The current New York City Transit Authority rail system map; Queens is located to the center and right portion of the map.

The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system that serves four of the five boroughs of New York City in the U.S. state of New York: the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Queens. Operated by the New York City Transit Authority under the Metropolitan Transportation Authority of New York, the New York City Subway is the busiest rapid transit system in the United States and the seventh busiest in the world, with 5.225 million daily riders. The system's 472 stations qualifies it to have the largest number of rapid transit stations in the world.

Three rapid transit companies merged in 1940 to create the present New York City Subway system: the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT), and the Independent Subway System (IND). All three former systems are present in Queens.

History and description

Until 1915 most rapid transit in Queens consisted of streetcars, primarily those owned by affiliates of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, but some included trolleys owned by the Long Island Consolidated Electrical Companies, a holding company co-owned by the Long Island Rail Road and Interborough Rapid Transit Company. Some steam dummy lines also entered Queens from Brooklyn, most notably the Atlantic Avenue Rapid Transit lines along the Atlantic Branch and part of the Main Line of the Long Island Rail Road. As far back as 1885, proposals existed for a tunnel between Midtown Manhattan and Long Island City designed to connect the Long Island Rail Road and the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad with a trolley line. Construction hazards, economic despair, and the transfer of ownership of this project delayed completion of the tunnel. This tunnel would eventually be known as the Steinway Tunnel.

The oldest subway line in Queens is the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line which was extended from Brooklyn into Ridgewood and Middle Village, replacing a steam dummy line. This was followed by the IRT Flushing Line, which had only one station in Long Island City, until it was extended with Dual Contracts to Astoria in 1916, Corona on April 21, 1917,[1] and Downtown Flushing on January 2, 1928.[2] The BMT Fulton Street Line extended from the City Line section of Brooklyn into Ozone Park and Richmond Hill on September 25, 1915.[3] The same dual contracts project that brought about the extension of the IRT Flushing Line also lead to the opening of the BMT Astoria Line on February 1, 1917,[4][5] as well as a connecting spur from the IRT Second Avenue Line over the Queensboro Bridge on July 23, 1917.[6] The Astoria Line was the northernmost line owned by the BMT. The BMT Broadway-Brooklyn Line entered Queens from the Cypress Hills section of Brooklyn and ran through Woodhaven and Richmond Hill on May 28, 1917,[7] and finally towards Downtown Jamaica on July 3, 1918.[8]

The city-owned Independent Subway System installed two lines in Queens on August 19, 1933; the IND Crosstown Line ran south from Court Square in Long Island City to Greenpoint in Brooklyn,[9][10][11] and was expanded to Downtown Brooklyn on July 1, 1937.[12] The IND Queens Boulevard Line entered from Manhattan and ran to Jackson Heights, then to Kew Gardens on December 31, 1936,[13][14][15] then to 169th Street in Jamaica on April 24, 1937.[14][16][17] One last station at 179th Street was built on December 10, 1950. From 1939 to 1940, IND installed a spur off the Queens Boulevard Line called the IND World's Fair Line.[9][14][18] The line was demolished after the closing of the 1939 World's Fair and the remnants can be found in the Jamaica Yard. A devastating fire on the trestle of the Rockaway Beach Branch of the Long Island Rail Road in Jamaica Bay in 1950 lead to the gradual closure of the branch, as well as part of the Far Rockaway Branch and the replacement of both by the IND Rockaway Line by 1956, replacing many but not all former LIRR stations. One other station (Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue) would be opened on February 21, 1958, and the LIRR replaced it with a new station three blocks east a month later.[19][20][21][22] When the IND connected the Fulton Street Subway to the BMT Fulton Street Elevated on April 29, 1956, the former segments of the line in Ozone Park and Richmond Hill was officially "recaptured" by the IND.[23][24]

The newest subway lines to be built were the Archer Avenue Lines, which opened on December 11, 1988,[25][26] and replaced the demolished sections of the BMT Jamaica Line in Downtown Jamaica itself with an additional connecting spur to the IND Queens Boulevard Line, and the 63rd Street Lines on October 29, 1989 from the Upper East Side and Roosevelt Island.

Lines and services

There are 81 New York City Subway stations in Queens, per the official count of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority; of these, 10 are express-local stations. If the 2 station complexes are counted as one station each, the number of stations is 78. In the table below, lines with colors next to them indicate trunk lines, which determine the colors that are used for services' route bullets and diamonds. The opening date refers to the opening of the first section of track for the line. In the "division" column, the current division is followed by the original division in parentheses.

Division Line Services Stations in Queens Opened Continues to
B (IND) 63rd Street Line "F" train 1 October 29, 1989 Manhattan
B (BMT) Archer Avenue Lines "J" train​"Z" train 2 (1 express-local station,[^ 1] both shared with IND Archer Avenue Line) December 11, 1988 —
B (IND) Archer Avenue Lines "E" train 3 (2 shared with BMT Archer Avenue Line) December 11, 1988 —
B (BMT) Astoria Line "N" train​"W" train 7 (1 shared with Flushing Line) February 1, 1917 Manhattan
B (IND)   Crosstown Line "G" train 2 (1 part of a station complex) August 19, 1933 Brooklyn
A (IRT)   Flushing Line "7" train"7" express train​ 18 (4 express-local stations, 1 shared with Astoria Line, 2 part of station complexes) June 22, 1915 Manhattan
B (IND) Fulton Street Line "A" train 6 April 29, 1956 Brooklyn
B (BMT) Jamaica Line "J" train​"Z" train 6 (1 express-local station)[^ 1] May 28, 1917 Brooklyn
B (BMT) Myrtle Avenue Line "M" train 4 February 22, 1915 Brooklyn
B (IND) Queens Boulevard Line "E" train​"F" train"F" express train​"R" train 21 (4 express-local stations, 2 part of station complexes) August 19, 1933 Manhattan
B (IND) Rockaway Line "A" train Rockaway Park Shuttle 14 June 28, 1956 —

Stations

Permanently closed subway stations, including those that have been demolished, are not included in the list below. Numerically named stations that are attached with a geographic location before them (Forest Hills–71st Avenue and Jamaica–179th Street) are listed under the geographic location name.

Station service legend
Stops all times Stops all times
Stops all times except late nights Stops all times except late nights
Stops late nights only Stops late nights only
Stops weekdays during the day Stops weekdays during the day
Stops all times except rush hours in the peak direction Stops all times except rush hours in the peak direction
Stops daily except rush hours in the peak direction Stops all times except nights and rush hours in the peak direction
Stops rush hours only Stops rush hours only
Stops rush hours in the peak direction only Stops rush hours in the peak direction only
Time period details
Disabled access Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act
Disabled access ↑ Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act
in the indicated direction only
Disabled access ↓
Elevator access to mezzanine only
* Station is part of a station complex
** Transfer stations either between local and express services or that involve the terminus of a service on the same line; may also be part of a station complex as defined above
*** Multi-level or adjacent-platform transfer stations on different lines considered to be one station as classified by the MTA
† Terminal of a service
*†, **† or ***† Transfer stations and terminals
‡ Last station in Queens before service continues to Brooklyn or Manhattan
*‡, **‡, or ***‡ Last station in Queens and a transfer station
*†‡, **†‡, or ***†‡ Last station in Queens, a transfer station and a terminal
Station Disabled access Division Line Services Opened [27][28][29]
021st Street‡ 2 B (IND) Crosstown Line    G all times August 19, 1933[29]
021st Street–Queensbridge‡ 0Disabled access B (IND) 63rd Street Line    F all times except late nights October 29, 1989[30]
030th Avenue 2 B (BMT) Astoria Line    N all times
​   W weekdays 		February 1, 1917[28]
033rd Street–Rawson Street 2 A (IRT) Flushing Line    7 all times April 21, 1917[27]
036th Avenue 2 B (BMT) Astoria Line    N all times
​   W weekdays 		February 1, 1917[28]
036th Street 2 B (IND) Queens Boulevard Line    E late nights
​   F late nights
​   R all times except late nights 		August 19, 1933[29]
039th Avenue 2 B (BMT) Astoria Line    N all times
​   W weekdays 		February 1, 1917[28]
040th Street–Lowery Street 2 A (IRT) Flushing Line    7 all times April 21, 1917[27]
046th Street 2 B (IND) Queens Boulevard Line    E late nights
​   F late nights
​   R all times except late nights 		August 19, 1933[29]
046th Street–Bliss Street 2 A (IRT) Flushing Line    7 all times April 21, 1917[27]
052nd Street 2 A (IRT) Flushing Line    7 all times April 21, 1917[27]
61st Street–Woodside** 0Disabled access A (IRT) Flushing Line    7 all times <7> rush hours until 9:30 p.m., peak direction​ April 21, 1917[27]
063rd Drive–Rego Park 2 B (IND) Queens Boulevard Line    E late nights
​   F late nights
​   R all times except late nights 		December 31, 1936[29]
065th Street 2 B (IND) Queens Boulevard Line    E late nights
​   F late nights
​   R all times except late nights 		August 19, 1933[29]
067th Avenue 2 B (IND) Queens Boulevard Line    E late nights
​   F late nights
​   R all times except late nights 		December 31, 1936[29]
069th Street 2 A (IRT) Flushing Line    7 all times April 21, 1917[27]
074th Street–Broadway*[^ 2] 0Disabled access A (IRT) Flushing Line    7 all times April 21, 1917[27]
075th Avenue 2 B (IND) Queens Boulevard Line    E nights after 9:00 p.m., weekends, and limited a.m. rush hour trips
​   F all times <F> two rush hour trains, peak direction 		December 31, 1936[29]
075th Street–Elderts Lane‡ 2 B (BMT) Jamaica Line    J all except rush hours, peak direction
​   Z rush hours, peak direction 		May 28, 1917[28]
080th Street‡ 2 B (IND) Fulton Street Line    A all times April 29, 1956[29]
082nd Street–Jackson Heights 2 A (IRT) Flushing Line    7 all times April 21, 1917[27]
085th Street–Forest Parkway 2 B (BMT) Jamaica Line    J all times May 28, 1917[28]
088th Street 2 B (IND) Fulton Street Line    A all times April 29, 1956[29]
090th Street–Elmhurst Avenue 2 A (IRT) Flushing Line    7 all times April 21, 1917[27]
103rd Street–Corona Plaza 2 A (IRT) Flushing Line    7 all times April 21, 1917[27]
104th Street 2 B (IND) Fulton Street Line    A all times April 29, 1956[29]
104th Street 2 B (BMT) Jamaica Line    J all except rush hours, peak direction
​   Z rush hours, peak direction 		May 28, 1917[28]
111th Street 2 A (IRT) Flushing Line    7 all times October 13, 1925[27]
111th Street 2 B (IND) Fulton Street Line    A all times April 29, 1956[29]
111th Street 2 B (BMT) Jamaica Line    J all times May 28, 1917[28]
121st Street 2 B (BMT) Jamaica Line    J all except rush hours, peak direction
​   Z rush hours, peak direction 		July 3, 1918[28]
169th Street 2 B (IND) Queens Boulevard Line    F all times <F> two rush hour trains, peak direction April 24, 1937[29]
Aqueduct Racetrack[^ 3] 0Disabled access ↑ B (IND) Rockaway Line    A all times June 28, 1956[29]
Aqueduct–North Conduit Avenue 2 B (IND) Rockaway Line    A all times June 28, 1956[29]
Astoria Boulevard 0Disabled access B (BMT) Astoria Line    N all times
​   W weekdays 		February 1, 1917[28]
Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard† 2 B (BMT) Astoria Line    N all times
​   W weekdays 		February 1, 1917[28]
Beach 025Beach 25th Street 2 B (IND) Rockaway Line    A all times June 28, 1956[29]
Beach 036Beach 36th Street 2 B (IND) Rockaway Line    A all times June 28, 1956[29]
Beach 044Beach 44th Street 2 B (IND) Rockaway Line    A all times June 28, 1956[29]
Beach 060Beach 60th Street 2 B (IND) Rockaway Line    A all times June 28, 1956[29]
Beach 067Beach 67th Street 0Disabled access B (IND) Rockaway Line    A all times June 28, 1956[29]
Beach 090Beach 90th Street 2 B (IND) Rockaway Line    A rush hours, peak direction
​   S all times 		June 28, 1956[29]
Beach 098Beach 98th Street 2 B (IND) Rockaway Line    A rush hours, peak direction
​   S all times 		June 28, 1956[29]
Beach 105Beach 105th Street 2 B (IND) Rockaway Line    A rush hours, peak direction
​   S all times 		June 28, 1956[29]
Briarwood 1 B (IND) Queens Boulevard Line    E nights after 9:00 p.m., weekends, and limited a.m. rush hour trips
​   F all times <F> two rush hour trains, peak direction 		April 24, 1937[29]
Broad Channel**† 2 B (IND) Rockaway Line    A all times
​   S all times 		June 28, 1956[29]
Broadway 2 B (BMT) Astoria Line    N all times
​   W weekdays 		February 1, 1917[28]
0Court Square*‡[^ 4] 0Disabled access A (IRT) Flushing Line    7 all times <7> rush hours until 9:30 p.m., peak direction​ November 5, 1916[27]
Court Square*†[^ 4] 0Disabled access B (IND) Crosstown Line    G all times August 19, 1933[29]
0Court Square–23rd Street*‡[^ 4] 1 B (IND) Queens Boulevard Line    E all times
​   F all times <F> two rush hour trains, peak direction 		August 28, 1939[31]
Elmhurst Avenue 2 B (IND) Queens Boulevard Line    E late nights
​   F late nights
​   R all times except late nights 		December 31, 1936[29]
Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue† 0Disabled access B (IND) Rockaway Line    A all times January 16, 1958[29]
Flushing–Main Street† 0Disabled access A (IRT) Flushing Line    7 all times <7> rush hours until 9:30 p.m., peak direction​ January 21, 1928[27]
Forest Avenue 2 B (BMT) Myrtle Avenue Line    M all times February 22, 1915[28]
Forest Hills–71st Avenue**† 0Disabled access B (IND) Queens Boulevard Line    E all times
​   F all times <F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​   R all times except late nights 		December 31, 1936[29]
Fresh Pond Road 2 B (BMT) Myrtle Avenue Line    M all times February 22, 1915[28]
Grand Avenue–Newtown 2 B (IND) Queens Boulevard Line    E late nights
​   F late nights
​   R all times except late nights 		December 31, 1936[29]
Howard Beach–JFK Airport 0Disabled access B (IND) Rockaway Line    A all times June 28, 1956[29]
Hunters Point Avenue 2 A (IRT) Flushing Line    7 all times <7> rush hours until 9:30 p.m., peak direction​ February 15, 1916[27]
Jackson Heights–Roosevelt Avenue**[^ 2] 0Disabled access B (IND) Queens Boulevard Line    E all times
​   F all times <F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​   R all times except late nights 		August 19, 1933[29]
Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer***† 0Disabled access Archer Avenue lines    E all times​
​   J all times
​   Z rush hours, peak direction 		December 11, 1988[30][32]
Jamaica–179th Street† 0Disabled access B (IND) Queens Boulevard Line    F all times <F> two rush hour trains, peak direction December 10, 1950[29]
Jamaica–Van Wyck 0Disabled access B (IND) Archer Avenue Line    E all times December 11, 1988[30]
Junction Boulevard** 0Disabled access A (IRT) Flushing Line    7 all times <7> rush hours until 9:30 p.m., peak direction​ April 21, 1917[27]
Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike** 0Disabled access B (IND) Queens Boulevard Line    E all times
​   F all times <F> two rush hour trains, peak direction 		December 31, 1936[29]
Mets–Willets Point**† 0Disabled access ↑[^ 5] A (IRT) Flushing Line    7 all times <7> rush hours until 9:30 p.m., peak direction​ May 14, 1927[27]
Middle Village–Metropolitan Avenue† 0Disabled access B (BMT) Myrtle Avenue Line    M all times February 22, 1915[28]
Northern Boulevard 2 B (IND) Queens Boulevard Line    E late nights
​   F late nights
​   R all times except late nights 		August 19, 1933[29]
Ozone Park–Lefferts Boulevard† 0Disabled access B (IND) Fulton Street Line    A all times April 29, 1956[29]
Parsons Boulevard** 2 B (IND) Queens Boulevard Line    F all times <F> two rush hour trains, peak direction April 24, 1937[29]
Queens Plaza** 0Disabled access B (IND) Queens Boulevard Line    E all times
​   F all times <F> two rush hour trains, peak direction
​   R all times except late nights 		August 19, 1933[29]
Queensboro Plaza***‡ 2 A (IRT),
B (BMT) 		Astoria Line (BMT), Flushing Line (IRT)    7 all times <7> rush hours until 9:30 p.m., peak direction​​
   N all times
​   W weekdays 		November 5, 1916[27]
Rockaway Boulevard*[^ 6] 2 B (IND) Fulton Street Line    A all times April 29, 1956[29]
Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street† 0Disabled access B (IND) Rockaway Line    A rush hours, peak direction
​   S all times 		June 28, 1956[29]
Seneca Avenue‡ 2 B (BMT) Myrtle Avenue Line    M all times February 22, 1915[28]
Steinway Street 2 B (IND) Queens Boulevard Line    E late nights
​   F late nights
​   R all times except late nights 		August 19, 1933[29]
Sutphin Boulevard 2 B (IND) Queens Boulevard Line    F all times <F> two rush hour trains, peak direction April 24, 1937[29]
Sutphin Boulevard–Archer Avenue–JFK Airport*** 0Disabled access Archer Avenue lines    E all times​
​   J all times
​   Z rush hours, peak direction 		December 11, 1988[30][32]
Vernon Boulevard–Jackson Avenue‡ 2 A (IRT) Flushing Line    7 all times <7> rush hours until 9:30 p.m., peak direction​ June 22, 1915[27]
Woodhaven Boulevard** 2 B (BMT) Jamaica Line    J all times
​   Z rush hours, peak direction 		May 28, 1917[28]
Woodhaven Boulevard 2 B (IND) Queens Boulevard Line    E late nights
​   F late nights
​   R all times except late nights 		December 31, 1936[29]


See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b As the J/Z combined in a skip-stop service, an "express-local" station in this sense means both services stop at the station during the hours of skip-stop operation.
  2. ^ a b The 2 platform sets of the Jackson Heights–Roosevelt Avenue/74th Street station complex count as one station when compared to international standards.
  3. ^ The platform is on the northbound side only.
  4. ^ a b c The 3 platform sets of the Court Square–23rd Street station complex count as one station when compared to international standards.
  5. ^ The Mets–Willets Point station is disability-accessible on the northbound side platform only. Northbound local trains will open their doors on this platform during New York Mets game days and special events only.
  6. ^ The transfer at Rockaway Boulevard is between A trains going to/from Ozone Park–Lefferts Boulevard and A trains going to/from Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue or Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street.

References

  1. ^ "Transit Service on Corona Extension of Dual Subway System Opened to the Public". The New York Times. April 22, 1917. p. RE1. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
  2. ^ Sheridan, Dick (April 12, 1999). "MOVING UP ON MAIN ST. ESCALATORS READY AT SUBWAY STATION". New York Daily News. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
  3. ^ New York Times, New Elevated Line Opened for Queens, September 26, 1915, page 7
  4. ^ "First Train Runs On Elevated Line to Astoria Section". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 1, 1917. Retrieved June 29, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ Annual report. 1916-1917. New York: Interborough Rapid Transit Company. 1917.
  6. ^ "Subway Link Over Queensboro Bridge". The New York Times. July 22, 1917. p. 31. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
  7. ^ * "TO OPEN JAMAICA AV. LINE.; Nearly Two and a Half Miles Ready for Operation Tonight". New York Times. No. May 27, 1917. May 27, 1917. p. 24. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
  8. ^ * New York Times, New Subway Line: Affords a Five-Cent Fare Between Manhattan and Jamaica, L.I., July 7, 1918, page 30
  9. ^ a b Raskin, Joseph B. (2013). The Routes Not Taken: A Trip Through New York City's Unbuilt Subway System. New York, New York: Fordham University Press. doi:10.5422/fordham/9780823253692.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-82325-369-2.
  10. ^ "Independent Subway Services Beginning in 1932". thejoekorner.com. August 21, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  11. ^ "TWO SUBWAY UNITS OPEN AT MIDNIGHT; Links in City-Owned System in Queens and Brooklyn to Have 15 Stations" (PDF). The New York Times. August 18, 1933. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
  12. ^ "New Crosstown Subway Line Is Opened". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 1, 1937. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
  13. ^ "Reproduction Poster of Extension to Union Turnpike–Kew Gardens". Flickr – Photo Sharing!. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  14. ^ a b c Roger P. Roess; Gene Sansone (August 23, 2012). The Wheels That Drove New York: A History of the New York City Transit System. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 416–417. ISBN 978-3-642-30484-2.
  15. ^ "PWA Party Views New Subway Link: Queens Section to Be Opened Tomorrow Is Inspected by Tuttle and Others" (PDF). The New York Times. December 30, 1936. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
  16. ^ "Subway Link Opens Soon: City Line to Jamaica Will Start About April 24" (PDF). The New York Times. March 17, 1937. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
  17. ^ "Trial Run to Jamaica on Subway Tomorrow: Section From Kew Gardens to 169th Street Will Open to Public in Two Weeks" (PDF). The New York Times. April 9, 1937. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  18. ^ "TO BUILD FAIR SUBWAY P. T. Cox Co. Wins Award for Extending Independent System The first contract for the World's Fair spur from the Queens Boulevard line of the Independent Subway System was awarded yesterday by the Board of Transportation to the lowest bidder, the P. T. Cox Contracting Company, at the bid price of $308,770" (PDF). The New York Times. October 27, 1937. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
  19. ^ Lucev, Emil (June 18, 2010). "Historical Views of the Rockaways: The old Far Rockaway Station Plaza, Mott and Central Avenues, 1922". rockawave.com. The Wave. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  20. ^ "Shop Center Due in Far Rockaway: Market and Big Parking Lot to Replace L.I. Station Being Moved 2 Blocks" (PDF). The New York Times. July 6, 1956. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  21. ^ "L.I.R.R. to Shift Station" (PDF). The New York Times. April 5, 1957. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  22. ^ IND Rockaway Branch/Jamaica Bay Crossing, accessed June 14, 2006
  23. ^ Sparberg, Andrew J. (October 1, 2014). From a Nickel to a Token: The Journey from Board of Transportation to MTA. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-6190-1.
  24. ^ Freeman, Ira Henry (June 28, 1956). "Rockaway Trains to Operate Today" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  25. ^ Johnson, Kirk (December 9, 1988). "Big Changes For Subways Are to Begin". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  26. ^ "New Subway Line Finally Rolling Through Queens", Newsday, December 11, 1988, page 7.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Fischler, p. 239-240
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Fischler, p. 241-242
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq Fischler, p. 243-244
  30. ^ a b c d "New York City Subway IND Division Timeline". www.nycsubway.org. Retrieved May 31, 2009.
  31. ^ Feinman, Mark (2000). "The History of the Independent Subway". Retrieved July 3, 2006.
  32. ^ a b "New York City Subway BMT Division Timeline". www.nycsubway.org. Retrieved May 31, 2009.

Further reading

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