This is an alphabetical list of significant composers who were born or raised in Russia or the Russian Empire.

A

• Els Aarne (1917–1995), born in present-day Estonia
• Evald Aav (1900–1939), born in present-day Estonia
• Juhan Aavik (1884–1982), born in present-day Estonia
• Arkady Abaza (1843–1915)
• Alexander Abramsky (1898–1985), born in present-day Ukraine
• Joseph Achron (1886–1943), born in present-day Lithuania
• Ella Adayevskaya (1846–1926)
• Nikolay Afanasyev (1820/1–1898)
• Vasily Agapkin (1884–1964)
• Alexander Alexandrov (1883–1946)
• Anatoly Alexandrov (1888–1982)
• Boris Alexandrov (1905–1994), son of Alexander
• Achilles Alferaki (1846–1919)
• Alexander Alyabyev (1787–1851)
• Anatoliy Andreyev (1941–2004)
• Iosif Andriasov (1933–2000)
• Boris Arapov (1905–1992)
• Anton Arensky (1861–1906)
• Sasha Argov (1914–1995)
• Mykola Arkas (1853–1909), born in present-day Ukraine
• Alexander Arkhangelsky (1846–1924)
• Eduard Artemyev (born 1937)
• Nikolai Artsybushev (1858–1937)
• Vyacheslav Artyomov (born 1940)
• Boris Asafyev (1884–1949)
• Mukhtar Ashrafi (1912–1975), born in present-day Uzbekistan
• Sergei Aslamazyan (1897–1978), born in present-day Armenia
• Lera Auerbach (born 1973)
• Arseny Avraamov (1886–1944)
• Artemi Ayvazyan (1902–1975), born in present-day Armenia
• Mikhail Azanchevsky (1839–1881)

B

• Vytautas Bacevičius (1905–1970), born in present-day Lithuania
• Afrasiyab Badalbeyli (1907–1976), born in present-day Azerbaijan
• Vladimir Bakaleinikov (1885–1953)
• Mily Balakirev (1837–1910)
• Sergey Balasanian (1902–1982), born in present-day Turkmenistan
• Sargis Barkhudaryan (1887–1973), born in present-day Georgia
• Veniamin Basner (1925–1996)
• Kārlis Baumanis (1835–1905), born in present-day Latvia
• Sonya Belousova (born 1990)
• Maxim Berezovsky (c. 1745 – 1777)
• Anastasiya Bespalova
• Timofiy Bilohradsky (c. 1710 – c. 1782)
• Matvey Blanter (1903–1990)
• Felix Blumenfeld (1863–1931)
• Leonid Bobylev (born 1949)
• Anatoly Bogatyrev (1913–2003), born in present-day Belarus
• Nikita Bogoslovsky (1913–2004)
• Alexander Borodin (1833–1887)
• Sergei Bortkiewicz (1877–1952), born in present-day Ukraine
• Dmitry Bortniansky (1751–1825), born in present-day Ukraine
• Rostislav Grigor'yevich Boyko (1931–2002)
• Yevgeny Brusilovsky (1905–1981)
• Vitaly Bujanovsky (1928–1993)
• Pavel Bulakhov (1824–1875), brother of Pyotr
• Pyotr Bulakhov (1822–1885), brother of Pavel
• Revol Bunin (1924–1976)
• Mutal Burhonov (1916–2002), born in present-day Uzbekistan

C

• Georgy Catoire (1861–1926)
• Catterino Cavos (1775–1840)
• Nektarios Chargeishvili (1937–1971)
• Gayane Chebotaryan (1918–1998)
• Yekaterina Chemberdzhi (born 1960)
• Yury Chernavsky (born 1947)
• Peter Chernobrivets (born 1965)
• Pavel Chesnokov (1877–1944)
• Tatyana Chudova (1944–2007)
• Alexander Chuhaldin (1892–1951)
• Näcip Cihanov (1911–1988)
• Jānis Cimze (1814–1881), born in present-day Latvia
• Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis (1875–1911), born in present-day Lithuania
• Georgi Conus (1862–1933), brother of Julius and Lev
• Julius Conus (1869–1942), brother of Georgi and Lev
• Lev Conus (1871–1944), brother of Georgi and Julius
• Serge Conus (1902–1988), son of Julius
• César Cui (1835–1918)

D

• Alexandre Danilevski (born 1957)
• Kostiantyn Dankevych (1905–1984), born in present-day Ukraine
• Alexander Dargomyzhsky (1813–1869)
• Emīls Dārziņš (1875–1910), born in present-day Latvia
• Volfgangs Dārziņš (1906–1962), son of Emils, born in present-day Latvia
• Karl Davydov (1838–1889)
• Stepan Davydov (1777–1825), born in present-day Ukraine
• Stepan Degtyarev (1766–1813)
• Edison Denisov (1929–1996)
• Leonid Desyatnikov (born 1955)
• Nikolay Diletsky (c. 1630 – after 1680)
• Issay Dobrowen (1891–1953)
• Victor Dolidze (1890–1933), born in present-day Georgia
• Sandra Droucker (1875–1944)
• Fyodor Druzhinin (1932–2007)
• Fedo Dubiansky (1760–1796)
• Alexandre Dubuque (1812–1897/8)
• Vernon Duke (1903–1969)
• Balys Dvarionas (1904–1972), born in present-day Lithuania
• Ivan Dzerzhinsky (1909–1978)

E

• Sophie-Carmen Eckhardt-Gramatté (1898–1974)
• Konstantin Eiges (1875–1950)
• Irina Elcheva (1926–2013)
• Boris Elkis (born 1973)
• Heino Eller (1887–1970), born in present-day Estonia
• Abdalla El-Masri (born 1962)
• Irina Emeliantseva (born 1973)
• Gustav Ernesaks (1908–1993), born in present-day Estonia
• Andrei Eshpai (1925–2015)
• Victor Ewald (1860–1935)

F

• Samuil Feinberg (1890–1962)
• Boris Feoktistov (born 1941)
• Vladimir Fere (1902–1971)
• Alissa Firsova (born 1986), daughter of Dmitri Smirnov and Elena Firsova
• Elena Firsova (born 1950)
• Boris Fitinhof-Schell (1829–1901)
• Veniamin Fleishman (1913–1941)
• Yevstigney Fomin (1761–1800)
• Isadore Freed (1900–1960)
• Grigory Frid (1915–2012)
• Alexander Fridlender (1906–1980)
• Arthur Friedheim (1859–1932)

G

• Ossip Gabrilowitsch (1878–1936)
• Varvara Gaigerova (1903–1944)
• German Galynin (1922–1966)
• Lūcija Garūta (1902–1977), born in present-day Latvia
• Aleksandr Gauk (1893–1963)
• Valery Gavrilin (1939–1999)
• Misha Geller (1937–2007)
• Alexander Glazunov (1865–1936)
• Reinhold Glière (1875–1956), born in modern-day Ukraine
• Mikhail Glinka (1804–1857)
• Elena Gnesina (1874–1967), sister of Mikhail Gnessin
• Mikhail Gnessin (1883–1957), brother of Elena Gnesina
• Alexander Goedicke (1877–1957)
• Alexander Goldenweiser (1875–1961)
• Alexander Goldstein (born 1948)
• Nikolai Golovanov (1891–1951)
• Boris Goltz (1913–1942)
• Evgeny Golubev (1910–1988)
• Alexander Gradsky (1949–2021)
• Alexander Gretchaninov (1864–1956)
• Alexander Griboyedov (1795–1829)
• Juozas Gruodis (1884–1948), born in present-day Lithuania
• Sofia Gubaidulina (born 1931)
• Tofig Guliyev (1917–2000), born in present-day Azerbaijan
• Yevgeny Gunst (1877–1950)
• Aleksander Gurilyov (1803–1858), son of Lev
• Lev Gurilyov (1770–1844)

H

• Niyazi Hajibeyov (1912–1984), son of Zulfugar
• Uzeyir Hajibeyov (1885–1948), born in present-day Azerbaijan
• Zulfugar Hajibeyov (1884–1950), born in present-day Azerbaijan
• Jovdat Hajiyev (1917–2002), born in present-day Azerbaijan
• Miina Härma (1864–1941), born in present-day Estonia
• Vladimir Horowitz (1903–1989)
• André Hossein (1905–1983), born in present-day Uzbekistan
• Semen Hulak-Artemovsky (1813–1873), born in present-day Ukraine

I

• Alexander Ilyinsky (1859–1919)
• Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov (1859–1935)
• Timur Ismagilov (born 1982)
• Julius Isserlis (1888–1968)
• Ivan the Terrible (1530–1584)
• Mikhail Ivanov (1859–1920)
• Jānis Ivanovs (1906–1983), born in present-day Latvia

J

• Paul Juon (1872–1940)
• Andrejs Jurjāns (1856–1922), born in present-day Latvia

K

• Dmitry Kabalevsky (1904–1987)
• Murad Kajlayev (born 1931)
• Vasily Kalafati (1869–1942)
• Vasily Kalinnikov (1866–1901)
• Sandor Kalloś (born 1935)
• Alfrēds Kalniņš (1879–1951), born in present-day Latvia
• Jānis Kalniņš (1904–2000), son of Alfrēds, born in present-day Latvia
• Artur Kapp (1878–1952), born in present-day Estonia
• Eugen Kapp (1908–1996), son of Artur, born in present-day Estonia
• Villem Kapp (1913–1964), nephew of Artur, born in present-day Estonia
• Nikolai Kapustin (1937–2020)
• Nikolai Karetnikov (1930–1994)
• Daniil Kashin (1769–1841)
• Leokadiya Kashperova (1872–1940)
• Yuri Kasparov (born 1955)
• Alexander Kastalsky (1856–1926)
• Yakov Kazyansky (born 1948)
• Nikolay Kedrov Jr. (1905–1981), son of Nikolay Kedrov Sr.
• Nikolay Kedrov Sr. (1871–1940)
• Ivan Kerzelli (fl. 18th century)
• Aram Khachaturian (1903–1978), born in Georgia to an Armenian family
• Karen Khachaturian (1920–2011), nephew of Aram
• Ivan Khandoshkin (1747–1804)
• Yuri Khanon (born 1965)
• Tikhon Khrennikov (1913–2007)
• Igor Khudolei (1940–2001)
• Victor Kissine (born 1953)
• Dmitri Klebanov (1907–1987), born in present-day Ukraine
• Alexander Knaifel (born 1943)
• Lev Knipper (1898–1974), born in present-day Georgia
• Vladimir Kobekin (born 1947)
• Mikhail Kollontay (born 1952)
• Lev Konov (born 1952)
• Yelena Konshina (born 1950)
• Alexander Kopylov (1854–1911)
• Grigoriy Korchmar (born 1947)
• Arseny Koreshchenko (1870–1921)
• Nikolai Korndorf (1947–2001)
• Viktor Kosenko (1896–1938)
• Alexander Koshetz (1875–1944), born in present-day Ukraine
• Nikita Koshkin (born 1956)
• Serge Koussevitzky (1874–1951)
• Osip Kozlovsky (1757–1831)
• Pylyp Kozytskiy (1893–1960), born in present-day Ukraine
• Cyrillus Kreek (1889–1962), born in present-day Estonia
• Alexander Krein (1883–1951)
• Vyacheslav Kruglik
• Yevgeny Krylatov (1934–2019)
• Andrei Krylov (born 1961)

L

• Ivan Larionov (1830–1889)
• Boris Ledkovsky (1894–1975)
• Albert Leman (1915–1998)
• Artur Lemba (1885–1963), born in present-day Estonia
• Mykola Leontovych (1877–1921), born in present-day Ukraine
• Zara Levina (1906–1976)
• Alexander Levine (born 1955)
• Yuri Levitin (1912–1993)
• Mischa Levitzki (1898–1941)
• Ekaterina Likoshin (fl. 1800–1810)
• Vasily Lobanov (born 1947)
• Aleksandr Lokshin (1920–1987)
• Arthur Lourié (1892–1966)
• Mihkel Lüdig (1880–1958), born in present-day Estonia
• Oleg Lundstrem (1916–2005)
• Alexei Lvov (1799–1870)
• Anatoly Lyadov (1855–1914)
• Lyudmila Lyadova (1925–2021)
• Sergei Lyapunov (1859–1924)
• Boris Lyatoshinsky (1895–1968), born in present-day Ukraine
• Mykola Lysenko (1842–1912), born in present-day Ukraine

M

• Muslim Magomayev (1885–1937), born in present-day Azerbaijan
• Heorhiy Maiboroda (1913–1992), born in present-day Ukraine
• Katerina Maier (fl. c. 1800)
• Nina Makarova (1908–1976)
• Leonid Malashkin (1842–1902)
• Dmitry Malikov (born 1970)
• Witold Maliszewski (1873–1939), born in present-day Ukraine
• Igor Markevitch (1912–1983), born in present-day Ukraine
• Mykola Markevych (1804–1860), born in present-day Ukraine
• Vladimir Martynov (born 1946)
• Mikhail Matinsky (1750 – c. 1820)
• Mikhail Matyushin (1861–1934)
• Samuel Maykapar (1867–1938)
• Jānis Mediņš (1890–1966), born in present-day Latvia
• Nikolai Medtner (1880–1951)
• Yuliy Meitus (1903–1997), born in present-day Ukraine
• Romanos Melikian (1883–1935), born in present-day Armenia
• Emilis Melngailis (1874–1954), born in present-day Latvia
• Ion Melnik (1935–2018)
• Zhanneta Metallidi (1934–2019)
• Moses Milner (1886–1953)
• Emil Młynarski (1870–1835), born in present-day Lithuania
• Boris Mokrousov (1909–1968)
• Kirill Molchanov (1922–1982)
• Fred Momotenko (born 1970)
• Alexander Mordukhovich (born 1946)
• Alexander Mosolov (1900–1973)
• Veli Mukhatov (1916–2005), born in present-day Turkmenistan
• Vano Muradeli (1908–1970), born in present-day Georgia
• Modest Mussorgsky (1839–1881)
• Mansur Muzafarov (1902–1966)
• Nikolai Myaskovsky (1881–1950)

N

• Nicolas Nabokov (1903–1978)
• Vyacheslav Nagovitsin (born 1939)
• Aleksey Nasedkin (1942–2014)
• Lev Naumov (1925–2005)
• Svetlana Nesterova
• Leonid Nikolayev (1868–1942)
• Tatiana Nikolayeva (1924–1993)
• Petro Nishchynsky (1832–1896), born in present-day Ukraine
• Mikhaïl Nosyrev (1924–1981)
• Anatoly Novikov (1896–1984)
• David Nowakowsky (1848–1921)

O

• Nikolai Obukhov (1892–1954)
• Eduard Oja (1909–1950), born in present-day Estonia
• German Okunev (1931–1973)
• Leo Ornstein (1895–2002), born in present-day Ukraine
• Vyacheslav Ovchinnikov (1936–2019)
• Dangatar Ovezov (1911–1966), born in present-day Turkmenistan
• Valdemārs Ozoliņš (1896–1973), born in present-day Latvia

P

• Aleksandra Pakhmutova (born 1929)
• Zacharia Paliashvili (1871–1933), born in present-day Georgia
• Boris Parsadanian (1925–1997)
• Vasily Pashkevich (c. 1742 – 1797)
• Boris Pasternak (1890–1960)
• Alla Pavlova (born 1952)
• Andrey Petrov (1930–2006)
• Ernest Pingoud (1887–1942)
• Mikhail Pletnev (born 1957)
• Daniil Pokrass (1905–1954), brother of Samuel and Dmitry
• Dmitry Pokrass (1899–1978), brother of Samuel and Daniil
• Samuel Pokrass (1894–1939), brother of Dmitry and Daniil
• Gavriil Popov (1904–1972)
• Sergei Prokofiev (1891–1953), born in present-day Ukraine
• Sergei Protopopov (1893–1954)

Q

• Abai Qunanbaiuly (1845–1904), born in present-day Kazakhstan

R

• Sergei Rachmaninoff (1873–1943)
• Alexander Radvilovich (born 1955)
• Nikolai Rakov (1908–1990)
• Eda Rapoport (1890–1968), born in present-day Latvia
• Alexander Raskatov (born 1953)
• Vladimir Rebikov (1866–1920)
• Levko Revutsky (1889–1977), born in present-day Ukraine
• Nadezhda Rimskaya-Korsakova (1848–1919)
• Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844–1908)
• Alexander Rosenblatt (born 1956)
• Nikolai Roslavets (1881–1944)
• Baruch Rosowsky (1841–1919), born in present-day Latvia
• Solomon Rosowsky (1878–1962), son of Baruch, born in present-day Latvia
• Olesya Rostovskaya (born 1975)
• Anton Rubinstein (1829–1894), brother of Nikolai
• Nikolai Rubinstein (1835–1881), brother of Anton
• Joseph Rumshinsky (1881–1956), born in present-day Lithuania
• Said Rustamov (1907–1983), born in present-day Armenia

S

• Mart Saar (1882–1963), born in present-day Estonia
• Leonid Sabaneyev (1881–1968)
• Martha von Sabinin (1831–1892)
• Tolibjon Sadikov (1907–1957), born in present-day Uzbekistan
• Vasily Safonov (1852–1918)
• Niescier Sakałoŭski (1902–1950), born in present-day Belarus
• Vadim Salmanov (1912–1978)
• Lazare Saminsky (1882–1959)
• Huseyngulu Sarabski (1879–1945), born in present-day Azerbaijan
• Joseph Schillinger (1895–1943)
• Alfred Schnittke (1934–1998)
• Eduard Schütt (1856–1933)
• Alexander Scriabin (1872–1915)
• Julian Scriabin (1908–1919), son of Alexander
• Tatyana Sergeyeva (born 1951)
• Alexander Serov (1820–1871)
• Valentina Serova (1846–1924)
• Vladimir Shainsky (1925–2017)
• Masguda Shamsutdinova (born 1955)
• Yuri Shaporin (1887–1966), born in present-day Ukraine
• Adrian Shaposhnikov (1888–1967)
• Rodion Shchedrin (born 1932)
• Nikolai Shcherbachov (1853–1922)
• Vladimir Shcherbachov (1889–1952)
• Vissarion Shebalin (1902–1963)
• Boris Sheremetev (1822–1906)
• Baluan Sholak (1864–1919), born in present-day Kazakhstan
• Dmitri Shostakovich (1906–1975)
• Andriy Shtoharenko (1902–1992), born in present-day Ukraine.
• Jean Sibelius (1865–1957), born in present-day Finland
• Nikolaï Sidelnikov (1930–1992)
• Alexander Siloti (1863–1945)
• Juhan Simm (1885–1959), born in present-day Estonia
• Yekaterina Sinyavina (died 1784)
• Gregory Skovoroda (1722–1794)
• Ādolfs Skulte (1909–2000), born in present-day Latvia
• Nicolas Slonimsky (1894–1995)
• Sergei Slonimsky (1932–2020), nephew of Nicolas
• Dmitri Smirnov (1948–2020)
• Vladimir Sokalsky (1863–1919)
• Ivan Sokolov (born 1960)
• Nikolay Sokolov (1859–1922)
• Mikhail Sokolovsky (1756 – after 1795)
• Nicolai Soloviev (1846–1916)
• Vasily Solovyov-Sedoi (1907–1979)
• Senya Son (born 1951)
• Antonio Spadavecchia (1907–1977)
• Alexander Spendiaryan (1871–1928)
• Alexei Stanchinsky (1888–1914)
• Maximilian Steinberg (1883–1946), born in present-day Lithuania
• Yakiv Stepovy (1883–1921), born in present-day Ukraine
• Kyrylo Stetsenko (1882–1922), born in present-day Ukraine
• Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971)
• Peeter Süda (1883–1920), born in present-day Estonia
• Grikor Suni (1876–1939), born in present-day Armenia
• Viktor Suslin (1942–2012)
• Yevgeny Svetlanov (1928–2002)
• Georgy Sviridov (1915–1998)

T

• Alexander Taneyev (1850–1918)
• Sergei Taneyev (1856–1915)
• Vladimir Tarnopolsky (born 1955)
• Boris Tchaikovsky (1925–1996)
• Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840–1893)
• Alexander Tcherepnin (1899–1977), son of Nikolai
• Nikolai Tcherepnin (1873–1945)
• Grigory Teplov (1717–1779)
• Armen Tigranian (1879–1950), born in present-day Armenia
• Nikoghayos Tigranian (1856–1951), born in present-day Armenia
• Dimitri Tiomkin (1894–1979), born in present-day Ukraine
• Boris Tishchenko (1939–2010)
• Alexey Titov (1769–1827)
• Nikolai Titov (1800–1875), son of Alexey
• Vasily Titov (c. 1650 – c. 1715)
• Rudolf Tobias (1873–1918), born in present-day Estonia
• Eduard Tubin (1905–1982), born in present-day Estonia
• Serafim Tulikov (1914–2004)

U

• Vladimir Ussachevsky (1911–1990)
• Galina Ustvolskaya (1919–2006)

V

• Raimond Valgre (1913–1949), born in present-day Estonia
• Alexander Varlamov (1801–1848)
• Sergei Vasilenko (1872–1956)
• Vladimir Vavilov (1925–1973)
• Artemy Vedel (c. 1767 – 1808), born in present-day Ukraine
• Alexander Veprik (1889–1958)
• Alexey Verstovsky (1799–1862)
• Yuliya Veysberg (1880–1942)
• Mikhail Vielgorsky (1788–1856)
• Ernests Vīgners (1850–1933), born in present-day Latvia
• Tony Vilgotsky (born 1980)
• Mykola Vilinsky (1888–1956), born in present-day Ukraine
• Jāzeps Vītols (1863–1948), born in present-day Latvia
• Vladimir Vlasov (1902/3–1986)
• Andrei Volkonsky (1933–2008)
• Alexander Vustin (1943–2020)

W

• Jacob Weinberg (1879–1956)
• Kazimierz Wiłkomirski (1900–1995)
• Alexander Winkler (1865–1935)
• Ivan Wyschnegradsky (1893–1979)

Y

• Grigor Yeghiazaryan (1908–1988), born in present-day Turkey
• Makar Yekmalyan (1856–1905), born in present-day Armenia
• Mikhail Youdin (1893–1948)
• Yuri Yukechev (born 1947)
• Aleksandr Yurasovsky (1890–1922)

Z

• Vsevolod Zaderatsky (1881–1953)
• Nikolai Zaremba (1821–1879)
• Marģeris Zariņš (1910–1993), born in present-day Latvia
• Aleksandr Zatsepin (born 1926)
• Leo Zeitlin (1884–1930)
• Asaf Zeynally (1909–1932)
• Valery Zhelobinsky (1913–1946)
• Aleksey Zhivotov (1904–1964)
• Mikhail Zhukov (1901–1960)
• Alexander Zhurbin (born 1945)
• Efrem Zimbalist (1889–1985)
• Vasily Zolotarev (1872–1964)
• Vladislav Zolotaryov (1942–1975)
• Mariya Zubova (1749–1799)