James Stadium Tampa Bay Mutiny Tampa, Florida 1999–2002 32,000
(65,857)		 1998 Grass 115 by 72 yards (105 m × 66 m)
StubHub Center Chivas USA Carson, California 2005–2014 (Chivas USA) 18,800
(27,000)		 2003 Grass 120 by 75 yards (110 m × 69 m) [19]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Full MLS capacity, portion used by CFL: 25,000
  2. ^ For most of the Wizards' history at Arrowhead, the team did not sell tickets in most of the stadium. At different times, either one side of the stadium or the upper seating bowl was tarped off.

References

  1. ^ Schneider, Keith (June 30, 2020). "As Major League Soccer Expands, Teams Are Getting New Homes". The New York Times. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  2. ^ Ruthven, Graham (April 10, 2020). "Fake plastic unease: Can MLS become a world-class league on artificial turf?". The Guardian. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
  3. ^ Wallerson, Ryan (May 28, 2015). "Yankee Stadium Dimensions Cramping New York City FC's Style". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  4. ^ Marrilees, Annika; Kukujan, Steph (October 25, 2022). "Centene backs out of St. Louis soccer stadium naming deal". stltoday.com. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
  5. ^ "Allianz Field". Minnesota United FC. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
  6. ^ "2010 MLS Fact Sheet" (PDF). Retrieved August 28, 2012.[permanent dead link]
  7. ^ Goff, Steven. "D.C. United strikes deal with Audi for stadium naming rights". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  8. ^ MLS, Staff. "DC council unanimously approves stadium plan". MLS.com. MLS. Archived from the original on December 19, 2014. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  9. ^ Spanberg, Erik (February 11, 2022). "Charlotte FC moving closer to sellout for season opener at Bank of America Stadium". Charlotte Business Journal. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
  10. ^ "BC Place". Vancouver Whitecaps FC. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
  11. ^ Constantineau, Bruce (September 24, 2011). "Empire falls, Whitecaps hope BC Place provides kick-start". The Province. Retrieved September 24, 2011.[permanent dead link]
  12. ^ Armstrong, Laura (May 7, 2016). "TFC groundskeeper at BMO Field on the hot seat". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on June 4, 2016. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
  13. ^ "Banc of California Stadium Facts". LAFC. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
  14. ^ "Inter Miami CF To Make Historic MLS Home Debut on March 14, 2020". InterMiamiCF.com. November 13, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  15. ^ "Sporting Park Fact Sheet". Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  16. ^ Barker, Jacob (August 25, 2019). "'Clearly a better deal': City taxpayers' opposition to 2017 MLS stadium plan worked out in long run". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
  17. ^ Timmermann, Tom. "Green light: St. Louis City SC wants a field that will wow from the start". STLtoday.com. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  18. ^ "An A-Z Directory of Facility Services for our Guests" (PDF). Dick's Sporting Goods Park. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2014. Retrieved May 24, 2014.
  19. ^ a b "The Home Depot Center". The Home Depot Center. Archived from the original on May 23, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
  20. ^ "Gillette Stadium Overview". revolutionsoccer.net. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
  21. ^ de los Rios, Gabriel; Calderon, Rudy. "All 22 MLS stadiums for the 2017 season". Major League Soccer. Archived from the original on March 4, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  22. ^ Bush, Bill; Myers, Jacob (October 10, 2019). "Crew breaks ground on new stadium in Arena District". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
  23. ^ Romero, José Miguel (January 23, 2010). "Success in the second season won't be easy for Sounders FC". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on January 27, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2010.
  24. ^ Smith, Rob (July 19, 2002). "Close to the action: Fans come first in Seahawks Stadium". Puget Sound Business Journal. Archived from the original on June 19, 2004. Retrieved April 14, 2004.
  25. ^ Carlisle, Jeff. "Atlanta introduced as MLS' 22nd team". espnfc.com. ESPN FC. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
  26. ^ "San Jose Earthquakes: Team makes inroads with fans, plans to 'strive to be best' on field". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  27. ^ Orr, Michael A. (December 31, 2013). "Timbers Expanding Width of Field to 75 Yards". Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
  28. ^ "2015 Portland Timbers Game Recap". Archived from the original on March 26, 2015.
  29. ^ Hatch, Charlie. "Precourt Sports Ventures and City of Austin complete landmark stadium agreement to bring Major League Soccer to Austin" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 20, 2018. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
  30. ^ "Stadium Facts". Red Bull Arena. Archived from the original on February 18, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
  31. ^ "Stade Saputo". impactmontreal.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
  32. ^ "Dynamo Stadium 2012". Houston Dynamo. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
  33. ^ "BBVA Compass Stadium's pitch size draws ire". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 22, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
  34. ^ "Houston Dynamo widen BBVA Compass Stadium pitch as pass-and-move mindset brings "different direction"". Houston Dynamo. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
  35. ^ Sigal, Jonathan (September 13, 2019). "Chicago Fire announce ownership change and relocation". Major League Soccer. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
  36. ^ "About Subaru Park". Philadelphia Union. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  37. ^ "About Toyota Stadium". FC Dallas. Archived from the original on September 12, 2013.
  38. ^ "FC Dallas Training Report: 3/23". March 23, 2011. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014.
  39. ^ "FC Cincinnati announces timeline for West End stadium". The Enquirer. June 29, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  40. ^ "New York City FC outline plans for Yankee Stadium's baseball-to-soccer conversion". MLSsoccer.com. Major League Soccer. Archived from the original on April 23, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
  41. ^ Moore, Mary (March 25, 2015). "Kraft soccer stadium push complicates Boston 2024 plans for Widett Circle". Boston Business Journal. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
  42. ^ "David Beckham's MLS team unveil plans for $966m stadium in Miami". The Guardian. October 22, 2019. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
  43. ^ "Construction Begins on Miami Freedom Park; Inter Miami CF Stadium Set to Open in 2025 | Inter Miami CF". intermiamicf. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  44. ^ "NYCFC, NYC reach deal to build soccer stadium in Queens". November 15, 2022.
  45. ^ Reineking, Jim (May 18, 2023). "San Diego will be home to MLS expansion team, pushing league to 30 clubs". USA Today. Retrieved May 18, 2023.
  46. ^ a b c "History". San Jose Earthquakes. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
  47. ^ "MAJOR LEAGUE SOCCER AWARDS EXPANSION TEAM TO ORLANDO". Orlandocitysoccer.com. Orlando City SC. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved December 9, 2013.
  48. ^ "Empire Field". Vancouver Whitecaps FC. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
  49. ^ "Crew Stadium". Columbus Crew. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
  50. ^ "Mapfre no more: Columbus Crew seeks new naming-rights partner for historic stadium". Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  51. ^ "D.C. United holds off Columbus Crew SC in Annapolis". ESPN FC. April 15, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
  52. ^ Brennan, Patrick (May 29, 2018). "It's official: FC Cincinnati has joined MLS, will begin play in 2019". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
  53. ^ Merz, Craig (April 17, 1996). "Crew Won't Increase 'Shoe Size; for Now, Capacity Will Remain as Is". Columbus Dispatch. p. 3H.
  54. ^ "Crew Wins 8th Straight; More than 31,000 Fans See Columbus' 2–0 Win Over the MetroStars". Columbus Dispatch. April 14, 1996. p. 1E.
  55. ^ "Ohio Stadium". Ohio State Buckeyes. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2011.
  56. ^ "U.S. vs. Germany: RFK or FedEx?". The Washington Post. January 9, 2013.
  57. ^ "toyotapark.com – A-Z/FAQ's". Archived from the original on April 27, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2007.
Categories