The UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) has designated 175 World Heritage Sites in all of the 15 sovereign countries (also called "state parties") of Southern Europe: Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Portugal, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, and Vatican City as well as one site in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar.^[1] While Turkey has territory in Southern Europe, they are not included here but in Western Asia, and Cyprus is also included in Western Asia.

The top two countries by number of World Heritage Sites are located in this region: Italy with 58 sites and Spain with 49 sites (44 sites not including those on the Canary Islands, which are included in Africa). Seven sites are shared between several countries: Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde (Portugal and Spain), Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes (Italy and Switzerland), Monte San Giorgio (Italy and Switzerland), Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura (Holy See and Italy), Pyrénées – Mont Perdu (France and Spain), Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps (Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Slovenia and Switzerland) and Heritage of Mercury – Almadén and Idrija (Slovenia and Spain).^[2] The first sites from the region were inscribed in 1979 a year after the list's conception, and included six sites in the former Yugoslavia and one site in Italy.^[3][4] Each year, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee may inscribe new sites on the list, or delist sites that no longer meet the criteria. Selection is based on ten criteria: six for cultural heritage (i–vi) and four for natural heritage (vii–x).^[5] Some sites, designated "mixed sites," represent both cultural and natural heritage. In Southern Europe, there are 154 cultural, 16 natural, and 5 mixed sites.^[2]

The World Heritage Committee may also specify that a site is endangered, citing "conditions which threaten the very characteristics for which a property was inscribed on the World Heritage List." One of the sites (Medieval Monuments in Kosovo) in Southern Europe is listed as endangered and four sites (Old City of Dubrovnik, Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor, Plitvice Lakes National Park and Butrint) were previously listed. Possible danger listing has been considered by UNESCO in a number of other cases.^[6][7]

Legend

The table is sortable by column by clicking on the at the top of the appropriate column; alphanumerically for the Site, Area, and Year columns; by state party for the Location column; and by criteria type for the Criteria column. Transborder sites sort at the bottom.

Site; named after the World Heritage Committee's official designation^[2]

Location; at city, regional, or provincial level and geocoordinates

Criteria; as defined by the World Heritage Committee^[5]

Area; in hectares and acres. If available, the size of the buffer zone has been noted as well. A value of zero implies that no data has been published by UNESCO

Year; during which the site was inscribed to the World Heritage List

Description; brief information about the site, including reasons for qualifying as an endangered site, if applicable

World Heritage Sites

Site	Image	Location	Criteria	Area ha (acre)	Year	Description
18th-Century Royal Palace at Caserta with the Park, the Aqueduct of Vanvitelli, and the San Leucio Complex		Provinces of Caserta and Benevento, Campania,  Italy 41°4′24″N 14°19′35″E / 41.07333°N 14.32639°E / 41.07333; 14.32639 (18th-Century Royal Palace at Caserta with the Park, the Aqueduct of Vanvitelli, and the San Leucio Complex)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)	87 (210); buffer zone 111 (270)	1997	[8]
Acropolis, Athens		Attica,  Greece 37°58′15″N 23°43′34″E / 37.97083°N 23.72611°E / 37.97083; 23.72611 (Acropolis, Athens)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)	3.04 (7.5); buffer zone 117 (290)	1987	A collection of massive, yet perfectly balanced architectural masterpieces in harmony with the natural landscape, the Acropolis of Athens is one of the most important expressions of Classical Greek aesthetics. It was completed by the 5th century BC and has since then exerted a profound influence on architecture worldwide.[9] [10]
Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzín, Granada		Province of Granada, Andalusia,  Spain 37°10′36″N 3°35′40″W / 37.17667°N 3.59444°W / 37.17667; -3.59444 (Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzín, Granada)	Cultural: (i)(iii)(iv)	—	1984[nb 1]	The three sites are remnants of the Moorish influence in southern Spain. The fortress Alhambra and the palace Generalife were built by the rulers of the Emirate of Granada. The Albayzín district contains examples of the Moorish vernacular architecture and was added to the listing in 1994. [11]
Alto Douro Wine Region		Douro Subregion, Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Province,  Portugal 41°6′6″N 7°47′56″W / 41.10167°N 7.79889°W / 41.10167; -7.79889 (Alto Douro Wine Region)	Cultural: (iii)(iv)(v)	24,600 (61,000); buffer zone 225,400 (557,000)	2001	[12]
Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe		Albania*;  Austria*;  Belgium*;  Bulgaria*;  Croatia*; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Thuringia, Hesse,  Germany*;  Italy*;  Romania*; Prešov Region,  Slovakia*;  Slovenia*;  Spain*; Zakarpattia Oblast,  Ukraine* 49°5′10″N 22°32′10″E / 49.08611°N 22.53611°E / 49.08611; 22.53611 (Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe)	Natural: (ix)	92,023 (227,390); buffer zone 253,815 (627,190)	2007[nb 2]	Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians are used to study the spread of the beech tree (Fagus sylvatica) in the Northern Hemisphere across a variety of environments and the environment in the forest. The addition of the Ancient Beech Forests of Germany in 2011 included five forests totaling 4,391 hectares (10,850 acres) that are added to the 29,278 hectares (72,350 acres) of Slovakian and Ukrainian beech forests inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2007. The site was further expanded in 2017 to include forests in 9 additional European countries. [13][14]
Arab–Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalú and Monreale		Province of Palermo, Sicily,  Italy 38°6′39″N 13°21′11″E / 38.11083°N 13.35306°E / 38.11083; 13.35306 (Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalú and Monreale)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)	6.24 (15.4); buffer zone 483 (1,190)	2015	The new Norman rulers started to build various constructions in what is called the Arab-Norman style. They incorporated the best practices of Arab and Byzantine architecture into their own art.[15][16]
Aranjuez Cultural Landscape		Aranjuez, Community of Madrid,  Spain 40°2′11″N 3°36′34″W / 40.03639°N 3.60944°W / 40.03639; -3.60944 (Aranjuez Cultural Landscape)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)	2,048 (5,060); buffer zone 16,605 (41,030)	2001	The landscape around the Royal Palace of Aranjuez was developed by the Spanish royal family over a course of three centuries and contains innovative horticultural and design ideas. The area was the exclusive property of the royal family until the 19th century when the modern civilian city developed. [17]
Archaeological Area and the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia		Province of Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia,  Italy 45°46′6″N 13°22′3″E / 45.76833°N 13.36750°E / 45.76833; 13.36750 (Archaeological Area and the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia)	Cultural: (iii)(iv)(vi)	155 (380)	1998	[18]
Archaeological Area of Agrigento		Province of Agrigento, Sicily,  Italy 37°17′23″N 13°35′36″E / 37.28972°N 13.59333°E / 37.28972; 13.59333 (Archaeological Area of Agrigento)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)	934 (2,310); buffer zone 1,869 (4,620)	1997	[19]
Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata		Province of Naples, Campania,  Italy 40°45′0″N 14°29′0″E / 40.75000°N 14.48333°E / 40.75000; 14.48333 (Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata)	Cultural: (iii)(iv)(v)	98 (240); buffer zone 24 (59)	1997	[20]
Archaeological Ensemble of Tárraco		Province of Tarragona, Catalonia,  Spain 41°6′53″N 1°15′34″E / 41.11472°N 1.25944°E / 41.11472; 1.25944 (Archaeological Ensemble of Tárraco)	Cultural: (ii)(iii)	100 (250)	2000	The prominent Roman city of Tárraco at the site of modern-day Tarragona served as the capital of the provinces of Hispania Citerior and later Hispania Tarraconensis. The amphitheatre was constructed in the 2nd century. Most remains are only fragments or preserved under more modern buildings. [21]
Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida		Province of Badajoz, Extremadura,  Spain 38°54′58″N 6°20′16″W / 38.91611°N 6.33778°W / 38.91611; -6.33778 (Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida)	Cultural: (iii)(iv)	—	1993	Mérida was founded in 25 BC by the Romans as Emerita Augusta and was the capital of the Lusitania province. Remains from the Roman era include a bridge, aqueduct, amphitheatre, theatre, circus, and forum. [22]
Archaeological Site of Aigai (modern name Vergina)		Imathia, Central Macedonia,  Greece 40°28′17″N 22°19′6″E / 40.47139°N 22.31833°E / 40.47139; 22.31833 (Archaeological Site of Aigai (modern name Vergina))	Cultural: (i)(iii)	1,421 (3,510); buffer zone 4,812 (11,890)	1996	The ancient city of Aigai was the first capital of the Kingdom of Macedon. In addition to the monumental palace, lavishly decorated with mosaics and painted stuccoes, the site contains a burial ground with more than 300 tumuli, one of which has been identified as that of Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great.[23] [24]
Archaeological Site of Atapuerca		Province of Burgos, Castile and León,  Spain 42°22′17″N 3°32′50″W / 42.37139°N 3.54722°W / 42.37139; -3.54722 (Archaeological Site of Atapuerca)	Cultural: (iii)(v)	—	2000	The caves in the Atapuerca Mountains contain fossil remains of the earliest human beings discovered in Europe dating from nearly one million years ago. The Sima de los Huesos or "Pit of Bones" contains the world's largest collection of hominid fossils. [25]
Archaeological Site of Delphi		Phocis, Central Greece,  Greece 38°28′53″N 22°29′46″E / 38.48139°N 22.49611°E / 38.48139; 22.49611 (Archaeological Site of Delphi)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)	51 (130); buffer zone 14,314 (35,370)	1987	The pan-Hellenic sanctuary of Delphi, location of the oracle of Apollo, was the spiritual center of the Greek world. Situated in a spectacular natural setting at the foot of Mount Parnassus, it was a symbol of Greek cultural unity from the 8th century BC onwards.[26] [27]
Archaeological Site of Mystras		Laconia, Peloponnese,  Greece 37°4′50″N 22°22′0″E / 37.08056°N 22.36667°E / 37.08056; 22.36667 (Archaeological Site of Mystras)	Cultural: (ii)(iii)(iv)	54 (130); buffer zone 1,203 (2,970)	1989	Long known as "the Wonder of the Morea", the remarkably well-preserved medieval city of Mystras played a central role in the final years of the Byzantine Empire. Built on a steep hill at the foot of Mount Taygetus, it was the last Byzantine stronghold to fall to the Ottomans, holding out until 1461.[28] [29]
Archaeological Site of Olympia		Elis, Western Peloponnese,  Greece 37°39′0″N 21°40′0″E / 37.65000°N 21.66667°E / 37.65000; 21.66667 (Archaeological Site of Olympia)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)	106 (260); buffer zone 1,458 (3,600)	1989	The site of Olympia, built on the banks of the Alpheios river in the Peloponnese, was the location of the ancient Olympic Games beginning in 776 BC. In addition to numerous temples and sanctuaries, it contains the remains of several sporting structures, such as its famous stadium.[30] [31]
Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and Tiryns		Argolis, Peloponnese,  Greece 37°44′0″N 22°45′0″E / 37.73333°N 22.75000°E / 37.73333; 22.75000 (Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and Tiryns)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)	—	1999	Mycenae and Tiryns were two of the most important cities of Mycenean Greece, which flourished between the 15th and 12th centuries BC. The Lion's Gate and Treasury of Atreus at Mycenae have been listed as "outstanding examples of human creative genius".[32] [33]
Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites		Italy 43°3′58″N 12°37′21″E / 43.06611°N 12.62250°E / 43.06611; 12.62250 (Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)	14,563 (35,990); buffer zone 4,087 (10,100)	2000	[34]
Botanical Garden (Orto Botanico), Padua		City and Province of Padua, Veneto,  Italy 45°23′57″N 11°52′50″E / 45.39917°N 11.88056°E / 45.39917; 11.88056 (Botanical Garden (Orto Botanico), Padua)	Cultural: (ii)(iii)	2.20 (5.4); buffer zone 11 (27)	1997	[35]
Burgos Cathedral		Burgos, Province of Burgos, Castile and León,  Spain 42°20′25″N 3°42′14.5″W / 42.34028°N 3.704028°W / 42.34028; -3.704028 (Burgos Cathedral)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)(vi)	—	1984	The Gothic-style cathedral was constructed between the 13th and 16th centuries. It is the burial place of Spanish national hero, El Cid. [36]
Butrint		Sarandë District,  Albania 39°45′4″N 20°1′34″E / 39.75111°N 20.02611°E / 39.75111; 20.02611 (Butrint)	Cultural: (iii)	3,980 (9,800); buffer zone 4,611 (11,390)	1992[nb 3]	The site had been listed as endangered 1997–2005 following damages due to management and conservation. [37] [38] [39]
Castel del Monte		Andria and Corato, Province of Bari, Apulia,  Italy 41°5′5″N 16°16′15″E / 41.08472°N 16.27083°E / 41.08472; 16.27083 (Castel del Monte)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)	3.10 (7.7); buffer zone 10,847 (26,800)	1996	[40]
Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí		Province of Lleida, Catalonia,  Spain 42°30′17″N 0°48′13″E / 42.50472°N 0.80361°E / 42.50472; 0.80361 (Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)	—	2000	The small valley at the edge of the Pyrenees contains churches in Romanesque style decorated with Romanesque murals, statues, and altars. The churches are unique for their tall, square bell towers. [41]
Cathedral, Alcázar and Archivo de Indias in Seville		Province of Seville, Andalusia,  Spain 37°23′2″N 5°59′30″W / 37.38389°N 5.99167°W / 37.38389; -5.99167 (Cathedral, Alcázar and Archivo de Indias in Seville)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(vi)	12 (30); buffer zone 187 (460)	1987[nb 4]	The Alcázar was built during the Almohad dynasty that ruled southern Spain until the Reconquista. The cathedral dates to the 15th century and holds the tombs of Ferdinand III and Christopher Columbus. The Archivo (Archive) houses documents relating to the colonization of the Americas. [42]
Cathedral, Torre Civica and Piazza Grande, Modena		City and Province of Modena, Emilia–Romagna,  Italy 44°38′46″N 10°55′32″E / 44.64611°N 10.92556°E / 44.64611; 10.92556 (Cathedral, Torre Civica and Piazza Grande, Modena)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)	1.20 (3.0); buffer zone 1.10 (2.7)	1997	[43]
Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain		Santillana del Mar, Cantabria,  Spain 43°22′57″N 4°6′58″W / 43.38250°N 4.11611°W / 43.38250; -4.11611 (Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain)	Cultural: (i)(iii)	2,235 (5,520)	1985[nb 5]	The Cave of Altamira contains examples of cave painting from the Upper Paleolithic period, ranging from 35,000 to 11,000 BC. The original listing contained seventeen decorated caves. The caves are well-preserved because of their deep isolation from the external climate. [44]
Central Zone of the Town of Angra do Heroismo in the Azores		Terceira Island, Azores,  Portugal 38°39′18″N 27°13′12″W / 38.65500°N 27.22000°W / 38.65500; -27.22000 (Central Zone of the Town of Angra do Heroismo in the Azores)	Cultural: (iv)(vi)	—	1983	[45]
Church and Dominican Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie with "The Last Supper" by Leonardo da Vinci		Province of Milano, Lombardy,  Italy 45°27′57″N 9°10′14″E / 45.46583°N 9.17056°E / 45.46583; 9.17056 (Church and Dominican Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie with "The Last Supper" by Leonardo da Vinci)	Cultural: (i)(ii)	1.50 (3.7)	1980	[46]
Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park with the Archeological sites of Paestum and Velia, and the Certosa di Padula		Province of Salerno, Campania,  Italy 40°17′0″N 15°16′0″E / 40.28333°N 15.26667°E / 40.28333; 15.26667 (Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park with the Archeological sites of Paestum and Velia, and the Certosa di Padula)	Cultural: (iii)(iv)	159,110 (393,200); buffer zone 178,101 (440,100)	1998	[47]
City of Valletta		Malta Island,  Malta 35°54′2″N 14°30′52″E / 35.90056°N 14.51444°E / 35.90056; 14.51444 (City of Valletta)	Cultural: (i)(vi)	56 (140)	1980	[48]
City of Verona		City and Province of Verona, Veneto,  Italy 45°26′19″N 10°59′38″E / 45.43861°N 10.99389°E / 45.43861; 10.99389 (City of Verona)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)	453 (1,120); buffer zone 431 (1,070)	2000	[49]
City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto		Provinces of Padua, Rovigo, Treviso, Venice, Verona and Vicenza, Veneto,  Italy 45°32′57″N 11°32′58″E / 45.54917°N 11.54944°E / 45.54917; 11.54944 (City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto)	Cultural: (i)(ii)	334 (830)	1994[nb 6]	[50] [51]
Convent of Christ in Tomar		Tomar, Santarém District,  Portugal 39°36′17″N 8°25′3″W / 39.60472°N 8.41750°W / 39.60472; -8.41750 (Convent of Christ in Tomar)	Cultural: (i)(vi)	—	1983	[52]
Costiera Amalfitana		Province of Salerno, Campania,  Italy 40°39′0″N 14°36′0″E / 40.65000°N 14.60000°E / 40.65000; 14.60000 (Costiera Amalfitana)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)(v)	11,231 (27,750)	1997	[53]
Crespi d'Adda		Province of Bergamo, Lombardy,  Italy 45°35′36″N 9°32′18″E / 45.59333°N 9.53833°E / 45.59333; 9.53833 (Crespi d'Adda)	Cultural: (iv)(v)	—	1995	[54]
Cultural Landscape of Sintra		Sintra,  Portugal 38°47′0″N 9°25′0″W / 38.78333°N 9.41667°W / 38.78333; -9.41667 (Cultural Landscape of Sintra)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)(v)	946 (2,340); buffer zone 3,641 (9,000)	1995	[55]
Cultural Landscape of the Serra de Tramuntana		Mallorca,  Spain 39°43′51″N 2°41′41″E / 39.73083°N 2.69472°E / 39.73083; 2.69472 (Cultural Landscape of the Serra de Tramuntana)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)(v)	30,745 (75,970); buffer zone 78,617 (194,270)	2011	[56]
Delos		Cyclades, South Aegean,  Greece 37°24′0″N 25°16′0″E / 37.40000°N 25.26667°E / 37.40000; 25.26667 (Delos)	Cultural: (ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)	351 (870)	1990	The birthplace of Apollo and Artemis according to Greek mythology, the sacred island of Delos was one of the most important pan-Hellenic sanctuaries. The sanctuary of Apollo on Delos attracted pilgrims from all over Greece, making Delos a prosperous trading port.[57] [58]
Doñana National Park		Huelva and Seville Provinces, Andalusia,  Spain 36°56′52″N 6°21′32″W / 36.94778°N 6.35889°W / 36.94778; -6.35889 (Doñana National Park)	Natural: (vii)(ix)(x)	54,252 (134,060)	1994[nb 7]	The park consists of the delta region where the Guadalquivir River reaches the Atlantic Ocean. It is home to a diverse variety of biotopes, such as lagoons, marshlands, dunes, and maquis. The park is one of the largest heronries in the Mediterranean region and holds more than 500,000 water fowl during the winter period. [59] [60]
Durmitor National Park		Montenegro 43°7′59″N 19°1′0″E / 43.13306°N 19.01667°E / 43.13306; 19.01667 (Durmitor National Park)	Natural: (vii)(viii)(x)	32,100 (79,000)	1980[nb 8]	[61] [62]
Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna		City and Province of Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna,  Italy 44°25′14″N 12°11′47″E / 44.42056°N 12.19639°E / 44.42056; 12.19639 (Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)	1.32 (3.3)	1996	[63]
Episcopal Complex of the Euphrasian Basilica in the Historic Centre of Poreč		Poreč, Istria County,  Croatia 45°13′45″N 13°35′40″E / 45.22917°N 13.59444°E / 45.22917; 13.59444 (Episcopal Complex of the Euphrasian Basilica in the Historic Centre of Poreč)	Cultural: (ii)(iii)(iv)	1.10 (2.7)	1997	The episcopal complex, with its striking mosaics dating back to the 6th century, is one of the best examples of early Byzantine art and architecture in the Mediterranean region and the world. It includes the basilica itself, a sacristy, a baptistery and the bell tower of the nearby archbishop's palace. [64]
Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia		Provinces of Rome and Viterbo, Lazio,  Italy 42°0′25″N 12°6′7″E / 42.00694°N 12.10194°E / 42.00694; 12.10194 (Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia)	Cultural: (i)(iii)(iv)	21 (52); buffer zone 5,786 (14,300)	2004	[65]
Ferrara, City of the Renaissance, and its Po Delta		City and Province of Ferrara, Emilia–Romagna,  Italy 44°50′16″N 11°37′10″E / 44.83778°N 11.61944°E / 44.83778; 11.61944 (Ferrara, City of the Renaissance, and its Po Delta)	Cultural: (ii)(iii)(iv)(v)(vi)	46,712 (115,430); buffer zone 117,649 (290,720)	1995[nb 9]	[66] [67]
Garrison Border Town of Elvas and its Fortifications		Alentejo,  Portugal 38°52′50″N 7°9′48″W / 38.88056°N 7.16333°W / 38.88056; -7.16333 (Garrison Border Town of Elvas and its Fortifications)	Cultural: (iv)	179 (440); buffer zone 608 (1,500)	2012	The site, extensively fortified from the 17th to 19th centuries, represents the largest bulwarked dry ditch system in the work. Within its walls, the town contains barracks and other military buildings as well as churches and monasteries. While Elvas contains remains dating back to the 10th century A.D., its fortification began when Portugal regained independence in 1640. The fortifications designed by Dutch Jesuit Padre João Piscásio Cosmander represent the best surviving example of the Dutch school of fortifications anywhere. The site also contains the Amoreira Aqueduct, built to enable the stronghold to withstand lengthy sieges. [68]
Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius		Zaječar,  Serbia 43°53′57.5″N 22°11′10″E / 43.899306°N 22.18611°E / 43.899306; 22.18611 (Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius)	Cultural: (iii)(iv)	179 (440); buffer zone 545 (1,350)	2007	The Late Roman fortified palace compound and memorial complex of Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius, in the east of Serbia, was commissioned by Emperor Caius Valerius Galerius Maximianus, in the late 3rd and early 4th centuries. It was known as Felix Romuliana, named after the emperor's mother. The site consists of fortifications, the palace in the north-western part of the complex, basilicas, temples, hot baths, memorial complex, and a tetrapylon. The group of buildings is also unique in its intertwining of ceremonial and memorial functions. [69]
Genoa: Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli		Province of Genoa, Liguria,  Italy 44°24′44″N 8°55′52″E / 44.41222°N 8.93111°E / 44.41222; 8.93111 (Genoa: Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)	16 (40); buffer zone 113 (280)	2006	[70]
Gorham's Cave Complex		Gibraltar,  UK 36°07′13″N 5°20′31″W / 36.120397°N 5.342075°W / 36.120397; -5.342075 (Gorham's Cave)[71]	Cultural: (iii)	—	2016[71]	A natural sea cave, considered to be one of the last known habitations of the Neanderthals in Europe.[71]
Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum		Paola, Malta Island,  Malta 35°52′17″N 14°30′27″E / 35.87139°N 14.50750°E / 35.87139; 14.50750 (Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum)	Cultural: (iii)	—	1980	[72]
Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija		Slovenia*;  Spain* 38°46′31″N 4°50′20″W / 38.77528°N 4.83889°W / 38.77528; -4.83889 (Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)	104 (260)	2012	[73]
Historical Complex of Split with the Palace of Diocletian		Split-Dalmatia County,  Croatia 43°30′34″N 16°26′36″E / 43.50944°N 16.44333°E / 43.50944; 16.44333 (Historical Complex of Split with the Palace of Diocletian)	Cultural: (ii)(iii)(iv)	21 (52)	1979	The palace was built by the Roman emperor Diocletian at the turn of the fourth century AD, and later served as the basis of the city of Split. A cathedral was built in the Middle Ages inside the ancient mausoleum, along with churches, fortifications, Gothic and Renaissance palaces. The Baroque style makes up the rest of the area. [74]
Historic Centre of Cordoba		Province of Córdoba, Andalusia,  Spain 37°52′45″N 4°46′47″W / 37.87917°N 4.77972°W / 37.87917; -4.77972 (Historic Centre of Cordoba)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)	—	1984[nb 10]	The original listing was the Great Mosque of Córdoba, a 7th-century mosque converted to a Roman Catholic cathedral in the 13th century by Ferdinand III. During the high period of the Moorish rule of the region, Córdoba had over 300 mosques and architecture that compared to that of Constantinople, Damascus, and Baghdad. [75] [76]
Historic Centre of Évora		Évora Municipality, Alentejo,  Portugal 38°24′23″N 7°54′28″W / 38.40639°N 7.90778°W / 38.40639; -7.90778 (Historic Centre of Évora)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)	—	1986	[77]
Historic Centre of Florence		City and Province of Florence, Tuscany,  Italy 43°46′23″N 11°15′22″E / 43.77306°N 11.25611°E / 43.77306; 11.25611 (Historic Centre of Florence)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)	505 (1,250)	1982	[78]
Historic Centre of Guimarães		Braga District, Minho Province,  Portugal 41°26′27″N 8°17′41″W / 41.44083°N 8.29472°W / 41.44083; -8.29472 (Historic Centre of Guimarães)	Cultural: (ii)(iii)(iv)	16 (40); buffer zone 45 (110)	2001	[79]
Historic Centre of Naples		City and Province of Naples, Campania,  Italy 40°51′5″N 14°15′46″E / 40.85139°N 14.26278°E / 40.85139; 14.26278 (Historic Centre of Naples)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)	—	1995	[80]
Historic Centre of Oporto, Luiz I Bridge and Monastery of Serra do Pilar		Norte,  Portugal 41°8′30″N 8°37′0″W / 41.14167°N 8.61667°W / 41.14167; -8.61667 (Historic Centre of Oporto)	Cultural: (iv)	—	1996	[81]
Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura		Holy See*; Rome, Lazio,  Italy* 41°53′25″N 12°29′32″E / 41.89028°N 12.49222°E / 41.89028; 12.49222 (Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)	1,485 (3,670)	1980[nb 11]	[82]
Historic Centre of San Gimignano		San Gimignano, Province of Siena, Tuscany,  Italy 43°28′5″N 11°2′30″E / 43.46806°N 11.04167°E / 43.46806; 11.04167 (Historic Centre of San Gimignano)	Cultural: (i)(iii)(iv)	14 (35)	1990	[83]
Historic Centre of Siena		City and Province of Siena, Tuscany,  Italy 43°19′7″N 11°19′54″E / 43.31861°N 11.33167°E / 43.31861; 11.33167 (Historic Centre of Siena)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iv)	170 (420); buffer zone 9,907 (24,480)	1995	[84]
Historic Centre of the City of Pienza		Pienza, Province of Siena, Tuscany,  Italy 43°4′37″N 11°40′43″E / 43.07694°N 11.67861°E / 43.07694; 11.67861 (Historic Centre of the City of Pienza)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iv)	4.41 (10.9)	1996	[85]
Historic Centre of Urbino		Province of Pesaro, Marche,  Italy 43°43′30″N 12°38′0″E / 43.72500°N 12.63333°E / 43.72500; 12.63333 (Historic Centre of Urbino)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)	29 (72); buffer zone 3,609 (8,920)	1998	[86]
Historic Centres of Berat and Gjirokastra		Berat and Gjirokastër,  Albania 40°4′10″N 20°8′0″E / 40.06944°N 20.13333°E / 40.06944; 20.13333 (Historic Centres of Berat and Gjirokastra)	Cultural: (iii)(iv)	59 (150); buffer zone 136 (340)	2005[nb 12]	[87]
Historic City of Toledo		Province of Toledo, Castile–La Mancha,  Spain 39°52′1″N 4°1′46″W / 39.86694°N 4.02944°W / 39.86694; -4.02944 (Historic City of Toledo)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(vi)	—	1986	Toledo was founded by the Romans, served as the capital of the Visigothic Kingdom, was important in Muslim Spain and during the Reconquista, and briefly served as the capital of Spain. The city combines Christian, Muslim, and Jewish influences. [88]
Historic City of Trogir		Split-Dalmatia County,  Croatia 43°30′45″N 16°15′6″E / 43.51250°N 16.25167°E / 43.51250; 16.25167 (Historic City of Trogir)	Cultural: (ii)(v)	6.40 (15.8); buffer zone 4.80 (11.9)	1997	Trogir's rich culture was created under the influence of old Greeks, Romans, and Venetians. It is the best-preserved Romanesque-Gothic complex not only in the Adriatic, but in all of Central Europe. Trogir's medieval core, surrounded by walls, comprises a preserved castle and tower and a series of dwellings and palaces from the Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque periods. [89]
Historic Walled Town of Cuenca		Province of Cuenca, Castile–La Mancha,  Spain 40°4′36″N 2°7′54″W / 40.07667°N 2.13167°W / 40.07667; -2.13167 (Historic Walled Town of Cuenca)	Cultural: (ii)(v)	—	1996	The Moors built the fortified city in the early 8th century, and it was captured by the Christians in the 12th century. The cathedral is the first Gothic example in Spain. The town is also famous for its casas colgados, houses that hang over the edge of a cliff. [90]
Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture		Balearic Islands,  Spain 38°54′40″N 1°26′7″E / 38.91111°N 1.43528°E / 38.91111; 1.43528 (Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture)	Mixed: (ii)(iii)(iv)(ix)(x)	8,564 (21,160)	1999	The coast of Ibiza is home to posidonia oceanica, a seagrass only found in the Mediterranean that supports a diverse coastal and marine ecosystem. The island also contains numerous Phoenician ruins, and the fortified and walled older portions of the city date to the 16th century. [91]
Isole Eolie (Aeolian Islands)		Southern Tyrrhenian Sea,  Italy 38°29′16″N 14°56′44″E / 38.48778°N 14.94556°E / 38.48778; 14.94556 (Isole Eolie (Aeolian Islands))	Natural: (viii)	1,216 (3,000)	2000	[92]
Ivrea, Industrial City of the 20th Century		Ivrea,  Italy 45°28′0″N 7°53′0″E / 45.46667°N 7.88333°E / 45.46667; 7.88333 (Ivrea)	Cultural: (iv)	71.185 (175.90); buffer zone 400.481 (989.61)	2018	[93]
La Lonja de la Seda de Valencia		Valencia, Province of Valencia, Valencian Community,  Spain 39°28′28″N 0°22′42″W / 39.47444°N 0.37833°W / 39.47444; -0.37833 (La Lonja de la Seda de Valencia)	Cultural: (i)(iv)	—	1996	La Lonja (or Llotja in Valencian language) de la Seda means Silk Exchange in English, and the group of Gothic buildings demonstrate the wealth of Valencia as an important Mediterranean and European mercantile city in the period. [94]
Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture		Azores,  Portugal 38°30′48″N 28°32′28″W / 38.51333°N 28.54111°W / 38.51333; -28.54111 (Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture)	Cultural: (iii)(v)	190 (470); buffer zone 2,445 (6,040)	2004	[95]
Las Médulas		Province of León, Castile and León,  Spain 42°28′10″N 6°46′15″W / 42.46944°N 6.77083°W / 42.46944; -6.77083 (Las Médulas)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)	—	1997	The Romans established a gold mine and worked the site for two centuries. They used an early form of hydraulic mining and cut aqueducts in the rock cliffs to provide water for the operations. The Romans left in the early 3rd century, leaving sheer cliff faces and mining infrastructure that is intact today. [96]
Late Baroque Towns of the Val di Noto (South-Eastern Sicily)		Provinces of Catania, Ragusa and Syracuse, Sicily,  Italy 36°53′35.5″N 15°4′8″E / 36.893194°N 15.06889°E / 36.893194; 15.06889 (Late Baroque Towns of the Val di Noto (South-Eastern Sicily))	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iv)(v)	113 (280); buffer zone 306 (760)	2002	[97]
Longobards in Italy. Places of the power (568-774 A.D.)		Italy 46°5′39″N 13°25′59″E / 46.09417°N 13.43306°E / 46.09417; 13.43306 (Longobards in Italy. Places of the power (568-774 A.D.))	Cultural: (ii)(iii)(vi)	14 (35); buffer zone 306 (760)	2011	The site includes seven Longobards towns: Brescia, Cividale del Friuli, Castelseprio, Spoleto, Campello sul Clitunno, Benevento and Monte Sant'Angelo. [98]
Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley		Encamp, Andorra la Vella, Sant Julià de Lòria, Escaldes-Engordany,  Andorra 42°29′41″N 1°35′44″E / 42.49472°N 1.59556°E / 42.49472; 1.59556 (Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley)	Cultural: (v)	—	2004[nb 13]	[99] [100]
Mantua and Sabbioneta		Italy 45°9′34″N 10°47′40″E / 45.15944°N 10.79444°E / 45.15944; 10.79444 (Mantua and Sabbioneta)	Cultural: (ii)(iii)	235 (580); buffer zone 2,330 (5,800)	2008	[101]
Medieval City of Rhodes		Rhodes, South Aegean,  Greece 36°26′50″N 28°13′40″E / 36.44722°N 28.22778°E / 36.44722; 28.22778 (Medieval City of Rhodes)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)(v)	66 (160)	1988	The Order of St John of Jerusalem occupied Rhodes from 1309 to 1523 and set about transforming the city into a stronghold. It subsequently came under Turkish and Italian rule. With the Palace of the Grand Masters, the Great Hospital and the Street of the Knights, the Upper Town is one of the most beautiful urban ensembles of the Gothic period. In the Lower Town, Gothic architecture coexists with mosques, public baths and other buildings dating from the Ottoman period.[102] [103]
Medici Villas and Gardens in Tuscany		Tuscany,  Italy 43°51′28″N 11°18′15″E / 43.85778°N 11.30417°E / 43.85778; 11.30417 (Medici Villas and Gardens in Tuscany)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)(vi)	125 (310); buffer zone 3,539 (8,750)	2013	[104]
Medieval Monuments in Kosovo†		Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija,  Serbia 42°39′40″N 20°15′56″E / 42.66111°N 20.26556°E / 42.66111; 20.26556 (Medieval Monuments in Kosovo)	Cultural: (ii)(iii)(iv)	2.88 (7.1); buffer zone 115 (280)	2004[nb 14]	The four edifices of the site reflect the high points of the Byzantine-Romanesque ecclesiastical culture, with its distinct style of wall painting, which developed in the Balkans between the 13th and 17th centuries. The Dečani Monastery was built in the mid-14th century for the Serbian king Stefan Dečanski and is also his mausoleum. The Patriarchal Monastery of Peć is a group of four domed churches featuring series of wall paintings. The 13th-century frescoes of the Church of Holy Apostles are painted in a unique, monumental style. Early 14th-century frescoes in the church of the Holy Virgin of Ljevisa represent the appearance of the new so-called Palaiologian Renaissance style, combining the influences of the eastern Orthodox Byzantine and the Western Romanesque traditions. The style played a decisive role in subsequent Balkan art. The site has been listed as endangered since 2006 due to a lack of legal protection and management; political instability and security. [105] [106]
Medina Azahara, Córdoba		Province of Cordoba, Andalusia,  Spain 37°53′10″N 4°52′04″W / 37.88611°N 4.86778°W / 37.88611; -4.86778 (Medina Azahara, Cordoba)	Cultural: (i)(iii)(iv)	—	2018	Ruins of a vast, fortified Arab Muslim medieval palace-city built by Abd-ar-Rahman III (912–961), the first Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba, and located on the western outskirts of Córdoba, Spain.[107]
Megalithic Temples of Malta		Gozo and Malta Island,  Malta 36°2′57″N 14°16′10″E / 36.04917°N 14.26944°E / 36.04917; 14.26944 (Megalithic Temples of Malta)	Cultural: (iv)	—	1980[nb 15]	[108]
Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge in Višegrad		Republika Srpska,  Bosnia and Herzegovina 43°46′53″N 19°17′17″E / 43.78139°N 19.28806°E / 43.78139; 19.28806 (Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge in Višegrad)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)	1.50 (3.7); buffer zone 12 (30)	2007	[109]
Meteora		Trikala, Thessaly,  Greece 39°43′0″N 21°38′0″E / 39.71667°N 21.63333°E / 39.71667; 21.63333 (Meteora)	Mixed: (i)(ii)(iv)(v)(vii)	272 (670); buffer zone 1,884 (4,660)	1988	In a region of almost inaccessible sandstone peaks, monks settled on these 'columns of the sky' from the 11th century onwards. Twenty-four of these monasteries were built, despite incredible difficulties, at the time of the great revival of the eremitic ideal in the 15th century. Their 16th-century frescoes mark a key stage in the development of post-Byzantine painting.[110] [111]
Monasteries of Daphni, Hosios Loukas and Nea Moni of Chios		Attica, Central Greece and North Aegean,  Greece 38°24′0″N 22°45′0″E / 38.40000°N 22.75000°E / 38.40000; 22.75000 (Monasteries of Daphni, Hosios Loukas and Nea Moni of Chios)	Cultural: (i)(iv)	3.70 (9.1); buffer zone 5,816 (14,370)	1990	Although geographically distant from each other, these three monasteries belong to the same typological series and share the same aesthetic characteristics. The churches are built on a cross-in-square plan with a large dome supported by squinches defining an octagonal space. In the 11th and 12th centuries they were decorated with superb marble works as well as mosaics on a gold background, all characteristic of the 'second golden age of Byzantine art'.[112] [113]
Monastery and Site of the Escorial, Madrid		San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Community of Madrid,  Spain 40°34′54″N 4°7′35″W / 40.58167°N 4.12639°W / 40.58167; -4.12639 (Monastery and Site of the Escurial, Madrid)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(vi)	—	1984	El Escorial is one of several Spanish royal sites due to its history as a residence of the royal family. The palace was designed by King Philip II and architect Juan Bautista de Toledo to serve as a monument to Spain's central role in the Christian world. [114]
Monastery of Alcobaça		Alcobaça, Leiria District,  Portugal 39°33′0″N 8°58′36″W / 39.55000°N 8.97667°W / 39.55000; -8.97667 (Monastery of Alcobaça)	Cultural: (i)(iv)	—	1989	[115]
Monastery of Batalha		Batalha, Leiria District,  Portugal 39°39′28″N 8°49′37″W / 39.65778°N 8.82694°W / 39.65778; -8.82694 (Monastery of Batalha)	Cultural: (i)(ii)	0.98 (2.4); buffer zone 86 (210)	1983	[116]
Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém in Lisbon		Lisbon,  Portugal 38°41′31″N 9°12′57″W / 38.69194°N 9.21583°W / 38.69194; -9.21583 (Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém in Lisbon)	Cultural: (iii)(vi)	2.66 (6.6); buffer zone 103 (250)	1983[nb 16]	[117]
Monte San Giorgio		Italy*;   Switzerland* 45°53′20″N 8°54′50″E / 45.88889°N 8.91389°E / 45.88889; 8.91389 (Monte San Giorgio)	Natural: (viii)	1,089 (2,690); buffer zone 3,207 (7,920)	2003[nb 17]	[118] [119]
Monuments of Oviedo and the Kingdom of the Asturias		Asturias,  Spain 43°21′45″N 5°50′35″W / 43.36250°N 5.84306°W / 43.36250; -5.84306 (Monuments of Oviedo and the Kingdom of the Asturias)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iv)	—	1985[nb 18]	The Kingdom of Asturias remained the only Christian region of Spain in the 9th century. It developed its own style of Pre-Romanesque art and architecture that is displayed in various churches and other monuments. The original entry titled "Churches of the Kingdom of the Asturias" and was extended to include other monuments such as La Foncalada. [120] [121]
Mount Athos		Autonomous region of Mount Athos,  Greece 40°16′0″N 24°13′0″E / 40.26667°N 24.21667°E / 40.26667; 24.21667 (Mount Athos)	Mixed: (i)(ii)(iv)(v)(vi)(vii)	33,042 (81,650)	1988	An Orthodox spiritual centre since 1054, Mount Athos has enjoyed an autonomous statute since Byzantine times. The 'Holy Mountain', which is forbidden to women and children, is also a recognized artistic site. The layout of the monasteries (about 20 of which are presently inhabited by some 1,400 monks) had an influence as far afield as Russia, and its school of painting influenced the history of Orthodox art.[122] [123]
Mount Etna		Sicily,  Italy 37°45′22″N 14°59′48″E / 37.75611°N 14.99667°E / 37.75611; 14.99667 (Mount Etna)	Natural: (viii)	19,237 (47,540)	2013	[124]
Mudejar Architecture of Aragon		Teruel and Zaragoza Provinces, Aragon,  Spain 40°20′38″N 1°6′26″W / 40.34389°N 1.10722°W / 40.34389; -1.10722 (Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)(vi)	—	1986[nb 19]	The original listing contained four churches in Teruel in the Mudéjar style, a blending of traditional Islamic and contemporary European styles. In 2001, the listing was expanded to include an additional six monuments. [125]
Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region		Ohrid Municipality,  North Macedonia 41°7′5″N 20°48′48″E / 41.11806°N 20.81333°E / 41.11806; 20.81333 (Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region)	Mixed: (i)(iii)(iv)(vii)	83,350 (206,000)	1979[nb 20]	[126] [127]
Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor		Bay of Kotor, Kotor and surrounding territory,  Montenegro 42°29′0″N 18°42′0″E / 42.48333°N 18.70000°E / 42.48333; 18.70000 (Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)	—	1979	The site had been listed as endangered 1979–2003 following the damage due to the 1979 Montenegro earthquake. [128] [129] [130]
Old Bridge Area of the Old City of Mostar		Herzegovina-Neretva Canton,  Bosnia and Herzegovina 43°20′53″N 17°48′39″E / 43.34806°N 17.81083°E / 43.34806; 17.81083 (Old Bridge Area of the Old City of Mostar)	Cultural: (vi)	—	2005	[131]
Old City of Dubrovnik		Dubrovnik-Neretva County,  Croatia 42°39′2″N 18°5′29″E / 42.65056°N 18.09139°E / 42.65056; 18.09139 (Old City of Dubrovnik)	Cultural: (i)(iii)(iv)	97 (240); buffer zone 54 (130)	1979[nb 21]	Dubrovnik became a prosperous Maritime republic during the Middle Ages, it became the only eastern Adriatic city-state to rival Venice. Supported by its wealth and skilled diplomacy, the city achieved a remarkable level of development, particularly during the 15th and 16th centuries. The site had been listed as World Heritage in Danger 1991–1998 due to the Croatian War of Independence. [132] [133] [134]
Old City of Salamanca		Province of Salamanca, Castile and León,  Spain 40°57′55″N 5°39′52″W / 40.96528°N 5.66444°W / 40.96528; -5.66444 (Old City of Salamanca)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iv)	—	1988	Salamanca is important as a university city, as the University of Salamanca, founded in 1218, is the oldest in Spain and among the oldest in Europe. The city was first conquered by the Carthaginians in the 3rd century, and later ruled by the Romans and Moors. The city centre represents Romanesque, Gothic, Moorish, Renaissance, and Baroque architecture. [135]
Old Town of Ávila with its Extra-Muros Churches		Province of Ávila, Castile and León,  Spain 40°39′23″N 4°42′0″W / 40.65639°N 4.70000°W / 40.65639; -4.70000 (Old Town of Ávila with its Extra-Muros Churches)	Cultural: (iii)(iv)	—	1985[nb 22]	The defensive wall surrounding the original town was constructed in the 11th century. It features 82 semicircular towers and 9 gates, and is one of the most complete examples of town walls in Spain. [136]
Old Town of Cáceres		Province of Cáceres, Extremadura,  Spain 39°28′28″N 6°22′12″W / 39.47444°N 6.37000°W / 39.47444; -6.37000 (Old Town of Cáceres)	Cultural: (iii)(iv)	—	1986	The old town combines Roman, Islamic, Northern Gothic, and Italian Renaissance architectural influences, including more than 30 Islamic towers. [137]
Old Town of Corfu		Corfu, Ionian Islands,  Greece 39°37′26″N 19°55′39″E / 39.62389°N 19.92750°E / 39.62389; 19.92750 (Old Town of Corfu)	Cultural: (iv)	70 (170); buffer zone 162 (400)	2007	The Old Town of Corfu, on the Island of Corfu off the western coasts of Albania and Greece, is located in a strategic position at the entrance of the Adriatic Sea, and has its roots in the 8th century BC. The three forts of the town, designed by renowned Venetian engineers, were used for four centuries to defend the maritime trading interests of the Republic of Venice against the Ottoman Empire. In the course of time, the forts were repaired and partly rebuilt several times, more recently under British rule in the 19th century. The mainly neoclassical housing stock of the Old Town is partly from the Venetian period, partly of later construction, notably the 19th century. As a fortified Mediterranean port, Corfu's urban and port ensemble is notable for its high level of integrity and authenticity.[138] [139]
Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct		Province of Segovia, Castile and León,  Spain 40°56′54.5″N 4°7′9″W / 40.948472°N 4.11917°W / 40.948472; -4.11917 (Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct)	Cultural: (i)(iii)(iv)	—	1985	The Roman aqueduct was constructed in the 1st century, the medieval Alcázar palace in the 11th century, and the cathedral in the 16th. [140]
Palau de la Música Catalana and Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona		Province of Barcelona, Catalonia,  Spain 41°23′16″N 2°10′30″E / 41.38778°N 2.17500°E / 41.38778; 2.17500 (Palau de la Música Catalana and Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iv)	—	1997[nb 23]	Both buildings were constructed in the early 20th century and designed by Lluís Domènech i Montaner in the modernist Art Nouveau movement that was very popular in Barcelona in that period. The two buildings are Montaner's most famous works. [141]
Paleochristian and Byzantine Monuments of Thessalonika		Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia,  Greece 40°38′18″N 22°57′54″E / 40.63833°N 22.96500°E / 40.63833; 22.96500 (Paleochristian and Byzantine Monuments of Thessalonika)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iv)	5.33 (13.2)	1988	Founded in 315 B.C., the provincial capital and sea port of Thessalonika was one of the first bases for the spread of Christianity. Among its Christian monuments are fine churches, some built on the Greek cross plan and others on the three-nave basilica plan. Constructed over a long period, from the 4th to the 15th century, they constitute a diachronic typological series, which had considerable influence in the Byzantine Empire.[142] [143]
Palmeral of Elche		Province of Alicante, Valencian Community,  Spain 38°16′10″N 0°41′54″W / 38.26944°N 0.69833°W / 38.26944; -0.69833 (Palmeral of Elche)	Cultural: (ii)(v)	—	2000	The grove of date palm trees was formally laid out with irrigation systems under the Moors in the 10th century. The palmeral is a rare example of Arab agricultural practices in Europe. [144]
Piazza del Duomo, Pisa		City and Province of Pisa, Tuscany,  Italy 43°43′23″N 10°23′47″E / 43.72306°N 10.39639°E / 43.72306; 10.39639 (Piazza del Duomo, Pisa)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iv)(vi)	8.87 (21.9); buffer zone 254 (630)	1987[nb 24]	[145] [146]
Plitvice Lakes National Park		Lika-Senj County,  Croatia 44°52′40″N 15°36′52″E / 44.87778°N 15.61444°E / 44.87778; 15.61444 (Plitvice Lakes National Park)	Natural: (vii)(viii)(ix)	19,200 (47,000)	1979[nb 25]	Over time, water has flown over the natural limestone and chalk, creating natural dams which in turn have created a series of connecting lakes, waterfalls, and caves. The nearby forests are home to bears, wolves and many rare bird species. The site had been listed as endangered 1992–1997 due to the potential threat from the Croatian War of Independence. [147] [148] [149]
Poblet Monastery		Vimbodí i Poblet, Province of Tarragona, Catalonia,  Spain 41°22′51″N 1°4′57″E / 41.38083°N 1.08250°E / 41.38083; 1.08250 (Poblet Monastery)	Cultural: (i)(iv)	—	1991	The monastery was founded by the Cistercians in 1151 and is one of the largest in Spain. It is associated with various royal families in medieval Spain, particularly the kings of the Crown of Aragon, a composite monarchy of the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona. It is the burial place of the Crown of Aragon monarchs Alfonso II, John I, John II, James I, Ferdinana I, and Peter IV. [150]
Portovenere, Cinque Terre, and the Islands (Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto)		Province of La Spezia, Liguria,  Italy 44°6′25″N 9°43′45″E / 44.10694°N 9.72917°E / 44.10694; 9.72917 (Portovenere, Cinque Terre, and the Islands (Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto))	Cultural: (ii)(iv)(v)	4,689 (11,590)	1997	[151]
Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps		Austria*;  France*;  Germany*;  Italy*;  Slovenia*;   Switzerland* 47°16′42″N 8°12′27″E / 47.27833°N 8.20750°E / 47.27833; 8.20750 (Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps)	Cultural: (iv)(v)	274 (680); buffer zone 3,961 (9,790)	2011	[152]
Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde		Portugal*;  Spain* 40°41′51″N 6°39′40″W / 40.69750°N 6.66111°W / 40.69750; -6.66111 (Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde)	Cultural: (i)(iii)	—	1998[nb 26]	The original 1998 listing contained examples of Upper Palaeolithic rock art in the Côa Valley of Portugal. In 2010 it was extended to include 645 engravings in the archaeological zone of Siega Verde in Spain. The two sites represent the most well-preserved collection of open-air Palaolithic art in the Iberian peninsula. [153]
Pyrénées – Mont Perdu		Gèdre, Hautes-Pyrénées, Midi-Pyrénées,  France*; Communes of Torla, Fanlo, Tella-Sin, Puértolas and Bielsa in Province of Huesca, Aragon,  Spain* 42°41′N 0°0′E / 42.683°N 0.000°E / 42.683; 0.000 (Pyrénées - Mont Perdu)	Mixed: (iii)(iv)(v)(vii)(viii)	30,639 (75,710)	1997[nb 27]	The site contains the Pyrenees mountain chain along the French-Spanish border. The Spanish portion contains two of the largest canyons in Europe, while the French side contains three large cirque walls [154]
Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos		Samos, North Aegean,  Greece 37°41′27″N 26°56′36″E / 37.69083°N 26.94333°E / 37.69083; 26.94333 (Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos)	Cultural: (ii)(iii)	668 (1,650); buffer zone 402 (990)	1992	Many civilizations have inhabited this small Aegean island, near Asia Minor, since the 3rd millennium B.C. The remains of Pythagoreion, an ancient fortified port with Greek and Roman monuments and a spectacular tunnel-aqueduct, as well as the Heraion, temple of the Samian Hera, can still be seen.[155] [156]
Renaissance Monumental Ensembles of Úbeda and Baeza		Province of Jaen, Andalusia,  Spain 38°0′41″N 3°22′16″W / 38.01139°N 3.37111°W / 38.01139; -3.37111 (Renaissance Monumental Ensembles of Úbeda and Baeza)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)	9.00 (22.2); buffer zone 176 (430)	2003	Renovations of the two towns in the 16th century were done under the emerging Renaissance style and are among the first examples of the style in Spain. [157]
Residences of the Royal House of Savoy		Province of Turin, Piedmont,  Italy 45°4′21″N 7°41′9″E / 45.07250°N 7.68583°E / 45.07250; 7.68583 (Residences of the Royal House of Savoy)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iv)(v)	371 (920); buffer zone 6,931 (17,130)	1997[nb 28]	[158] [159]
Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes		Italy*;   Switzerland* 46°29′54″N 9°50′47″E / 46.49833°N 9.84639°E / 46.49833; 9.84639 (Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)	152 (380); buffer zone 109,386 (270,300)	2008	[160]
Rock Art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula		Andalusia, Aragon, Castile–La Mancha, Catalonia, Murcia and Valencia,  Spain 39°47′24″N 1°2′0″W / 39.79000°N 1.03333°W / 39.79000; -1.03333 (Rock Art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula)	Cultural: (iii)	—	1998	The site includes over 750 examples of rock art from the late prehistoric period, which feature images ranging from geometric shapes to scenes of men hunting animals. [161]
Rock Drawings in Valcamonica		Province of Brescia, Lombardy,  Italy 45°57′25″N 10°17′50″E / 45.95694°N 10.29722°E / 45.95694; 10.29722 (Rock Drawings in Valcamonica)	Cultural: (iii)(vi)	432 (1,070); buffer zone 1,018 (2,520)	1979	[162]
Roman Walls of Lugo		Province of Lugo, Galicia,  Spain 43°0′40″N 7°33′12″W / 43.01111°N 7.55333°W / 43.01111; -7.55333 (Roman Walls of Lugo)	Cultural: (iv)	—	2000	The walls built to protect the Roman town of Lucus in the 3rd century remain entirely intact and are the best remaining example in Western Europe. [163]
Routes of Santiago de Compostela: Camino Francés and Routes of Northern Spain		Aragon, Navarre, La Rioja, Castile and León and Galicia,  Spain 42°27′33″N 5°53′0″W / 42.45917°N 5.88333°W / 42.45917; -5.88333 (Route of Santiago de Compostela)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)(vi)	—	1993	The Route, or the Way of St. James, is a pilgrimage from the French-Spanish border to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, where the apostle James is believed to be buried. [164]
Royal Monastery of Santa María de Guadalupe		Guadalupe, Province of Cáceres, Extremadura,  Spain 39°27′10″N 5°19′39″W / 39.45278°N 5.32750°W / 39.45278; -5.32750 (Royal Monastery of Santa María de Guadalupe)	Cultural: (iv)(vi)	—	1993	The monastery is home of Our Lady of Guadalupe, a shrine to Mary found in the 13th century after being buried from Muslim invaders in 714. The Virgin of Guadalupe and the monastery served as important symbols during the Reconquista, culminating in 1492, the same year as Columbus' discovery of America. The Guadalupe Virgin became an important symbol during the evangelization of America. [165]
Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy		Lombardy, Piedmont,  Italy 45°58′28″N 9°10′10″E / 45.97444°N 9.16944°E / 45.97444; 9.16944 (Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)	91 (220); buffer zone 722 (1,780)	2003	[166]
Sanctuary of Asklepios at Epidaurus		Argolis, Peloponnese,  Greece 37°40′0″N 23°7′0″E / 37.66667°N 23.11667°E / 37.66667; 23.11667 (Sanctuary of Asklepios at Epidaurus)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)	1,394 (3,440); buffer zone 3,386 (8,370)	1988	In a small valley in the Peloponnesus, the shrine of Asklepios, the god of medicine, developed out of a much earlier cult of Apollo, during the 6th century BC at the latest, as the official cult of the city state of Epidaurus. Its principal monuments, particularly the temple of Asklepios, the Tholos and the Theatre – considered one of the purest masterpieces of Greek architecture – date from the 4th century. The vast site, with its temples and hospital buildings devoted to its healing gods, provides valuable insight into the healing cults of Greek and Roman times.[167] [168]
Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte in Braga		Braga,  Portugal 41°33′16″N 8°22′40″W / 41.55444°N 8.37778°W / 41.55444; -8.37778 (Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte in Braga)	Cultural: (iv)	26 (64)	2019	[169]
San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano		San Marino 43°55′58″N 12°27′7″E / 43.93278°N 12.45194°E / 43.93278; 12.45194 (San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano)	Cultural: (iii)	55 (140); buffer zone 167 (410)	2008	[170]
San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries		San Millán de la Cogolla, La Rioja,  Spain 42°19′33″N 2°51′54″W / 42.32583°N 2.86500°W / 42.32583; -2.86500 (San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)(vi)	19 (47); buffer zone 266 (660)	1997	The original Suso monastery was founded in the mid-6th century, and is the location where the Glosas Emilianenses were written. The codixes are considered the first written examples of the Spanish and Basque languages, and the monastery is considered the birthplace of written and spoken Spanish. The newer Yuso monastery was built in the 16th century. [171]
Royal Building of Mafra – Palace, Basilica, Convent, Cerco Garden and Hunting Park (Tapada)		Mafra,  Portugal 38°56′12″N 9°19′35″W / 38.93667°N 9.32639°W / 38.93667; -9.32639 (Mafra Palace)	Cultural: (iv)	1,213.17 (2,997.8)	2019	[172]
Santiago de Compostela (Old Town)		Province of A Coruña, Galicia,  Spain 42°52′51″N 8°32′41″W / 42.88083°N 8.54472°W / 42.88083; -8.54472 (Santiago de Compostela (Old Town))	Cultural: (i)(ii)(vi)	—	1985	The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela is the reputed burial-place of the apostle James, and is the terminus of the Way of St. James, a pilgrimage across northern Spain. The town was destroyed by Muslims in the 10th century and rebuilt during the following century. [173]
Škocjan Caves		Škocjan,  Slovenia 45°40′0″N 14°0′0″E / 45.66667°N 14.00000°E / 45.66667; 14.00000 (Škocjan Caves)	Natural: (vii)(viii)	413 (1,020)	1986	[174]
Stari Grad Plain		Split-Dalmatia County,  Croatia 43°10′54″N 16°38′19″E / 43.18167°N 16.63861°E / 43.18167; 16.63861 (Stari Grad Plain)	Cultural: (ii)(iii)(v)	1,377 (3,400); buffer zone 6,403 (15,820)	2008	The Stari Grad Plain is an agricultural landscape that was set up by the ancient Greek colonists in the 4th century BC, and remains in use today. The plain is generally still in its original form. The ancient layout has been preserved by careful maintenance of the stone walls over 24 centuries. [175]
Stari Ras and Sopoćani		near Novi Pazar, Raška District,  Serbia 43°7′8″N 20°25′22″E / 43.11889°N 20.42278°E / 43.11889; 20.42278 (Stari Ras and Sopoćani)	Cultural: (i)(iii)	199 (490); buffer zone 9,936 (24,550)	1979	On the outskirts of Stari Ras, the first capital of Serbia, there is a group of medieval monuments consisting of fortresses, churches and monasteries. The monastery at Sopoćani is a reminder of the contacts between Western civilization and the Byzantine world. [176]
Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards		Bosnia and Herzegovina*;  Croatia*;  Montenegro*;  Serbia*; 43°5′31.97″N 17°55′26.59″E / 43.0922139°N 17.9240528°E / 43.0922139; 17.9240528 (Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards)	Cultural: (iii)(vi)	49 (120); buffer zone 321 (790)	2016	[177]
Studenica Monastery		Kraljevo, Raška District,  Serbia 43°29′10″N 20°32′12″E / 43.48611°N 20.53667°E / 43.48611; 20.53667 (Studenica Monastery)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iv)(vi)	1.16 (2.9); buffer zone 269 (660)	1986	The Studenica Monastery was established in the late 12th century by Stefan Nemanja, founder of the medieval Serb state, shortly after his abdication. It is the largest and richest of Serbia's Orthodox monasteries. Its two principal monuments, the Church of the Virgin and the Church of the King, both built of white marble, enshrine priceless collections of 13th- and 14th-century Byzantine painting. [178]
Su Nuraxi di Barumini		Barumini, Province of Medio Campidano, Sardinia,  Italy 39°42′21″N 8°59′29″E / 39.70583°N 8.99139°E / 39.70583; 8.99139 (Su Nuraxi di Barumini)	Cultural: (i)(iii)(iv)	2.33 (5.8); buffer zone 3.92 (9.7)	1997	[179]
Syracuse and the Rocky Necropolis of Pantalica		City and Province of Syracuse, Sicily,  Italy 37°3′34″N 15°17′35″E / 37.05944°N 15.29306°E / 37.05944; 15.29306 (Syracuse and the Rocky Necropolis of Pantalica)	Cultural: (ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)	—	2005	[180]
Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae		Messenia, Arcadia and Elis, Western Peloponnese,  Greece 37°26′6″N 21°53′49″E / 37.43500°N 21.89694°E / 37.43500; 21.89694 (Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)	20 (49); buffer zone 202 (500)	1986	This famous temple to the god of healing and the sun was built towards the middle of the 5th century B.C. in the lonely heights of the Arcadian mountains. The temple, which has the oldestCorinthian capital yet found, combines the Archaic style and the serenity of the Doric style with some daring architectural features.[181] [182]
Šibenik Cathedral		Šibenik, Šibenik-Knin County,  Croatia 43°44′11″N 15°53′25″E / 43.73639°N 15.89028°E / 43.73639; 15.89028 (The Cathedral of St James in Šibenik)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iv)	0.10 (0.25)	2000	The cathedral is a triple-nave basilica with three apses and a dome (32 m high inside) and is also one of the most important architectural monument of the Renaissance in the eastern Adriatic. [183]
The Dolomites		Italy 46°36′47″N 12°9′47″E / 46.61306°N 12.16306°E / 46.61306; 12.16306 (The Dolomites)	Natural: (vii)(viii)	141,903 (350,650); buffer zone 89,267 (220,580)	2009	[184]
The Historic Centre (Chorá) with the Monastery of Saint-John the Theologian and the Cave of the Apocalypse on the Island of Pátmos		Patmos, Dodecanese, South Aegean,  Greece 37°18′0″N 26°33′0″E / 37.30000°N 26.55000°E / 37.30000; 26.55000 (The Historic Centre (Chorá) with the Monastery of Saint-John the Theologian and the Cave of the Apocalypse)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)(vi)	—	1999	The small island of Pátmos in the Dodecanese is reputed to be where St John the Theologian wrote both his Gospel and the Apocalypse. A monastery dedicated to the ‘beloved disciple’ was founded there in the late 10th century and it has been a place of pilgrimage and Greek Orthodox learning ever since. The fine monastic complex dominates the island. The old settlement of Chorá, associated with it, contains many religious and secular buildings.[185] [186]
The Prosecco Hills of Conegliano and Valdobbiadene. ("Le Colline del Prosecco di Conegliano e Valdobbiadene")		Veneto,  Italy 45°57′10.9″N 12°13′34″E / 45.953028°N 12.22611°E / 45.953028; 12.22611 (The Prosecco Hills of Conegliano and Valdobbiadene)	Cultural: (v)	20,334.2 (50,247)	2019	Winegrowing landscape characterized by ciclioni hills, forests, small villages and farmland, for centuries shaped and adapted by man.[187]
The Sassi and the Park of the Rupestrian Churches of Matera		City and Province of Matera, Basilicata,  Italy 40°39′59″N 16°36′37″E / 40.66639°N 16.61028°E / 40.66639; 16.61028 (The Sassi and the Park of the Rupestrian Churches of Matera)	Cultural: (iii)(iv)(v)	1,016 (2,510); buffer zone 4,365 (10,790)	1993	[188]
The Trulli of Alberobello		Province of Bari, Apulia,  Italy 40°46′57″N 17°14′13″E / 40.78250°N 17.23694°E / 40.78250; 17.23694 (The Trulli of Alberobello)	Cultural: (iii)(iv)(v)	11 (27)	1996	[189]
Tower of Hercules		A Coruña, Galicia,  Spain 43°23′9″N 8°24′23″W / 43.38583°N 8.40639°W / 43.38583; -8.40639 (Tower of Hercules)	Cultural: (iii)	233 (580); buffer zone 1,936 (4,780)	2009	The Romans built this 55 metres (180 ft) lighthouse on a 57 metres (187 ft) rock to mark the entrance to the A Coruña harbor. It is the only fully preserved and functioning Roman lighthouse. [190]
University and Historic Precinct of Alcalá de Henares		Community of Madrid,  Spain 40°28′53″N 3°22′5″W / 40.48139°N 3.36806°W / 40.48139; -3.36806 (University and Historic Precinct of Alcalá de Henares)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)(vi)	—	1998	Cardinal Cisneros founded the University of Alcalá in 1499 and is the first example of the planned university city, serving as a model to other European universities and Spanish missionaries in America. The city is the birthplace of Miguel de Cervantes, known for his contributions to the Spanish language and Western literature. [191]
University of Coimbra – Alta and Sofia		Coimbra,  Portugal 40°12′28″N 8°25′32.79″W / 40.20778°N 8.4257750°W / 40.20778; -8.4257750 (University of Coimbra – Alta and Sofia)	Cultural: (ii)(iv)(vi)	36 (89); buffer zone 82 (200)	2013	[192]
Val d'Orcia		Province of Siena, Tuscany,  Italy 43°4′N 11°33′E / 43.067°N 11.550°E / 43.067; 11.550 (Val d'Orcia)	Cultural: (iv)(vi)	61,188 (151,200); buffer zone 5,660 (14,000)	2004	[193]
Vatican City		Holy See 41°54′8″N 12°27′27″E / 41.90222°N 12.45750°E / 41.90222; 12.45750 (Vatican City)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iv)(vi)	—	1984	[194]
Venice and its Lagoon		Province of Venezia, Veneto,  Italy 45°26′3.5″N 12°20′20″E / 45.434306°N 12.33889°E / 45.434306; 12.33889 (Venice and its Lagoon)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(v)(vi)	—	1987	[195]
Villa Adriana (Tivoli)		Tivoli, Province of Rome, Lazio,  Italy 41°56′39″N 12°46′19″E / 41.94417°N 12.77194°E / 41.94417; 12.77194 (Villa Adriana (Tivoli))	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)	80 (200); buffer zone 500 (1,200)	1999	[196]
Villa d'Este, Tivoli		Tivoli, Province of Rome, Lazio,  Italy 41°57′50″N 12°47′47″E / 41.96389°N 12.79639°E / 41.96389; 12.79639 (Villa d'Este, Tivoli)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(vi)	4.50 (11.1); buffer zone 7.00 (17.3)	2001	[197]
Villa Romana del Casale		Piazza Armerina, Province of Enna, Sicily,  Italy 37°21′58″N 14°20′3″E / 37.36611°N 14.33417°E / 37.36611; 14.33417 (Villa Romana del Casale)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)	8.92 (22.0); buffer zone 10 (25)	1997	[198]
Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato		Langhe and Montferrat, Piedmont,  Italy 44°36′31″N 7°57′49″E / 44.60861°N 7.96361°E / 44.60861; 7.96361 (Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont)	Cultural: (iii)(v)	10,789 (26,660); buffer zone 76,249 (188,420)	2014	The site covers five wine growing areas as well as Cavour Castle. Wine making has existed in Piedmont since at least the Roman era and has continued since then. The region was also an important trading place between the Etruscans and the Celts and traces of their words still appear in the local dialect. [199]
Vizcaya Bridge		Biscay, Basque Country,  Spain 43°19′23″N 3°1′1″W / 43.32306°N 3.01694°W / 43.32306; -3.01694 (Vizcaya Bridge)	Cultural: (i)(ii)	0.86 (2.1); buffer zone 12 (30)	2006	The bridge was designed by Alberto Palacio to cross the Nervion without disrupting maritime traffic to the Port of Bilbao. It was built in 1893 and is the world's first transporter bridge. [200]
Works of Antoni Gaudí		Province of Barcelona, Catalonia,  Spain 41°24′48″N 2°9′11″E / 41.41333°N 2.15306°E / 41.41333; 2.15306 (Works of Antoni Gaudí)	Cultural: (i)(ii)(iv)	—	1984[nb 29]	The architecture of Antoni Gaudí is part of the Modernist style, but his designs are described as highly unique. The original listing featured Park Güell, Palau Güell, and Casa Milà; the 2005 extension added Casa Vicens, the crypt and nativity façade of Sagrada Família, Casa Batlló, and the crypt at Colònia Güell. [201] [202]