A selection of Mesopotamian rulers: Ur-Nanshe of Lagash (top left; c. 2500 BC), Naram-Sin of Akkad (top right; c. 2254–2218 BC), Marduk-nadin-ahhe of Babylon (bottom left; c. 1095–1078 BC), and Sargon II of Assyria (bottom right; 722–705 BC)

The history of Mesopotamia extends from the Lower Paleolithic period until the establishment of the Caliphate in the late 7th century AD, after which the region came to be known as Iraq. This list covers dynasties and monarchs of Mesopotamia up until the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 539 BC, after which native Mesopotamian monarchs never again ruled the region.

The earliest records of writing are known from the Uruk period (or "Protoliterate period") in the 4th millennium BC, with documentation of actual historical events, and the ancient history of the region, being known from the middle of the third millennium BC onwards, alongside cuneiform records written by early kings. This period, known as the Early Dynastic Period, is typically subdivided into three: 2900–2750 BC (ED I), 2750–2600 BC (ED II) and 2600–2350 BC (ED III),^[1] and was followed by Akkadian (~2350–2100 BC) and Neo-Sumerian (2112–2004 BC) periods, after which Mesopotamia was most often divided between Assyria in the north and Babylonia in the south. In 609 BC, after about a century of the kings of the Neo-Assyrian Empire ruling both Assyria and Babylonia, the Neo-Babylonian Empire destroyed Assyria and became the sole power in Mesopotamia. The conquest of Babylon by the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC initiated centuries of Iranian rule (under the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sasanian empires), which was only briefly interrupted by the Hellenistic Argeads and Seleucids (331–141 BC) and the Roman Empire (AD 116–117).

This list follows the middle chronology, the most widely used chronology of Mesopotamian history.

Early dynastic period (c. 2900–2350 BC)

Before the rise of the Akkadian Empire in the 24th century BC, Mesopotamia was fragmented into a number of city states. Whereas some surviving Mesopotamian documents, such as the Sumerian King List, describe this period as one where there was only one legitimate king at any one given time, and kingship was transferred from city to city sequentially, the historical reality was that there were often many political leaders at any one given time.^[2] The Sumerian King List is generally not regarded as historically reliable given the exaggerated reign lengths (some rulers are described as ruling for hundreds or even thousands of years) and the fact that out of the massive amount of pre-Akkadian rulers listed in the SKL, very few are actually attested in surviving evidence from the Early Dynastic period.^[3] It is considered most appropriate by modern scholars to rely solely on actual Early Dynastic sources for reconstructing historical events during the Early Dynastic period.^[4] As such, the table below only lists rulers whose existence is attested by other more contemporary sources.

Century	Kish	Uruk	Ur	Lagash	Umma	Adab
c. 2600s BC	Enmebaragesi^[5]Aga of Kish Uhub Mesilim Meskiagnun^[3] Elulu^[3]	Gilgamesh^[3]^[5]	A-Imdugud Ur-Pabilsag Meskalamdug^[6] Akalamdug^[6] Mesannepada^[3] A'annepada^[6] Meskiagnun^[3] Elulu^[3]
c. 2500s BC				En-hegal Lugalshaengur Ur-Nanshe^[6] Akurgal^[6]	Pabilgagaltuku Ush
c. 2400s BC	Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi	Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi	Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi	Eannatum^[6] Enannatum I^[6] Entemena^[6] Enannatum II^[6] Enentarzi^[6]	Enakalle Ur-Lumma Il Gishakidu Edin Meanedu Ushurdu	Lugal-Anne-Mundu Mug-si E-iginimpa'e
c. 2300s BC	Lugal-zage-si^[3]	Enshakushanna Lugal-zage-si^[3]	Lugalanda^[6] Urukagina Lugal-zage-si^[3]	Lugalanda^[6] Urukagina Lugal-zage-si^[3]	Ukush Lugal-zage-si^[3]	Meskigal Lugal-zage-si^[3]

Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian periods (c. 2334–2004 BC)

Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Name	Reign	Name	Reign	Ref
Akkad			Gutium		Lagash		Uruk / Ur
Sargonic dynasty
Sargon	c. 2334–2279 BC	^[7]
Rimush	c. 2278–2270 BC	^[7]
Manishtushu	c. 2269–2255 BC	^[7]			Second dynasty of Lagash
Naram-Sin	c. 2254–2218 BC	^[7]	Gutian dynasty		Lugal-ushumgal	c. 2230–2210 BC
Shar-Kali-Sharri	c. 2217–2193 BC	^[7]	Erridupizir	c. 2220–2202 BC	Puzer-Mama	around 2210 BC	Fourth dynasty of Uruk
			Imta	c. 2202–2199 BC	Ur-Ningirsu I	around 2200 BC	Ur-nigin	around 2200 BC
			Imta	c. 2202–2199 BC	Pirig-me	around 2200 BC	Ur-gigir	around 2200 BC
			Inkishush	c. 2199–2195 BC			Ur-gigir	around 2200 BC
Igigi (non-dynastic)	c. 2193 BC	^[7]	Sarlagab	c. 2195–2192 BC			Kuda	uncertain
Imi (non-dynastic)	c. 2192 BC	^[7]	Shulme	c. 2192–2186 BC	Lu-Baba	uncertain	Puzur-ili	uncertain
Nanum (non-dynastic)	c. 2191 BC	^[7]			Lu-Baba	uncertain	Puzur-ili	uncertain
Ilulu (non-dynastic)	c. 2190 BC	^[7]			Lugula	uncertain	Ur-Utu	uncertain
Dudu	c. 2189–2169 BC	^[7]	Elulmesh	c. 2186–2180 BC
			Inimabakesh	c. 2180–2175 BC
			Igeshaush	c. 2175–2169 BC	Kaku	uncertain
Shu-turul	c. 2168–2154 BC	^[7]	Yarlagab	c. 2169–2154 BC
Akkad defeated by the Gutians			Yarlagab	c. 2169–2154 BC
			Ibate	c. 2154–2151 BC	Ur-Baba	c. 2157–2144 BC
			Yarla	c. 2151–2148 BC
			Kurum	c. 2148–2147 BC
			Apilkin	c. 2147–2144 BC
			La-erabum	c. 2144–2142 BC	Gudea	c. 2144–2124 BC
			Irarum	c. 2142–2140 BC
			Ibranum	c. 2140–2139 BC
			Hablum	c. 2139–2137 BC
			Puzur-Suen	c. 2137–2130 BC
			Yarlaganda	c. 2130–2123 BC
			Si'um	c. 2123–2116 BC	Ur-Ningirsu II	c. 2124–2119 BC	Fifth dynasty of Uruk
			Tirigan	c. 2116 BC	Ur-gar	c. 2117–2113 BC	Utu-hengal	c. 2119–2113 BC
Gutians defeated by Utu-Hengal of Uruk					Ur-gar	c. 2117–2113 BC	Third dynasty of Ur
					Nam-mahani	c. 2113–2110 BC	Ur-Nammu	c. 2112–2095 BC	^[8]
					Lagash defeated by Ur-Nammu of Ur		Shulgi	c. 2094–2047 BC	^[8]
							Amar-Sin	c. 2046–2038 BC	^[8]
							Shu-Sin	c. 2037–2029 BC	^[8]
							Ibbi-Sin	c. 2028–2004 BC	^[8]

Isin–Larsa and rise of Babylon (c. 2025–1750 BC)

Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref
Southern Mesopotamia												Northern Mesopotamia
Isin			Larsa			Babylon			Uruk			Eshnunna			Assyria
First dynasty of Isin			Dynasty of Larsa									Dynasty of Eshnunna			Puzur-Ashur dynasty
Ishbi-Erra	c. 2017–1985 BC	^[8]	Naplanum	c. 2025–2005 BC	^[8]							Ituria	uncertain	^[9]	Puzur-Ashur I^[a]	uncertain	^[10]
Ishbi-Erra	c. 2017–1985 BC	^[8]	Emisum	c. 2004–1977 BC	^[8]							Ilushuilia	uncertain	^[9]	Shalim-ahum	uncertain	^[10]
Shu-Ilishu	c. 1984–1975 BC	^[8]	Emisum	c. 2004–1977 BC	^[8]							Nurakhum	uncertain	^[9]	Ilu-shuma	uncertain	^[10]
Iddin-Dagan	c. 1974–1954 BC	^[8]	Samium	c. 1976–1942 BC	^[8]							Kirikiri	uncertain	^[9]	Erishum I	c. 1974–1935 BC	^[10]
Ishme-Dagan	c. 1953–1935 BC	^[8]	Zabaia	c. 1941–1933 BC	^[8]							Bilalama	uncertain	^[9]	Erishum I	c. 1974–1935 BC	^[10]
Lipit-Eshtar	c. 1934–1924 BC	^[8]	Gungunum	c. 1932–1906 BC	^[8]							Azuzum	uncertain	^[9]	Ikunum	c. 1934–1921 BC	^[10]
Ur-Ninurta	c. 1923–1896 BC	^[8]	Abisare	c. 1905–1895 BC	^[8]	Amorite dynasty (Dynasty I)						Ipiq-Adad I	uncertain	^[9]	Sargon I	c. 1920–1881 BC	^[10]
Bur-Suen	c. 1895–1874 BC	^[8]	Sumuel	c. 1894–1866 BC	^[8]	Sumu-abum	c. 1894–1881 BC	^[11]				Shiqlanum	uncertain	^[9]	Sargon I	c. 1920–1881 BC	^[10]
Lipit-Enlil	c. 1873–1869 BC	^[8]	Sumuel	c. 1894–1866 BC	^[8]	Sumu-abum	c. 1894–1881 BC	^[11]				Abdi-Erah	uncertain	^[9]	Puzur-Ashur II	c. 1880–1873 BC	^[10]
Erra-imitti	c. 1868–1861 BC	^[8]	Nur-Adad	c. 1865–1850 BC	^[8]	Sumu-la-El	c. 1880–1845 BC	^[11]	Sixth dynasty of Uruk			Belakum	uncertain	^[9]	Puzur-Ashur II	c. 1880–1873 BC	^[10]
Enlil-bani	c. 1860–1837 BC	^[8]	Sin-Iddinam	c. 1849–1843 BC	^[8]	Sumu-la-El	c. 1880–1845 BC	^[11]	Sin-kashid	uncertain	^[12]	Warassa	uncertain	^[9]	Naram-Sin	c. 1872–1829 BC	^[10]
Zambiya	c. 1836–1834 BC	^[8]	Sin-Eribam	c. 1842–1841 BC	^[8]	Sabium	c. 1844–1831 BC	^[11]	Sin-eribam	uncertain	^[12]	Ibal-pi-El I	uncertain	^[9]
Iter-pisha	c. 1833–1831 BC	^[8]	Sin-Iqisham	c. 1840–1836 BC	^[8]				Sin-gamil	uncertain	^[12]	Ipiq-Adad II	uncertain	^[9]
Iter-pisha	c. 1833–1831 BC	^[8]	Silli-Adad	c. 1835 BC	^[8]				Anam	uncertain	^[12]	Naram-Sin	uncertain	^[9]
Ur-du-kuga	c. 1830–1828 BC	^[8]	Warad-Sin	c. 1834–1823 BC	^[13]				Irdanene	uncertain	^[12]	Dadusha	uncertain	^[9]
Suen-magir	c. 1827–1817 BC	^[8]	Rim-Sin I^[b]	c. 1822–1763 BC	^[13]	Apil-Sin	c. 1830–1813 BC	^[11]	Rim-Anum	uncertain	^[12]	Ibal-pi-El II	c. 1762 BC	^[9]	Erishum II	c. 1828–1809 BC	^[10]
Suen-magir	c. 1827–1817 BC	^[8]				Apil-Sin	c. 1830–1813 BC	^[11]	Rim-Anum	uncertain	^[12]				Shamshi-Adad dynasty
Damiq-ilishu	c. 1816–1794 BC	^[8]				Sin-Muballit	c. 1812–1793 BC	^[11]	Nabi-ilishu	c. 1802 BC	^[12]				Shamshi-Adad I	c. 1808–1776 BC	^[10]
Isin defeated by Rim-Sin I of Larsa						Sin-Muballit	c. 1812–1793 BC	^[11]							Shamshi-Adad I	c. 1808–1776 BC	^[10]
Isin defeated by Rim-Sin I of Larsa						Hammurabi	c. 1792–1750 BC	^[11]	Uruk defeated by Hammurabi of Babylon			Eshnunna defeated by Siwepalarhuhpak of Elam			Ishme-Dagan I	c. 1775–1735 BC	^[10]
Larsa defeated by Hammurabi of Babylon

Fragmentation of Babylonia (c. 1749–1475 BC)

Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref
Southern Mesopotamia (Babylonia)									Northern Mesopotamia
Babylon			Kassites			Sealand			Assyria
Amorite dynasty (Dynasty I; continued)			Kassite dynasty (Dynasty III)			First Sealand dynasty (Dynasty II)			Shamshi-Adad dynasty (continued)
Samsu-iluna	c. 1749–1712 BC	^[11]	Gandash	c. 1729–1704 BC	^[14]	Ilum-ma-ili	c. 1725–? BC	^[15]	Mut-Ashkur	uncertain	^[16]
Samsu-iluna	c. 1749–1712 BC	^[11]	Gandash	c. 1729–1704 BC	^[14]	Ilum-ma-ili	c. 1725–? BC	^[15]	Rimush	uncertain	^[16]
Abi-Eshuh	c. 1711–1684 BC	^[11]	Agum I	c. 1703–1682 BC	^[14]	Itti-ili-nibi	uncertain	^[15]	Asinum	uncertain	^[16]
									Seven usurpers
									Ashur-dugul	uncertain	^[16]
									Ashur-apla-idi		^[16]
									Nasir-Sin		^[16]
									Sin-namir		^[16]
									Ipqi-Ishtar		^[16]
									Adad-salulu		^[16]
									Adasi		^[16]
									Adaside dynasty
						Damqi-ilishu	uncertain	^[15]	Bel-bani	c. 1700–1691 BC	^[16]
			Kashtiliash I	c. 1681–1660 BC	^[14]	Damqi-ilishu	uncertain	^[15]	Libaya	c. 1691–1674 BC	^[16]
Ammi-Ditana	c. 1683–1647 BC	^[11]	Abi-Rattash	uncertain	^[17]	Ishkibal	uncertain	^[15]	Sharma-Adad I	c. 1673–1662 BC	^[16]
Ammi-Ditana	c. 1683–1647 BC	^[11]				Ishkibal	uncertain	^[15]	Iptar-Sin	c. 1661–1650 BC	^[16]
Ammi-Saduqa	c. 1646–1626 BC	^[11]				Shushushi	uncertain	^[15]	Bazaya	c. 1649–1622 BC	^[16]
Samsu-Ditana	c. 1625–1595 BC	^[11]	Kashtiliash II	uncertain	^[17]	Gulkishar	uncertain	^[15]	Lullaya	c. 1621–1616 BC	^[16]
									Shu-Ninua	c. 1615–1602 BC	^[16]
									Sharma-Adad II	c. 1601–1598 BC	^[16]
Babylon destroyed by the Hittites			Urzigurumash	uncertain	^[17]	Peshgaldaramesh	c. 1599–1549 BC	^[15]	Erishum III	c. 1598–1586 BC	^[16]
			Agum II	uncertain	^[17]				Shamshi-Adad II	c. 1585–1580 BC	^[16]
			Harba-Shipak	uncertain	^[17]				Ishme-Dagan II	c. 1580–1564 BC	^[16]
Kassite dynasty (Dynasty III)			Shipta'ulzi	uncertain	^[17]				Shamshi-Adad III	c. 1564–1548 BC	^[16]
Burnaburiash I^[c]	c. 1530–1500 BC	^[18]	Burnaburiash I	c. 1530–1500 BC	^[18]	Ayadaragalama	c. 1548–1520 BC	^[15]	Ashur-nirari I	c. 1548–1522 BC	^[16]
Burnaburiash I^[c]	c. 1530–1500 BC	^[18]	Burnaburiash I	c. 1530–1500 BC	^[18]	Akurduana	c. 1519–1493 BC	^[15]	Puzur-Ashur III	c. 1522–1498 BC	^[16]
Ulamburiash	around 1475 BC	^[17]	Ulamburiash	around 1475 BC	^[17]	Melamkurkurra	c. 1492–1485 BC	^[15]	Enlil-nasir I	c. 1498–1485 BC	^[16]
Ulamburiash	around 1475 BC	^[17]	Ulamburiash	around 1475 BC	^[17]	Ea-gamil	c. 1484–1475 BC	^[15]	Nur-ili	c. 1485–1473 BC	^[16]

Babylonia and rising Assyria (c. 1475–539 BC)

Main articles: List of kings of Babylon and List of Assyrian kings

Name	Reign	Ref	Name	Reign	Ref
Babylonia			Assyria
Kassite dynasty (Dynasty III; continued)			Adaside dynasty (continued)
Ulamburiash^[d]	around 1475 BC	^[17]	Ashur-shaduni	c. 1473 BC	^[16]
Kashtiliash III	uncertain	^[17]	Ashur-rabi I	c. 1473–1453 BC	^[16]
Kashtiliash III	uncertain	^[17]	Ashur-nadin-ahhe I	c. 1453–1431 BC	^[16]
Agum III	uncertain	^[17]	Enlil-nasir II	c. 1430–1425 BC	^[16]
Agum III	uncertain	^[17]	Ashur-nirari II	c. 1424–1418 BC	^[16]
Karaindash	around 1415 BC	^[17]	Ashur-bel-nisheshu	c. 1417–1409 BC	^[16]
Karaindash	around 1415 BC	^[17]	Ashur-rim-nisheshu	c. 1408–1401 BC	^[16]
Kadashman-Harbe I	around 1400 BC	^[17]	Ashur-nadin-ahhe II	c. 1400–1391 BC	^[16]
Kadashman-Harbe I	around 1400 BC	^[17]	Eriba-Adad I	c. 1390–1364 BC	^[16]
Kurigalzu I	uncertain	^[17]	Ashur-uballit I^[e]	c. 1363–1328 BC	^[19]
Kadashman-Enlil I	c. 1374–1360 BC	^[17]
Burnaburiash II	c. 1359–1333 BC	^[17]
Kara-hardash	c. 1333 BC	^[17]	Enlil-nirari	c. 1327–1318 BC	^[19]
Nazi-Bugash	c. 1333 BC	^[17]	Enlil-nirari	c. 1327–1318 BC	^[19]
Kurigalzu II	c. 1332–1308 BC	^[17]	Arik-den-ili	c. 1317–1306 BC	^[19]
Nazi-Maruttash	c. 1307–1282 BC	^[17]	Adad-nirari I	c. 1305–1274 BC	^[19]
Kadashman-Turgu	c. 1281–1264 BC	^[17]	Shalmaneser I	c. 1273–1244 BC	^[19]
Kadashman-Enlil II	c. 1263–1255 BC	^[17]
Kudur-Enlil	c. 1254–1246 BC	^[17]
Shagarakti-Shuriash	c. 1245–1233 BC	^[17]	Tukulti-Ninurta I	c. 1243–1207 BC	^[19]
Kashtiliash IV	c. 1232–1225 BC	^[17]
Enlil-nadin-shumi	c. 1224 BC	^[17]
Kadashman-Harbe II	c. 1223 BC	^[17]
Adad-shuma-iddina	c. 1222–1217 BC	^[17]
Adad-shuma-usur	c. 1216–1187 BC	^[17]	Ashur-nadin-apli	c. 1206–1203 BC	^[19]
			Ashur-nirari III	c. 1202–1197 BC	^[19]
			Enlil-kudurri-usur	c. 1196–1192 BC	^[19]
Meli-Shipak	c. 1186–1172 BC	^[17]	Ninurta-apal-Ekur	c. 1191–1179 BC	^[19]
Marduk-apla-iddina I	c. 1171–1159 BC	^[17]	Ashur-dan I	c. 1178–1133 BC	^[10]
Zababa-shuma-iddin	c. 1158 BC	^[17]
Enlil-nadin-ahi	c. 1157–1155 BC	^[17]
Second dynasty of Isin (Dynasty IV)
Marduk-kabit-ahheshu	c. 1153–1136 BC	^[20]
Itti-Marduk-balatu	c. 1135–1128 BC	^[20]	Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur	c. 1132 BC	^[10]
Itti-Marduk-balatu	c. 1135–1128 BC	^[20]	Mutakkil-nusku	c. 1132 BC	^[10]
Ninurta-nadin-shumi	c. 1127–1122 BC	^[20]	Ashur-resh-ishi I	1132–1115 BC	^[10]
Nebuchadnezzar I	c. 1121–1100 BC	^[20]	Tiglath-Pileser I	1114–1076 BC	^[10]
Enlil-nadin-apli	c. 1099–1096 BC	^[20]
Marduk-nadin-ahhe	c. 1095–1078 BC	^[20]
Marduk-shapik-zeri	c. 1077–1065 BC	^[20]	Asharid-apal-Ekur	1075–1074 BC	^[10]
Adad-apla-iddina	c. 1064–1043 BC	^[20]	Ashur-bel-kala	1073–1056 BC	^[10]
			Eriba-Adad II	1055–1054 BC	^[10]
			Shamshi-Adad IV	1053–1050 BC	^[10]
Marduk-ahhe-eriba	c. 1042 BC	^[20]	Ashurnasirpal I	1049–1031 BC	^[10]
Marduk-zer-X	c. 1041–1030 BC	^[20]	Ashurnasirpal I	1049–1031 BC	^[10]
Nabu-shum-libur	c. 1029–1022 BC	^[20]	Shalmaneser II	1030–1019 BC	^[10]
Second Sealand dynasty (Dynasty V)			Ashur-nirari IV	1018–1013 BC	^[10]
Simbar-shipak	c. 1021–1004 BC	^[21]	Ashur-nirari IV	1018–1013 BC	^[10]
Ea-mukin-zeri	c. 1004 BC	^[21]	Ashur-rabi II	1012–972 BC	^[10]
Kashshu-nadin-ahi	c. 1003–1001 BC	^[21]
Bazi dynasty (Dynasty VI)
Eulmash-shakin-shumi	c. 1000–984 BC	^[21]
Ninurta-kudurri-usur I	c. 983–981 BC	^[21]
Shirikti-shuqamuna	c. 981 BC	^[21]
Elamite dynasty (Dynasty VII)
Mar-biti-apla-usur	c. 980–975 BC	^[21]
Dynasty of E (Dynasty VIII)
Nabu-mukin-apli	c. 974–939 BC	^[22]	Ashur-resh-ishi II	971–967 BC	^[10]
Nabu-mukin-apli	c. 974–939 BC	^[22]	Tiglath-Pileser II	967–935 BC	^[10]
Ninurta-kudurri-usur II	c. 939 BC	^[22]	Ashur-dan II	935–912 BC	^[10]
Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina	c. 938–? BC	^[22]
Shamash-mudammiq	c. ?–901 BC	^[22]
Nabu-shuma-ukin I	c. 900–887 BC	^[22]	Adad-nirari II^[f]	912–891 BC	^[10]
Nabu-apla-iddina	c. 886–853 BC	^[22]	Tukulti-Ninurta II	891–884 BC	^[10]
Marduk-zakir-shumi I	c. 852–825 BC	^[22]	Ashurnasirpal II	884–859 BC	^[10]
Marduk-zakir-shumi I	c. 852–825 BC	^[22]	Shalmaneser III	859–824 BC	^[10]
Marduk-balassu-iqbi	c. 824–813 BC	^[22]	Shamshi-Adad V	824–811 BC	^[10]
Baba-aha-iddina	c. 813–812 BC	^[22]	Adad-nirari III	811–783 BC	^[10]
Ninurta-apla-X	uncertain	^[22]
Marduk-bel-zeri	uncertain	^[22]
Marduk-apla-usur	uncertain	^[22]	Shalmaneser IV	783–773 BC	^[10]
Eriba-Marduk	c. 769–760 BC	^[22]	Ashur-dan III	773–755 BC	^[10]
Nabu-shuma-ishkun	c. 760–748 BC	^[22]	Ashur-nirari V	755–745 BC	^[10]
Nabonassar	748–734 BC	^[22]	Tiglath-Pileser III	745–727 BC	^[10]
Nabu-nadin-zeri	734–732 BC	^[22]
Nabu-shuma-ukin II	732 BC	^[22]
Nabu-mukin-zeri^[g] (non-dynastic)	732–729 BC	^[23]
Adaside dynasty (also in Assyria)
Tiglath-Pileser III	729–727 BC	^[23]
Shalmaneser V	727–722 BC	^[23]	Shalmaneser V	727–722 BC	^[10]
Sargonid dynasty
Marduk-apla-iddina II^[h] (non-dynastic)	722–710 BC	^[23]	Sargon II	722–705 BC	^[10]
Sargon II	710–705 BC	^[23]	Sargon II	722–705 BC	^[10]
Sennacherib	705–703 BC	^[23]	Sennacherib	705–681 BC	^[10]
Marduk-zakir-shumi II (non-dynastic)	703 BC	^[23]
Marduk-apla-iddina II^[h] (non-dynastic)	703 BC	^[23]
Bel-ibni^[i] (vassal king)	703–700 BC	^[23]
Ashur-nadin-shumi	700–694 BC	^[23]
Nergal-ushezib^[i] (non-dynastic)	694–693 BC	^[23]
Mushezib-Marduk^[i] (non-dynastic)	693–689 BC	^[23]
Sennacherib	689–681 BC	^[23]
Esarhaddon	681–669 BC	^[23]	Esarhaddon	681–669 BC	^[10]
Shamash-shum-ukin	668–648 BC	^[23]	Ashurbanipal	669–631 BC	^[10]
Kandalanu (vassal king)	647–627 BC	^[23]	Ashur-etil-ilani	631–627 BC	^[10]
Sinsharishkun	627–626 BC	^[23]	Sinsharishkun	627–612 BC	^[10]
Sin-shumu-lishir (usurper)	626 BC	^[10]
Chaldean dynasty (Dynasty X)
Nabopolassar	626–605 BC	^[24]	Ashur-uballit II	612–609 BC	^[10]
Nebuchadnezzar II	605–562 BC	^[24]	Assyria defeated by Nabopolassar of Babylon
Amel-Marduk	562–560 BC	^[24]
Neriglissar (non-dynastic)	560–556 BC	^[24]
Labashi-Marduk (non-dynastic)	556 BC	^[24]
Nabonidus (non-dynastic)	556–539 BC	^[24]

Notes

References

Bibliography

Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2018). A History of Babylon, 2200 BC - AD 75. Pondicherry: Wiley. ISBN 978-1405188999.
Chen, Fei (2020). Study on the Synchronistic King List from Ashur. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-9004430914.
Crawford, Harriet (2013). The Sumerian World. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415569675.
Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). The Ancient Near East, C. 3000-330 BC, Volume 1. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-01353-4.
Leick, Gwendolyn (2003). Historical Dictionary of Mesopotamia. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810846494.
Marchesi, Gianni (2010). "The Sumerian King List and the Early History of Mesopotamia". Ana turri gimilli: Studi dedicati al Padre Werner R. Mayer, S. J., da amici e allievi.
Murai, Nobuaki (1979). Studies in the aklu Documents of the Middle Babylonian Period (PhD thesis). Leiden University.
Oppenheim, A. Leo (1977). Reiner, Erica (ed.). Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization (Revised ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226631875.
Roaf, Michael (1996). Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East. New York: Facts on File Inc. ISBN 0-8160-2218-6.

Web sources

"Ancient Egypt and Archaeology Web Site - Ancient Egypt - Assyrian". www.ancient-egypt.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-11-13.
"The Assyrian King List - Livius". www.livius.org. Retrieved 2 April 2019.

Ancient Mesopotamia

Geography

Modern	Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Marshes Persian Gulf Syrian Desert Taurus Mountains Tigris–Euphrates river system Euphrates Tigris Zagros Mountains Hamrin Mountains Sinjar Mountains
Ancient	Fertile Crescent Adiabene Akkad Assyria Babylonia Chaldea Elam Hamazi Hittites Kassites Media Mitanni Simurrum Subartu Suhum Sumer Urartu Cities

History

Pre- / Protohistory	Acheulean Mousterian Trialetian Zarzian Natufian Nemrik Khiamian Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) Hassuna/Samarra Halaf Ubaid Uruk Jemdet Nasr Kish civilization
History	Early Dynastic Akkadian Gutians Simurrum Ur III Isin-Larsa Old Babylonian Kassite Middle Babylonian Neo-Assyrian Neo-Babylonian Fall of Babylon Achaemenid Seleucid Parthian Roman Sasanian Muslim conquest

Languages

Culture / Society

Architecture
Art
Akitu
Cuneiform
Babylonian astronomy
Babylonian mathematics
Akkadian literature
Economy of Sumer
Warfare in Sumer
Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
Sumerian cuisine
Sumerian literature
Music
Indus-Mesopotamia relations
Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
Royal titles
List of rulers

Archaeology

Religion

Academia

Rulers of the Ancient Near East

Territories/ dates ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]	Egypt		Canaan	Ebla	Mari	Kish/ Assur	Akshak/ Akkad	Uruk	Adab	Umma	Lagash	Ur	Elam
4000–3200 BCE	Naqada I Naqada II		Egypt-Mesopotamia relations	Pre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 BCE)									Susa I
4000–3200 BCE	Naqada I Naqada II			Uruk period (4000–3100 BCE) (Anu Ziggurat, 4000 BCE) (Anonymous "King-priests")									Susa II (Uruk influence or control)
3200–3100 BCE	Proto-Dynastic period (Naqada III) Early or legendary kings:
3200–3100 BCE	Upper Egypt Finger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Animal Stork Canide Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes	Lower Egypt Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Nat-Hor Mekh Double Falcon Wash
3100–2900 BCE	Early Dynastic Period First Dynasty of Egypt Narmer Palette Narmer Menes Neithhotep^♀ (regent) Hor-Aha Djer Djet Merneith^♀ (regent) Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird		Canaanites	Jemdet Nasr period (3100–2900 BCE)									Proto-Elamite period (Susa III) (3100–2700 BCE)
2900 BCE	Second Dynasty of Egypt Hotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy			Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 BCE)
2900 BCE				First Eblaite Kingdom	First kingdom of Mari	Kish I dynasty Jushur, Kullassina-bel Nangishlishma, En-tarah-ana Babum, Puannum, Kalibum
2800 BCE						Kalumum Zuqaqip Atab Mashda Arwium Etana Balih En-me-nuna Melem-Kish Barsal-nuna		Uruk I dynasty Mesh-ki-ang-gasher
2800 BCE								Enmerkar ("conqueror of Aratta")
2700 BCE				Early Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 BCE)
						Zamug, Tizqar, Ilku Iltasadum		Lugalbanda Dumuzid, the Fisherman
						Enmebaragesi ("made the land of Elam submit")^[6]
						Aga of Kish		Gilgamesh					Old Elamite period (2700–1500 BCE) Indus-Mesopotamia relations
2600 BCE	Third Dynasty of Egypt Djoser (First Egyptian pyramids) Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni			Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 BCE)
				Sagisu Abur-lim Agur-lim Ibbi-Damu Baba-Damu		Kish II dynasty (5 kings) Uhub Mesilim		Ur-Nungal Udulkalama Labashum			Lagash En-hegal Lugal- shaengur	Ur A-Imdugud Ur-Pabilsag Meskalamdug (Queen Puabi) Akalamdug
						Kish II dynasty (5 kings) Uhub Mesilim		Enun-dara-anna Mes-he Melamanna Lugal-kitun	Adab Nin-kisalsi Me-durba Lugal-dalu		Lagash En-hegal Lugal- shaengur
2575 BCE	Old Kingdom of Egypt Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis				Ur I dynasty Mesannepada "King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
2500 BCE			Phoenicia (2500-539 BCE)		Second kingdom of Mari Ikun-Shamash Iku-Shamagan Ansud Sa'umu Ishtup-Ishar Ikun-Mari Iblul-Il Nizi	Kish III dynasty Ku-Baba^♀	Akshak dynasty Unzi Undalulu	Uruk II dynasty Ensha- kushanna	Mug-si	Umma I dynasty Pabilgagaltuku	Lagash I dynasty Ur-Nanshe Akurgal	A'annepada Meskiagnun Elulu Balulu	Awan dynasty Peli Tata Ukkutahesh Hishur
2450 BCE	Fifth Dynasty of Egypt Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas			Enar-Damu Ishar-Malik						Ush Enakalle		A'annepada Meskiagnun Elulu Balulu	Awan dynasty Peli Tata Ukkutahesh Hishur
2450 BCE				Enar-Damu Ishar-Malik						Ush Enakalle		Elamite invasions (3 kings)^[6]	Shushun- tarana Napilhush
2425 BCE				Kun-Damu		Eannatum (King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
2400 BCE				Adub-Damu Igrish-Halam Irkab-Damu		Kish IV dynasty Puzur-Suen Ur-Zababa	Urur	Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi	E-iginimpa'e Meskigal	Ur-Lumma Il Gishakidu (Queen Bara-irnun)	Enannatum Entemena Enannatum II Enentarzi	Ur II dynasty Nanni Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II	Kiku-siwe-tempti
2380 BCE	Sixth Dynasty of Egypt Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah			Adab dynasty Lugalannemundu "King of the four quarters of the world"
2370 BCE				Isar-Damu	Enna-Dagan Ikun-Ishar Ishqi-Mari	Invasion by Mari Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter^[6]				Ukush	Lugalanda Urukagina		Luh-ishan
2350 BCE				Isar-Damu	Enna-Dagan Ikun-Ishar Ishqi-Mari		Puzur-Nirah Ishu-Il Shu-Sin	Uruk III dynasty Lugalzagesi (Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)					Luh-ishan
2340 BCE					Akkadian Period (2340–2150 BCE)
2340 BCE				Akkadian Empire Sargon of Akkad Rimush Manishtushu									Akkadian Governors: Eshpum Ilshu-rabi Epirmupi Ili-ishmani
2250 BCE				Naram-Sin							Lugal-ushumgal (vassal of the Akkadians)
2200 BCE	First Intermediate Period Seventh Dynasty of Egypt Eighth Dynasty of Egypt Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare			Second Eblaite Kingdom	Third kingdom of Mari (Shakkanakku dynasty) Ididish Shu-Dagan Ishma-Dagan (Vassals of the Akkadians)	Shar-Kali-Sharri					Lugal-ushumgal (vassal of the Akkadians)
2200 BCE						Igigi, Imi, Nanum, Ilulu (3 years) Dudu Shu-turul		Uruk IV dynasty Ur-nigin Ur-gigir			Lagash II dynasty Puzer-Mama Ur-Ningirsu I Pirig-me Lu-Baba Lu-gula Ka-ku		Hishep-Ratep Helu Khita Puzur-Inshushinak
2150 BCE	Ninth Dynasty of Egypt Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut				Ur III period (2150–2000 BCE)
					Nûr-Mêr Ishtup-Ilum Ishgum-Addu Apil-kin	Gutian dynasty (21 kings) La-erabum Si'um		Kuda (Uruk) Puzur-ili Ur-Utu		Umma II dynasty Lugalannatum (vassal of the Gutians)	Ur-Baba Gudea Ur-Ningirsu Ur-gar Nam-mahani
						Tirigan					Ur-Baba Gudea Ur-Ningirsu Ur-gar Nam-mahani
2125 BCE	Tenth Dynasty of Egypt Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare					Uruk V dynasty Utu-hengal
2100 BCE				(Vassals of UR III)	Iddi-ilum Ili-Ishar Tura-Dagan Puzur-Ishtar (Vassals of Ur III)^[7]	Ur III dynasty "Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" Ur-Nammu Shulgi Amar-Sin Shu-Sin
2025-1763 BCE				Amorite invasions							Ibbi-Sin	Elamite invasions Kindattu (Shimashki Dynasty)
	Middle Kingdom of Egypt Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
				Third Eblaite Kingdom (Amorites) Ibbit-Lim Immeya Indilimma	(Amorite Shakkanakkus) Hitial-Erra Hanun-Dagan (...) Lim Dynasty of Mari (Amorites) Yaggid-Lim Yahdun-Lim Yasmah-Adad Zimri-Lim (Queen Shibtu)	Old Assyria Puzur-Ashur I Shalim-ahum Ilu-shuma Erishum I Ikunum Sargon I Puzur-Ashur II Naram-Sin Erishum II	Isin-Larsa period (Amorites) Dynasty of Isin: Ishbi-Erra Shu-Ilishu Iddin-Dagan Ishme-Dagan Lipit-Eshtar Ur-Ninurta Bur-Suen Lipit-Enlil Erra-imitti Enlil-bani Zambiya Iter-pisha Ur-du-kuga Suen-magir Damiq-ilishu Dynasty of Larsa: Naplanum Emisum Samium Zabaia Gungunum Abisare Sumuel Nur-Adad Sin-Iddinam Sin-Eribam Sin-Iqisham Silli-Adad Warad-Sin Rim-Sin I (...) Rim-Sin II Uruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk Sîn-kāšid Sîn-iribam Sîn-gāmil Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu						Sukkalmah dynasty Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
	Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu^♀
1800–1595 BCE	Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt		Abraham (Biblical) Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon	Yamhad (Yamhad dynasty) (Amorites)	Old Assyria (Shamshi-Adad dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites) Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi (Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE) Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi (Adaside dynasty 1700–722 BCE) Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II		First Babylonian dynasty ("Old Babylonian Period") (Amorites) Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sin-muballit Sabium Apil-Sin Sin-muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-eshuh Ammi-ditana Ammi-saduqa Samsu-Ditana Early Kassite rulers				Second Babylonian dynasty ("Sealand Dynasty") Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Damqi-ilishu Ishkibal Shushushi Gulkishar ^mDIŠ+U-EN Peshgaldaramesh Ayadaragalama Akurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil
1800–1595 BCE	Second Intermediate Period Sixteenth Dynasty Abydos Dynasty Seventeenth Dynasty	Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt ("Hyksos") Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi		Mitanni (1600–1260 BCE) Kirta Shuttarna I Parshatatar
1531–1155 BCE	Tutankhamun New Kingdom of Egypt Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ahmose I Amenhotep I			Mitanni (1600–1260 BCE) Kirta Shuttarna I Parshatatar			Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites) Agum-Kakrime Burnaburiash I Kashtiliash III Ulamburiash Agum III Karaindash Kadashman-harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burnaburiash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliashu IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak II Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi						Middle Elamite period (1500–1100 BCE) Kidinuid dynasty Igehalkid dynasty Untash-Napirisha
	Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut^♀ Thutmose III
	Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten^♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb			Hittite Empire Ugarit
	Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Twosret^♀			Hittite Empire Ugarit			Elamite Empire Shutrukid dynasty Shutruk-Nakhunte
1155–1025 BCE	Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Third Intermediate Period Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II		Phoenicia Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon Kingdom of Israel Saul Ish-bosheth David Solomon	Syro-Hittite states	Middle Assyria Eriba-Adad I Ashur-uballit I Enlil-nirari Arik-den-ili Adad-nirari I Shalmaneser I Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nadin-apli Ashur-nirari III Enlil-kudurri-usur Ninurta-apal-Ekur Ashur-dan I Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur Mutakkil-Nusku Ashur-resh-ishi I Tiglath-Pileser I Asharid-apal-Ekur Ashur-bel-kala Eriba-Adad II Shamshi-Adad IV Ashurnasirpal I Shalmaneser II Ashur-nirari IV Ashur-rabi II Ashur-resh-ishi II Tiglath-Pileser II Ashur-dan II		Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin") Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur						Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE)
1025–934 BCE							Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos") Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Mar-biti-apla-usur Nabû-mukin-apli						Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE)
911–745 BCE	Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt Tefnakht Bakenranef		Kingdom of Samaria Kingdom of Judah		Neo-Assyrian Empire Adad-nirari II Tukulti-Ninurta II Ashurnasirpal II Shalmaneser III Shamshi-Adad V Shammuramat^♀ (regent) Adad-nirari III Shalmaneser IV Ashur-Dan III Ashur-nirari V		Ninth Babylonian Dynasty Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina (five kings) Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabu-mukin-zeri						Humban-Tahrid dynasty Urtak Teumman Ummanigash Tammaritu I Indabibi Humban-haltash III
745–609 BCE	Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt Taharqa ("Black Pharaohs") Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun		Neo-Assyrian Empire (Sargonid dynasty) Tiglath-Pileser^† Shalmaneser^† Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon^† Sennacherib^† Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi^† Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon^† Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II
745–609 BCE	Assyrian conquest of Egypt												Assyrian conquest of Elam
626–539 BCE	Late Period Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III		Neo-Babylonian Empire Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus										Median Empire Deioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages
539–331 BCE	Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt (First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt)		Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon	Achaemenid Empire Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III
	Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
	Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
331–141 BCE	Argead dynasty and Ptolemaic Egypt Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Arsinoe II^♀ Ptolemy III Euergetes Berenice II Euergetis^♀ Ptolemy IV Philopator Arsinoe III Philopator^♀ Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra^♀ Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter^♀ Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III^♀ Ptolemy IX Lathyros Cleopatra IV^♀ Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III^♀ Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra V^♀ Cleopatra VI Tryphaena^♀ Berenice IV Epiphanea^♀ Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator^♀ Ptolemy XV Caesarion Arsinoe IV^♀		Hellenistic Period Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon Argead dynasty: Alexander III Philip III Alexander IV Antigonid dynasty: Antigonus I Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes
141–30 BCE			Kingdom of Judea Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra^♀ Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias	Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus	Parthian Empire Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I
30 BCE–116 CE	Roman Empire
30 BCE–116 CE	(Roman conquest of Egypt) Province of Egypt		Judea	Syria
116–117 CE			Judea		Province of Mesopotamia under Trajan			Parthamaspates of Parthia
117–224 CE			Syria Palaestina		Province of Mesopotamia	Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV
224–270 CE			Syria Palaestina		Province of Mesopotamia	Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm
270–273 CE	Palmyrene Empire Vaballathus Zenobia^♀ Antiochus
273–395 CE	Roman Empire
273–395 CE	Province of Egypt		Syria Palaestina	Syria	Province of Mesopotamia
395–618 CE	Byzantine Empire
395–618 CE	Byzantine Egypt		Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda	Byzantine Syria	Byzantine Mesopotamia
618–628 CE	(Sasanian conquest of Egypt) Province of Egypt Shahrbaraz Sahralanyozan Shahrbaraz		Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Khosrow II Kavad II
628–641 CE	Byzantine Empire					Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran^♀ Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht^♀ Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh
628–641 CE	Byzantine Egypt		Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda	Byzantine Syria	Byzantine Mesopotamia
639–651 CE	Muslim conquest of Egypt		Muslim conquest of the Levant		Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
Chronology of the Neolithic period							Rulers of Ancient Central Asia
^ Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional. ^ Hallo, W.; Simpson, W. (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. ^ "Rulers of Mesopotamia". cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS. ^ Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Getty Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2. ^ Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7. ^ ^a ^b ^c Per Sumerian King List ^ Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.