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This is a list of active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism can include autonomism and secessionism,[1] despite the fact that independence is the primary goal of many separatist movements. Many separatist movements arise as a result of religious, racial, social, and cultural disparities between certain peoples and the majority or ruling class in a country.

Criteria

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

  1. They are active movements with active members.
  2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
  3. They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

Afghanistan

Afghan Turkestan Province in 1929

South Turkestan[2][3]

Azerbaijan

Autonomist movements
Azerbaijan districts claimed by Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Territory of the short-lived Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Lezgistan

Bangladesh

Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh

Chittagong Hill Tracts

Main article: Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict

Zale'n-gam

Zogam (Parts of Chittagong hill tracts)

China

Main article: Secession in China

See also: One country, two systems and Ethnic minorities in China

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

Main articles: East Turkestan independence movement, Uyghur nationalism, and Xinjiang conflict

Hong Kong

Main articles: Hong Kong independence and Sino-British Joint Declaration

Tibet

Main article: Tibetan independence movement

[15][16][a][b]

Inner Mongolia[18][19]

Main article: Inner Mongolian independence movement

Georgia

Georgian administrative divisions are outlined in black. Occupied territories of Georgia are shown in pink.

Main article: Russo-Georgian war

Territory of the former Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Main article: Abkhaz–Georgian conflict

Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast

Main article: Ossetian–Georgian conflict

Javakheti

Main article: Armenian nationalism

India

Main articles: Separatist movements of India, Autonomous administrative divisions of India, Northeast India, Sikkim, and Proposed states and union territories of India

Further information: South Asian ethnic groups, Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, Insurgency in Punjab, Insurgency in Northeast India, and United National Liberation Front of Western South East Asia
Separatist movements

Assam

Main article: Assamese nationalism

Nagaland[26]

Main article: Naga nationalism
Political map of the Kashmir region districts, showing the Pir Panjal range and the Kashmir Valley or Vale of Kashmir.

Kashmir[27]

Kamtapur[28]

Manipur[32][33]

Sikkim[35]


Punjab

Meghalaya

Main article: Insurgency in Meghalaya

Tripuri-majority areas of Tripura

Mizoram

Kukiland

Santhal Pargana

Dimasaland

Tiwa

Zogam (In India the claimed territories are: Barak Valley, Tripura, East Jaintia Hills, Dima Hasao district and Karbi Anglong district of Assam)

South India (includes Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Puducherry, Lakshadweep and Telangana)

Autonomist or statehood movements

Main article: Proposed states and union territories of India

Rabha Hasong

Gorkhaland

Ladakh

Garo Hills

Bundelkhand

Vidarbha

Main article: Vidarbha movement

Goa

Jammu region

Bodoland

Indonesia

The map of native ethnic groups in Indonesia, foreign ethnic groups such as Chinese, Arab, and Indian are not shown, but usually inhabit urban areas.
Aceh
North Sulawesi
Riau

See also: Free Papua Movement, Republic of West Papua, Papuan unification, Ethnic groups in Indonesia, Great Timor, East Timor, and West Timor

See also: List of active separatist movements in Oceania § Indonesia

Riau

Minahasa Peninsula

Bali

Iran

Main article: Separatism in Iran

Further information: Ethnicities in Iran, Ethnic minorities in Iran, Ethnic groups in the Middle East, and Demographics of Iran

Khūzestān Province

Iranian Kurdistan

Iranian Azerbaijan

Balochistan

Iraq

Further information: Minorities in Iraq and 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum

See also: Languages of Iraq, Demographics of Iraq, Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
Iraqi Kurdistan

Proposed state:  Kurdistan

Main article: Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum, 2017

 Assyria

Main articles: Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Assyrian genocide

Proposed state: Basra[116][117][118]

Turkmeneli

Sinjar District

Israel

Palestinian territories

Main article: Israeli–Palestinian conflict

See also: Arab–Israeli conflict

West Bank and the Gaza Strip

Japan

Okinawa

Further information: Ryukyu Kingdom, History of the Ryukyu Islands, and Disposition of Ryukyu

Laos

Northern Laos

Malaysia

Main articles: States and federal territories of Malaysia, Divisions of Malaysia, and Districts of Malaysia

Further information: North Borneo, Malaysia Agreement, 18-point agreement, 20-point agreement, Proposed 2019 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia, 2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia, and Premier of Sarawak

See also: East Malaysia, Languages of Malaysia, and Ethnic groups in Malaysia
A "Sarawak for Sarawakians" car sticker in Sibu incorporating elements of a Sarawak state with the pre-Malaysian flag

Sarawak[130][131][132][133]

Sabah[130][131]

Myanmar

Further information: Internal conflict in Myanmar
Ethnolinguistic Groups of Burma/Myanmar
Map of conflict zones in Myanmar. States and regions affected by fighting during and after 1995 are highlighted in yellow.
Map of Myanmar and its divisions, including Shan State, Kachin State, Rakhine State and Karen State.

Arakan

Chin State

Kawthoolei

Karenni

Kokang

Mon State

Northern Rakhine State

Shan States

Pa'O

Palaung

Wa State[141]

Zale'n-gam

Zogam

Nagaland

Main article: Naga nationalism

Nepal

Further information: Languages of Nepal
Nepal ethnic groups

Kirat Autonomous State

Madhesh

Pakistan

Main article: Separatist movements of Pakistan

Further information: Independence War of Bangladesh

See also: Languages of Pakistan and Demographics of Pakistan

Azad Kashmir

Gilgit Baltistan

Balochistan[148][149]

Further information: Insurgency in Balochistan

Sindh[151][152]

Main article: Sindhi nationalism

Further information: Insurgency in Sindh

Pashtunistan

Karachi

Philippines

Main article: Separatism in the Philippines
Cordillera

Sulu archipelago and parts of Zamboanga Peninsula

Cordillera Administrative Region

Mindanao

Other Islamic militants operating in Mindanao had goals to create an Islamic state in the Philippines, such as Abu Sayyaf[171][172][173] and the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters.[173][174][175]

Russia

Main article: Separatism in Russia

See also: List of active separatist movements in Europe § Russia, Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum, and Indigenous peoples of Siberia


Siberia or Siberian Federal District[176]

 Buryatia

Ural Federal District[180][181]

Sri Lanka

Territorial claims of Tamil Eelam

 Tamil Eelam

Main article: Sri Lankan Civil War

Syria

Main article: Syrian Civil War

Further information: Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War, Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, and Federalization of Syria

See also: Languages of Syria and Demographics of Syria

De facto autonomous region:

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)

separatist movements

Assyria

See also: Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq and Assyrian independence movement

Autonomist movements:

Druze

Taiwan

Main article: Taiwan independence movement

The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state that has diplomatic relations with 14 United Nations member states (as well as the Holy See, an observer).

Taiwan

Taiwanese indigenous peoples

Thailand

Map of the Patani region

See also: Languages of Thailand and Demographics of Thailand

Patani

Main article: South Thailand insurgency

Turkey

Map showing Kurdish-speaking areas within Turkey, as per the 1965 census.

See also: Minorities in Turkey and Secession in Turkey

See also: Languages of Turkey and Demographics of Turkey

Further information: Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey, Turkish Kurdistan, Kurds in Turkey, Zazas, Kurds in Istanbul, Turkish nationalism, Turkish War of Independence, Greek genocide, Republic of Hatay, Western Armenia, Treaty of Sèvres, and Treaty of Lausanne

Northern Kurdistan[202]

Main articles: Kurdish nationalism, United Kurdistan, and Kurdish Question

 Assyria

Main articles: Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Assyrian genocide

Zazaistan

Main article: Zaza nationalism

Uzbekistan

Karakalpakstan

Main article: Uzbekification

See also: Languages of Uzbekistan and Demographics of Uzbekistan

Karakalpakstan[204][205][206]

Vietnam

Quảng Bình province, Quảng Trị province, Thừa Thiên Huế province

Mekong Delta and South East Vietnam

Yemen

Yemen prior to unification

Further information: Southern Movement, Yemeni unification, Greater Yemen, Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, North Yemen Civil War, Federation of South Arabia, South Yemen, and Aden Protectorate

See also

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  1. ^ Taiwan is not included in this list because it is not governed by the People's Republic of China. As of 2022, Taiwan is recognized by 14 members of the United Nations with others maintaining unofficial relations.[17]
  2. ^ The Tibetan independence movement can either encompass the smaller Tibetan Autonomous Region (Xizang) or the larger "Greater Tibet".
  3. ^ These names can be used interchangeably as there is no official name yet
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