In the Sukhothai Kingdom, the monarch used the title Pho Khun (Thai: พ่อขุน), and monarchs who reigned over the period of decline after Ram Khamhaeng the Great used the title Phaya (Thai: พญา).
In the Ayutthaya Kingdom and afterward, thanandon, the system of Thai royal titles, determines the style of the monarch's full regnal name (which includes the title), consisting of two interconnected parts:
The first part is the title Phra Bat Somdet Phra Chao Yu Hua (Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัว, 'His Majesty the King'). The title is split by the regnal name, written between Phra and Chao. If the monarch was not formally crowned, Phra Bat is omitted. If the monarch ruled as a tributary or was usurped, Somdet may be omitted.
Sometimes, Chao Yu Hua is fully omitted. Other times, only Yu Hua is omitted, in which case Chao follows the remaining components of the title and precedes the regnal name.
The second part is the regnal name, of which only a portion may be used to commonly refer to the monarch. It may differ from their birth name, their name as uparaja (viceroy), or their posthumous name and/or historical style. This list refers to monarchs by the names most often used by traditional historians.[1]
Western nations referred to the monarch as the "King of Siam" (Latin: Rex Siamensium), regardless of Thai titles, since the initiation of relations in the 16th century. Mongkut (Rama IV) was the first monarch to adopt the title when the name Siam was first used in an international treaty.[2] When the kingdom's name was changed to Thailand, the monarch's Western title changed accordingly.[3]
Tai peoples migrated into mainland Southeast Asia in the 8th–10th centuries.[4] In the years after, Northern Thai groups established mueang that evolved into larger states, such as Ngoenyang.[5][6] However, it was not until the decline of the Khmer Empire in the 13th century that a Central Thai kingdom politically and culturally related to modern Thailand was first founded.
Phra Ruang dynasty (1238–1438)
The Phra Ruang dynasty was the only royal lineage that ruled over the Sukhothai Kingdom, the first Central Thai state. Established by Si Inthrathit in 1238, who declared independence from the Khmer Empire, the dynasty laid the foundations for Thai society.[7] Under Ram Khamhaeng the Great, the initial Thai script was invented and Therāvada Buddhism was established as the state religion.[8]: 197 [9]: 25
1188 – 1270 (aged 82)Ruled locally in the Khmer Empire as Bang Klang Hao. His rebellion led to the establishment of Sukhothai, the first Central Thai kingdom[7]
c. 1237/1247 – 1298 (aged approx. 51/61)Oversaw the height of Sukhothai prosperity, the development of the Thai script, and the propagation of Therāvada Buddhism within Sukhothai[8]
c. 1262 – 1323 (aged approx. 61)Brother of Burmese queen consort May Hnin Thwe-Da.[12] His reign saw the decline of Sukhothai, as regions conquered by Ram Khamhaeng broke away
Son of Loe Thai and first cousin once removed of Ngua Nam Thum; named uparaja as Li Thai in 1340/41[11]
c. 1300 – 1368 (aged approx. 68)Known for his devotion to Buddhist philosophy and writing.[9] During his reign Ayutthaya began invasions into Sukhothai[8]
c. 1401 – 1438 (aged approx. 37)Born Borommapan. Won the throne against his brother after the intervention of Intharacha of Ayutthaya.[15] Upon his death, Borommarachathirat II of Ayutthaya installed his son as uparaja, ending Phra Ruang succession[10]
1438: Unification with Ayutthaya ends Sukhothai autonomy.
• Son of Ramathibodi II • Younger brother of Borommarachathirat IV and Chairacha • Seized the throne from usurper • Became a Buddhist monk at Pegu (1564–1568)
• Former Lord of Phitsanulok • Son-in-law of Maha Chakkraphat and Queen Suriyothai • Installed as vassal of Bayinnaung of Burma, declared independence in 1584
20 March 1737 4th child (2nd son) of Thongdee (Mon nobleman) and Yok
6 April 1782 (10 June)
7 September 1809 (27 years 154 days) (72 years old)
• Father-in-law of Taksin • His father was a great-grandson of Kosa Pan, his mother the daughter of a HokkienChinese millionaire family. • claimed to be a descendant of Sukhothai Dynasty
^Accounts vastly differ to when Taksin stepped down from the throne and entered the monkhood, which has been argued to have occurred as early as three months prior to his execution.[23]
^ abcdeCœdès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN978-0-8248-0368-1.
Prince Chula Chakrabongse, HRH (1967). Lords of Life: A History of the Kings of Thailand. United Kingdom: Alvin Redman Limited.
Prince Damrong Rajanubhab, Disuankumaan (2001). Our Wars With The Burmese: Thai-Burmese Conflict 1539-1767. Thailand: White Lotus Co. Ltd. ISBN974-7534-58-4.
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