Archbishop of Quebec
Archbishopric
catholic
A bespectacled man wearing a black cassock and Roman collar
Gérald Lacroix, the Archbishop of Quebec since 2011
Green galero with 15 tassels on each side over a shield topped by a mitre, patriarchal cross, and crozier, along with the Latin motto "Tales ambio defensores" at the bottom
Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Quebec
Incumbent:
Gérald Lacroix
Information
First holderFrançois de Laval (apostolic vicar)
Joseph-Octave Plessis (archbishop)
Established
  • 1658 (apostolic vicariate)
  • 1819 (archbishopric)
ArchdioceseQuebec
CathedralCathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec[1]
Website
Official website

The archbishop of Quebec is the head of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec, who is responsible for looking after its spiritual and administrative needs. As the archdiocese is the metropolitan see of the ecclesiastical province encompassing the north-central part of the province of Quebec,[2] the Archbishop of Quebec also administers the bishops who head the suffragan dioceses of Chicoutimi, Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière, and Trois-Rivières.[3] The current archbishop is Gérald Lacroix.

The archdiocese began as the Vicariate Apostolic of New France, which was created on April 11, 1658.[4][5] François de Laval was appointed its first bishop, and under his reign, the Séminaire de Québec was established.[6][7] On October 1, 1674, the vicariate was elevated to the status of diocese.[5] It was raised to the level of archdiocese on January 12, 1819,[5][8] and subsequently became a metropolitan see when the ecclesiastical province of Quebec was constituted in 1844.[9] In recognition of its status as the first diocese north of Mexico and New Spain,[10] the Archdiocese of Quebec was designated as the country's primatial see on January 24, 1956.[5][11] Maurice Roy became the first archbishop to hold the honorific title of Primate of Canada.[1][12]

Fifteen men have been Archbishop of Quebec; another ten were heads of its antecedent jurisdictions. Of these, seven were members of institutes of consecrated life or societies of apostolic life. Eight archbishops were elevated to the College of Cardinals.[13][14] Louis-Philippe Mariauchau d'Esgly, the eighth ordinary of the archdiocese, was the first bishop to be born in Canada.[15][16] His immediate successor, Jean-François Hubert, whose episcopacy spanned from 1788 to 1797, was the first bishop born in Quebec City.[17] Jean-Baptiste de La Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier had the longest tenure as Bishop of Quebec, serving for 39 years from 1688 to 1727,[18] while Paul-Eugène Roy held the position for seven months (1925–1926), marking the shortest archiepiscopacy.[19]

List of ordinaries

Black and white illustration of a man wearing a zucchetto, liturgical vestments, and a pectoral cross facing left.
François de Laval was the first Apostolic Vicar of New France and Bishop of Quebec, reigning from 1658 to 1688.
Black and white illustration of a man with wavy hair, wearing a zucchetto, liturgical vestments, and a pectoral cross facing left.
Jean-Baptiste de La Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier was Bishop of Quebec for 39 years, serving from 1688 until his death in 1727.
Black and white illustration of a man wearing liturgical vestments and a pectoral cross facing forward, with a book in his right hand and an ecclesiastical ring on his right ring finger.
Louis-Philippe Mariauchau d'Esgly was the first Canadian-born bishop.
Black and white illustration of a man wearing a zucchetto, liturgical vestments, and a pectoral cross facing right, with a crucifix on a table to his right.
Joseph-Octave Plessis was the last Bishop of Quebec and its first archbishop.
A man wearing a mozzetta, liturgical vestments, and pectoral cross faces forward.
Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau became the first Canadian-born cardinal in 1886.
Key
‡ Denotes archbishop who was elevated to the College of Cardinals
ISPX Secular Institute Pius X
MEP Paris Foreign Missions Society
OFM Cap Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
OMI Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate
OP Dominican Order
PSS Society of the Priests of Saint Sulpice
RSV Religieux de Saint Vincent de Paul

Apostolic Vicars of New France

Apostolic Vicars
From Until Incumbent Notes Ref(s)
1658 1674 François de Laval, MEP Appointed on April 11, 1658. Arrived in Quebec on June 16, 1659. [6][20]

Bishops of Quebec

Bishops
From Until Incumbent Notes Ref(s)
1674 1688 François de Laval, MEP Became the first Bishop of Quebec on October 1, 1674. Resigned on January 24, 1688.[A] Died on May 6, 1708. [4][6][21]
1688 1727 Jean-Baptiste de La Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier Appointed on July 7, 1687.[B] Arrived in Quebec on July 31, 1688. Died on December 26, 1727. [18][22]
1727 1733 Louis-François Duplessis de Mornay, OFM Cap Coadjutor bishop[C] from 1713 to 1727. Resigned on September 12, 1733, having never visited the Diocese. Died on November 28, 1741. [25][26]
1733 1739 Pierre-Herman Dosquet, PSS Diocesan administrator from 1729 to 1730. Coadjutor bishop from 1730 to 1733. Returned to France in October 1735. Resigned on June 25, 1739. Died on March 4, 1777. [27][28]
1739 1740 François-Louis de Pourroy de Lauberivière Appointed on July 20, 1739. Died on August 20, 1740. [29][30]
1741 1760 Henri-Marie Dubreil de Pontbriand Appointed on March 6, 1741. Died on June 8, 1760. Last bishop of New France before its conquest by the British. [31][32]
1766 1784 Jean-Olivier Briand Appointed on January 21, 1766. Resigned on November 29, 1784. Died on June 25, 1794. [33][34]
1784 1788 Louis-Philippe Mariauchau d'Esgly Coadjutor bishop from 1772 to 1784. First bishop to be born in Canada. Died on June 4, 1788. [15][16]
1788 1797 Jean-François Hubert Coadjutor bishop from 1785 to 1788.[D] First bishop born in Quebec City. Resigned on September 1, 1797. Died on October 17, 1797. [17][35]
1797 1806 Pierre Denaut Coadjutor bishop from 1794 to 1797.[E] Died on January 17, 1806. [36][37]
1806 1819 Joseph-Octave Plessis Coadjutor bishop from 1800 to 1806. [8][38]

Archbishops of Quebec

Archbishops
From Until Incumbent Notes Ref(s)
1819 1825 Joseph-Octave Plessis Became the first Archbishop of Quebec on January 12, 1819. Died on December 4, 1825. [8][38]
1825 1833 Bernard-Claude Panet Coadjutor bishop from 1806 to 1825.[F] Died on February 14, 1833. [39][40][G]
1833 1850 Joseph Signay Coadjutor archbishop from 1826 to 1832.[H] Apostolic administrator from 1832 to 1833. Died on October 3, 1850. [9][41]
1850 1867 Pierre-Flavien Turgeon Coadjutor archbishop from 1834 to 1849. Apostolic administrator from 1849 to 1850. Died on August 25, 1867. [42][43]
1867 1870 Charles-François Baillargeon Coadjutor archbishop from 1851 to 1855. Apostolic administrator from 1855 to 1867. Died on October 13, 1870. [44][45]
1870 1898 Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau‡ Appointed on December 24, 1870.[I] Elevated to cardinal on June 7, 1886. Died on April 12, 1898. [46][47]
1898 1925 Louis-Nazaire Bégin‡ Coadjutor archbishop from 1892 to 1898. Elevated to cardinal on May 25, 1914. Died on July 18, 1925. [48][49][50]
1925 1926 Paul-Eugène Roy Auxiliary bishop from 1908 to 1920. Coadjutor archbishop from 1920 to 1925. Died on February 20, 1926. [19][51]
1926 1931 Felix-Raymond-Marie Rouleau, OP‡ Appointed on July 9, 1926. Elevated to cardinal on December 19, 1927. Died on May 31, 1931. [52][53]
1931 1947 Jean-Marie-Rodrigue Villeneuve, OMI‡ Appointed on December 11, 1931. Elevated to cardinal on March 13, 1933. Died on January 17, 1947. [54][55]
1947 1981 Maurice Roy‡ Appointed on June 2, 1947. Named the first Primate of Canada on January 24, 1956. Elevated to cardinal on February 22, 1965. Retired on March 20, 1981, after reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75. Died on October 24, 1985. [12][56]
1981 1990 Louis-Albert Vachon‡ Auxiliary bishop from 1977 to 1981. Elevated to cardinal on May 25, 1985. Retired on March 17, 1990, after reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75. Died on September 29, 2006. [57][58]
1990 2002 Maurice Couture, RSV Auxiliary bishop from 1982 to 1988. Retired on November 15, 2002, after reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75. Died on January 19, 2018. [59][60]
2003 2010 Marc Ouellet, PSS‡ Appointed on November 15, 2002.[J] Elevated to cardinal on October 21, 2003. Resigned in 2010 after being appointed Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops. [61][62]
2011 present Gérald Lacroix, ISPX‡ Auxiliary bishop from 2009 to 2011. Elevated to cardinal on February 22, 2014. [63][64]

Notes

  1. ^ After Laval's resignation was accepted, he acceded to staying on as bishop until his successor (Saint-Vallier) was consecrated. This is the date his resignation became official.[6]
  2. ^ Saint-Vallier received episcopal consecration on January 25, 1688.[18][22]
  3. ^ Under the Code of Canon Law, the coadjutor bishop has the right of succession (cum jure successionis) upon the death, retirement or resignation of the diocesan bishop he is assisting.[23][24]
  4. ^ Hubert was appointed coadjutor bishop on June 14, 1785, but only received episcopal consecration on November 29, 1786.[17][35]
  5. ^ Denaut was appointed coadjutor bishop on September 30, 1794, but only received episcopal consecration on June 29, 1795.[36][37]
  6. ^ Panet was appointed coadjutor archbishop on August 12, 1806, but only received episcopal consecration on April 19, 1807.[39] His title changed to coadjutor archbishop in 1819, when Quebec was elevated to the status of archdiocese.[5]
  7. ^ The Dictionary of Canadian Biography lists Panet's date of appointment as July 12, 1806, and his date of consecration as August 19, 1807.[40] The dates used in the footnote are from the archives of the Archdiocese.[39]
  8. ^ Signay was appointed coadjutor archbishop on December 15, 1826, but only received episcopal consecration on May 20, 1827.[9][41]
  9. ^ Taschereau received episcopal consecration on March 19, 1871.[46][47]
  10. ^ Ouellet was installed on January 26, 2003.[61]

References

General

  • "Évêques d'hier à aujourd'hui". Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020. (in French)
  • "Évêques et archevêques – Liste". Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020. (in French)

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Boswell, Randy (April 29, 2019). "How the Notre-Dame blaze reveals an uplifting chapter of ... Canadian history". Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  2. ^ "CCRL Local Chapters". Ottawa: Catholic Civil Rights League. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
  3. ^ "Quebec Catholic dioceses tap ex-judge to investigate alleged cases of sexual abuse". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. March 27, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
  4. ^ a b Cunich, Peter (2008). "Archbishop Vaughan and the Empires of Religion in Colonial New South Wales". In Carey, Hilary M. (ed.). Empires of Religion. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 157. doi:10.1057/9780230228726_7. ISBN 9780230228726.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Statut canonique". Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020. (in French)
  6. ^ a b c d Vachon, André (1969). "Laval, François de". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 2. University of Toronto / Université Laval. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  7. ^ Eire, Carlos M. N. (2016). Reformations: The Early Modern World, 1450–1650. Yale University Press. p. 515. ISBN 9780300111927.
  8. ^ a b c Lambert, James H. (1987). "Plessis, Joseph-Octave". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 6. University of Toronto / Université Laval. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  9. ^ a b c Chassé, Sonia (1988). "Signay, Joseph". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 7. University of Toronto / Université Laval. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  10. ^ Scrivener, Leslie (December 6, 2013). "Holy Door opens in Quebec, the first outside of Europe". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  11. ^ "Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec". Québec Religious Heritage Council. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  12. ^ a b "Card. Maurice Roy". Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020. (in French)
  13. ^ "Canadian cardinals: 1886–2012". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. January 6, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  14. ^ "Gérald Cyprien Lacroix, Canadian cardinal, installed at Vatican". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
  15. ^ a b Pelletier, Jean-Guy (1979). "Mariauchau d'Esgly, Louis-Philippe". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 4. University of Toronto / Université Laval. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  16. ^ a b "Mgr Louis-Philippe Mariauchau d'Esgly". Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020. (in French)
  17. ^ a b c Chaussé, Gilles (1979). "Hubert, Jean-François". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 4. University of Toronto / Université Laval. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  18. ^ a b c Rambaud, Alfred (1969). "La Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier, Jean-Baptiste de". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 2. University of Toronto / Université Laval. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  19. ^ a b Routhier, Gilles (2005). "Roy, Paul-Eugène". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 15. University of Toronto / Université Laval. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  20. ^ "Bull of Pope Clement X erecting into a diocese the Vicariate Apostolic of New France". Virtual Cathedral. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on May 22, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  21. ^ "Deux nouveaux saints fondateurs de l'Église canadienne". Jesuits in Canada. Society of Jesus. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020. (in French)
  22. ^ a b "Mgr Jean-Baptiste de la Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier". Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020. (in French)
  23. ^ Van Hove, A. (1913). "Bishop". In Charles George Herbermann (ed.). The Original Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. Robert Appleton Company. p. 581. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2012.
  24. ^ Agnew, Paddy; McGarry, Patsy (May 5, 2012). "Vatican may appoint bishop to aid Brady". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on May 6, 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2012.
  25. ^ "Mgr Louis-François Duplessis de Mornay, O.F.M. Cap". Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020. (in French)
  26. ^ Johnston, A.J.B. (June 26, 1996). Life and Religion at Louisbourg, 1713–1758. McGill–Queen's University Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780773566385.
  27. ^ Pelletier, Jean-Guy (1979). "Dosquet, Pierre-Herman". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 4. University of Toronto / Université Laval. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  28. ^ "Mgr Pierre-Herman Dosquet". Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020. (in French)
  29. ^ Campeau, Lucien (1969). "Pourroy de Lauberivière, François-Louis de". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 2. University of Toronto / Université Laval. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  30. ^ "Mgr François-Louis Pourroy de Lauberivière". Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020. (in French)
  31. ^ Lavallée, Jean-Guy (1974). "Dubreil de Pontbriand, Henri-Marie". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 3. University of Toronto / Université Laval. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  32. ^ "Mgr Henri-Marie Dubreil de Pontbriand". Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020. (in French)
  33. ^ Vachon, André (1979). "Briand, Jean-Olivier". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 4. University of Toronto / Université Laval. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  34. ^ "Mgr Jean-Olivier Briand". Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020. (in French)
  35. ^ a b "Mgr Jean-François Hubert". Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020. (in French)
  36. ^ a b Hamelin, Jean; Paquin, Michel (1983). "Denaut, Pierre". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 5. University of Toronto / Université Laval. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  37. ^ a b "Mgr Pierre Denaut". Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020. (in French)
  38. ^ a b "Mgr Joseph-Octave Plessis". Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020. (in French)
  39. ^ a b c "Mgr Bernard-Claude Panet". Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020. (in French)
  40. ^ a b Voisine, Nive (1987). "Panet, Bernard-Claude". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 6. University of Toronto / Université Laval. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  41. ^ a b "Mgr Joseph Signay". Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020. (in French)
  42. ^ Gagné, Armand (1976). "Turgeon, Pierre-Flavien". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 9. University of Toronto / Université Laval. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  43. ^ "Mgr Pierre-Flavien Turgeon". Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020. (in French)
  44. ^ Lemieux, Lucien (1976). "Baillargeon, Charles-François". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 9. University of Toronto / Université Laval. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  45. ^ "Mgr Charles-François Baillargeon". Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020. (in French)
  46. ^ a b Voisine, Nive (1990). "Taschereau, Elzéar-Alexandre". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 12. University of Toronto / Université Laval. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  47. ^ a b "Card. Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau". Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020. (in French)
  48. ^ Perin, Roberto (2005). "Bégin, Louis-Nazaire". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 15. University of Toronto / Université Laval. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  49. ^ "Card. Louis-Nazaire Bégin". Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020. (in French)
  50. ^ Lentz 2015, p. 20.
  51. ^ "Mgr Paul-Eugène Roy". Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020. (in French)
  52. ^ "Card. Raymond-Marie Rouleau, O.P." Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020. (in French)
  53. ^ Lentz 2015, p. 160.
  54. ^ "Card. Jean-Marie-Rodrigue Villeneuve, O.M.I." Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020. (in French)
  55. ^ Lentz 2015, p. 198.
  56. ^ Saxon, Wolfgang (October 27, 1985). "Cardinal Roy of Canada Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  57. ^ "Vachon Card. Louis-Albert". Holy See Press Office. Holy See. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  58. ^ "Card. Louis-Albert Vachon". Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020. (in French)
  59. ^ "Mgr Maurice Couture, s.v." Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020. (in French)
  60. ^ "Maurice Couture, ancien archevêque de Québec, s'éteint à 91 ans". La Presse. Montreal. The Canadian Press. January 19, 2018. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020. (in French)
  61. ^ a b "Card. Marc Ouellet, P.S.S." Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020. (in French)
  62. ^ "Ouellet Card. Marc, P.S.S." Holy See Press Office. Holy See. Archived from the original on June 7, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  63. ^ "Lacroix Card. Gérald Cyprien, I.S.P.X." Holy See Press Office. Holy See. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  64. ^ "Card. Gérald Cyprien Lacroix". Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020. (in French)

Bibliography

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