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((Short description|None))
((Refimprove|date=August 2016))
((Expand list|date=August 2008))

[[Alchemy|Alchemical]] studies produced a number of substances, which were later [[systematic name|classified]] as particular chemical [[chemical compound|compounds]] or mixtures of compounds.

Many of these terms were in common use into the 20th century.

== Metals and metalloids ==
((Further|Metals of antiquity))

* [[Antimony]]/((lang|la|Stibnium)) – Sb
* [[Bismuth]] (((lang-de|Wismuth))) – Bi
* [[Copper]]/((lang|la|Cuprum)) – associated with [[Venus]]. Cu
* [[Gold]]/((lang|la|Aurum)) – associated with the [[Sun]]. Au
* [[Iron]]/((lang|la|Ferrum)) – associated with [[Mars]]. Fe
* [[Lead]]/((lang|la|Plumbum)) – associated with [[Saturn]]. Pb
* [[Mercury (element)|Quicksilver]]/((lang|la|Hydrargyrum)) – associated with [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]. Hg
* [[Silver]]/((lang|la|Argentum)) – associated with the [[Moon]]. Ag
* [[Tin]]/((lang|la|Stannum)) – associated with [[Jupiter]]. Sn

== Minerals, stones, and pigments ==
* [[Copper(II) sulfate|Bluestone]] – mineral form of [[copper(II) sulfate]] pentahydrate, also called blue vitriol.
* [[Borax]] – [[sodium borate]]; was also used to refer to other related minerals.
* [[Cadmia]]/Tuttia/[[Tutty]] – probably [[zinc carbonate]].
* [[Calamine (mineral)|Calamine]] – [[zinc carbonate]].
* [[Calomel]]/[[Horn Quicksilver]]/[[horn mercury]] – [[mercury(I) chloride]], a very poisonous purgative formed by subliming a mixture of mercuric chloride and metallic mercury, triturated in a mortar and heated in an iron pot. The crust formed on the lid was ground to powder and boiled with water to remove the calomel.
* [[Calx]] – [[calcium oxide]]; was also used to refer to other metal oxides.
* [[Chalcanthum]] – the residue produced by strongly roasting blue vitriol (copper sulfate); it is composed mostly of [[Copper(II) oxide|cupric oxide]].
* [[Chalk]] – a rock composed of porous biogenic [[calcium carbonate]]. CaCO<sub>3</sub>
* [[Chrome green]] – [[chromic oxide]] and [[cobalt oxide]].
* [[Chrome orange]] – chrome yellow and chrome red.
* [[Chrome red]] – basic [[lead chromate]] – PbCrO<sub>4</sub>+PbO
* [[Chrome yellow]]/[[Paris yellow|Paris Yellow]]/[[Leipzig yellow|Leipzig Yellow]] – [[lead chromate]], PbCrO<sub>4</sub>
* [[Cinnabar]]/[[Vermilion]] – refers to several substances, among them: [[mercury(II) sulfide]] (HgS), or native [[vermilion]] (the common ore of [[mercury (element)|mercury]]).
* [[Copper glance|Copper Glance]] – [[copper(I) sulfide]] ore.
* [[Cuprite]] – [[copper(I) oxide]] ore.
* [[Dutch white|Dutch White]] – a pigment, formed from one part of white lead to three of [[barium sulfate]]. BaSO<sub>4</sub>
* [[Flowers of antimony]] – [[antimony trioxide]], formed by roasting [[stibnite]] at high temperature and condensing the white fumes that form. Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
* [[Fool's gold]] – a mineral, [[iron disulfide]] or [[pyrite]]; can form [[oil of vitriol]] on contact with water and air.
* [[Fulminating silver]] – principally, [[silver nitride]], formed by dissolving [[silver(I) oxide]] in ammonia. Very explosive when dry.
* [[Fulminating gold]] – a number of gold based explosives which "fulminate", or detonate easily.
** – [[gold hydrazide]], formed by adding ammonia to the auric hydroxide. When dry, can explode on concussion.
** – an unstable gold carbonate formed by precipitation by potash from gold dissolved in aqua regia.
* [[Galena]] – [[lead(II) sulfide]]. [[Lead]] ore.
* [[Glass of antimony]] – impure [[antimony tetroxide]], SbO<sub>4</sub> formed by roasting stibnite. A yellow pigment for glass and porcelain.
* [[Gypsum]] – a mineral; [[calcium sulfate]]. CaSO<sub>4</sub>
* [[Horn silver|Horn Silver]]/[[Argentum cornu|Argentum Cornu]] – a weathered form of [[chlorargyrite]], an ore of silver chloride.
:* [[Luna cornea]] – [[silver chloride]], formed by heating horn silver till it liquefies and then cooling.
* [[King's yellow]] – formed by mixing [[orpiment]] with [[arsenic trioxide|white arsenic]].
* [[Lapis solaris]] ([[barite|Bologna stone]]) – [[barium sulfide]] – 1603, [[Vincenzo Cascariolo]].
* [[Lead fume]] – [[lead oxide]], found in flues at lead smelters.
* [[Lime (mineral)|Lime]]/[[Quicklime]] (Burnt Lime)/[[Calx Viva]]/[[Unslaked Lime]] – [[calcium oxide]], formed by calcining [[limestone]]
:* [[Slaked Lime]] – [[calcium hydroxide]]. Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>
* [[Marcasite]] – a mineral; [[iron disulfide]]. In moist air it turns into green vitriol, FeSO<sub>4</sub>.
* [[Massicot]] – [[lead monoxide]]. PbO
:* [[Litharge]] – [[lead monoxide]], formed by fusing and powdering massicot.
:* [[Minium (mineral)|Minium]]/[[Red Lead]] – [[trilead tetroxide]], Pb<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>; formed by roasting litharge in air.
:* [[Naples yellow]]/[[Cassel yellow]] – [[oxychloride of lead]], formed by heating litharge with sal ammoniac.
* [[Mercurius praecipitatus]] – red [[mercuric oxide]].
* [[Mosaic gold]] – [[stannic sulfide]], formed by heating a mixture of tin filings, sulfur, and sal-ammoniac.
* [[Orpiment]] – [[arsenic trisulfide]], an ore of arsenic.
* [[Pearl white]] – [[bismuth nitrate]], BiNO<sub>3</sub>
* [[Philosophers' Wool]]/[[nix alba]] (white snow)/[[Zinc White]] – [[zinc oxide]], formed by burning zinc in air, used as a pigment
* [[Plumbago (mineral)|Plumbago]] – a mineral, [[graphite]]; not discovered in pure form until 1564
* [[Powder of Algaroth]] – [[antimony oxychloride]], formed by precipitation when a solution of butter of antimony and spirit of salt is poured into water.
* [[Purple of Cassius]] – formed by precipitating a mixture of gold, [[Tin(II) chloride|stannous]] and [[Tin(IV) chloride|stannic chlorides]], with alkali. Used for glass coloring
* [[Realgar]] – [[arsenic disulfide]], an ore of arsenic.
* [[Antimony regulus|Regulus of antimony]]
* [[Resin of copper]] – [[copper(I) chloride]] (cuprous chloride), formed by heating copper with corrosive sublimate.
* Rouge/[[Crocus]]/[[Colcothar]] – [[ferric oxide]], formed by burning green vitriol in air.
* [[Stibnite]] – [[antimony]] or [[antimony trisulfide]], ore of antimony.
* [[Turpeth mineral]] – hydrolysed form of [[mercury(II) sulfate]].
* [[Verdigris]] – [[copper(II) carbonate|Carbonate of Copper]] or (more recently) [[copper(II) acetate]]. The carbonate is formed by weathering copper. The acetate is formed by vinegar acting on copper. One version was used as a green pigment.
* [[White arsenic]] – [[arsenious oxide]], formed by sublimating arsenical soot from the roasting ovens.
* [[White lead]] – [[lead carbonate|carbonate of lead]], a toxic pigment, produced by corroding stacks of lead plates with dilute vinegar beneath a heap of moistened wood shavings. (replaced by [[blanc fixe]] & [[lithopone]])
* [[Venetian white|Venetian White]] – formed from equal parts of white lead and [[barium sulfate]].
* [[Zaffre]] – impure [[cobalt arsenate]], formed after roasting cobalt ore.
* [[Zinc Blende]] – [[zinc sulfide]].

== Salts ==
* [[Glauber's salt]] – [[sodium sulfate]]. Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>
* [[Sal alembroth]] – salt composed of chlorides of ammonium and mercury.
* [[Sal ammoniac]] – [[ammonium chloride]].
* [[Sal petrae]] (Med. Latin: "stone salt")/[[Salt of petra|Salt of Petra]]/[[Potassium nitrate|Saltpetre]]/[[Nitrate of potash]] – [[potassium nitrate]], KNO<sub>3</sub>, typically mined from covered dungheaps.
* [[Salt]]/[[Common salt]] – A mineral; [[sodium chloride]], NaCl, formed by evaporating seawater (impure form).
* [[Salt of tartar]] – [[potassium carbonate]]; also called potash.
* [[Sal volatile|Salt of hartshorn/Sal volatile]] – [[ammonium carbonate]] formed by distilling bones and horns.
* [[Tin salt]] – hydrated [[tin(II) chloride|stannous chloride]]; see also ((lang|la|spiritus fumans)), another chloride of tin.

== Vitriols ==
* [[Blue vitriol]] – [[copper(II) sulfate]] pentahydrate.
* [[Green vitriol]] – a mineral; [[iron(II) sulfate]] heptahydrate. (or [[ferrous sulfate]])
* [[Red vitriol]] - [[cobalt sulfate]].<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/vitriol|title=Vitriol &#124; chemical compound &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=18 August 2023 ))</ref>
* [[Sweet vitriol]] – [[diethyl ether]]. It could be made by mixing [[oil of vitriol]] with [[spirit of wine]] and heating it.<ref name="auto">((cite book|last1=Gray|first1=Theodore|title=Molecules|date=2014|publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers|location=New York|isbn=978-1-60376-396-7|pages=27–31))</ref>
* [[White vitriol]] – [[zinc sulfate]], formed by [[wikt:lixiviate|lixiviating]] roasted zinc blende.

== Waters, oils and spirits ==
* ((lang|la|[[Aqua fortis]]))/spirit of nitre – [[nitric acid]], formed by 2 parts [[Potassium nitrate|saltpetre]] in 1 part (pure) oil of vitriol ([[sulfuric acid]]). (Historically, this process could not have been used, as 98% oil of vitriol was not available.)
* ((lang|la|[[Aqua ragia]]))/[[Spirit of turpentine]]/[[Oil of turpentine]]/[[Gum turpentine (disambiguation)|Gum turpentine]] – [[turpentine]], formed by the distillation of [[pine]] tree [[resin]].
* ((lang|la|[[Aqua regia]])) (Latin: "royal water") – a mixture of aqua fortis and spirit of salt.
* ((lang|la|[[Aqua tofani]])) – [[arsenic trioxide]], As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (extremely poisonous)
* ((lang|la|[[Aqua vitae]]))/aqua vita/[[Spirit of Wine]], ardent spirits – [[ethanol]], formed by distilling wine<ref name="auto"/>
* [[Butter of antimony|Butter (or oil) of antimony]] – [[antimony trichloride]]. Formed by distilling roasted [[stibnite]] with corrosive sublimate, or dissolving [[stibnite]] in hot concentrated hydrochloric acid and distilling. SbCl<sub>3</sub>
* [[Butter of tin]] – hydrated [[tin(IV) chloride]]; see also ((lang|la|spiritus fumans)), another chloride of tin.
* Oil of tartar – concentrated [[potassium carbonate]], K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> solution
* Oil of tartar per deliquium – potassium carbonate dissolved in the water which its extracts from the air.
* [[Oil of vitriol]]/[[Spirit of vitriol]] – [[sulfuric acid]], a weak version can be formed by heating green vitriol and blue vitriol. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>
* [[Spirit of box]]/[[Pyroxylic spirit]] – [[methanol]], CH<sub>3</sub>OH, distilled wood alcohol.
* ((lang|la|[[Spiritus fumans]])) – [[stannic chloride]], formed by distilling tin with corrosive sublimate.
* [[Spirit of hartshorn]] – [[ammonia]], formed by the decomposition of sal-ammoniac by unslaked lime.
* [[Spirit of salt]]/((lang|la|[[Acidum salis]])) – the liquid form of [[hydrochloric acid]] (also called muriatic acid), formed by mixing [[Sodium chloride|common salt]] with oil of vitriol.
*:* [[Marine acid air]] – gaseous form of [[hydrochloric acid]].

== Others ==
* [[Alkahest]] – universal solvent.
* [[Azoth]] – initially this referred to a supposed universal solvent but later became another name for [[Mercury (element)|Mercury]].
* [[Bitumen]] – highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum.
* [[Blende (disambiguation)|Blende]]
* Brimstone – [[sulfur]]
:* [[Flowers of sulfur]] – formed by distilling sulfur.
* [[Caustic potash]]/[[Caustic wood alkali]] – [[potassium hydroxide]], formed by adding lime to potash
* [[Caustic Soda]]/[[Caustic marine alkali]] – [[sodium hydroxide]], NaOH, formed by adding lime to natron.
* [[Caustic volatile alkali]] – [[ammonium hydroxide]].
* [[Corrosive sublimate]] – [[mercuric chloride]], formed by subliming mercury, calcined green vitriol, common salt, and nitre.
* [[Gum Arabic]] – gum from the [[acacia tree]].
* [[Liver of sulfur]] – formed by fusing((clarify|date=June 2022)) potash and sulfur.
* [[Lunar caustic]]/((lang|la|[[lapis infernalis]])) – [[silver nitrate]], formed by dissolving [[silver]] in aqua fortis and evaporating.
* [[Lye]] – potash in a water solution, formed by leaching wood ashes.
:* [[Potash]] – [[potassium carbonate]], formed by evaporating lye; also called [[salt of tartar]]. K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>
:* [[Pearlash]] – formed by baking potash in a kiln.
* [[Milk of sulfur]] (((lang|la|lac sulphuris))) – formed by adding an acid to thion hudor ([[lime sulfur]]).
* [[Natron]]/[[Soda Ash]]/[[Sodium carbonate|Soda]] – [[sodium carbonate]]. Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>
* ((lang|la|[[Nitrum flammans]])) – [[ammonium nitrate]].
* [[Sugar of lead|Sugar of Lead]] – [[lead(II) acetate]], formed by dissolving lead oxide in vinegar.
* ((transl|grc|[[Thion hudor]])) – [[lime sulfur]], formed by boiling flowers of sulfur with slaked lime.

== See also ==
* [[Alchemical symbol]]
* [[List of alchemists]]

== References ==
((Reflist))

== External links ==

* Eklund, Jon (1975). ''[https://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Obsolete-Chem-TermsTOC.html The Incompleat Chymist: Being an Essay on the Eighteenth-Century Chemist in His Laboratory, with a Dictionary of Obsolete Chemical Terms of the Period]'' ([[Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology]], Number 33). Smithsonian Institute Press.
* Giunta, Carmen. ''[https://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/archema.html Glossary of Archaic Chemical Terms: Introduction and Part I (A-B)]''. [https://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/index.html Classic Chemistry].
* Giunta, Carmen. ''[https://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/nomenclature.html A Dictionary of the New Chymical Nomenclature]''. Classic Chemistry. Based on [[Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau|Guyton de Morveau, Louis Bernard]]; [[Antoine Lavoisier|Lavoisier, Antoine]]; [[Claude Louis Berthollet|Bertholet, Claude-Louis]]; [[Antoine-François de Fourcroy|Fourcroy, Antoine-François de]] (1788) [1787]. ''Method of Chymical Nomenclature''. Translated by St. John, James. pp. 105-176.
((Alchemy|state=expanded))

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