10 of the 13 extant canid genera left-to-right, top-to-bottom: Canis, Cuon, Lycaon, Cerdocyon, Chrysocyon, Speothos, Vulpes, Nyctereutes, Otocyon, and Urocyon

Canidae is a family of mammals in the order Carnivora, which includes domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, jackals, dingoes, and many other extant and extinct dog-like mammals. A member of this family is called a canid; all extant species are a part of a single subfamily, Caninae, and are called canines. They are found on all continents except Antarctica, having arrived independently or accompanied human beings over extended periods of time. Canids vary in size, including tails, from the 2 meter (6 ft 7 in) wolf to the 46 cm (18 in) fennec fox. Population sizes range from the Falkland Islands wolf, extinct since 1876, to the domestic dog, which has a worldwide population of over 1 billion.[1] The body forms of canids are similar, typically having long muzzles, upright ears, teeth adapted for cracking bones and slicing flesh, long legs, and bushy tails.[2] Most species are social animals, living together in family units or small groups and behaving cooperatively. Typically, only the dominant pair in a group breeds, and a litter of young is reared annually in an underground den. Canids communicate by scent signals and vocalizations.[3] One canid, the domestic dog, entered into a partnership with humans at least 14,000 years ago and today remains one of the most widely kept domestic animals.[4]

The 13 extant genera and 37 species of Caninae are primarily split into two tribes: Canini, which includes 11 genera and 19 species, comprising the wolf-like Canina subtribe and the South American Cerdocyonina subtribe; and Vulpini, the fox-like canids, comprising 3 genera and 15 species. Not included in either tribe is the genus Urocyon, which includes 2 species, mainly comprising the gray fox and believed to be basal to the family. Additionally, one genus in Canini, Dusicyon, was composed of two recently extinct species, with Dusicyon avus going extinct around 400 years ago and the Falkland Islands wolf going extinct in 1876.

In addition to the extant Caninae, Canidae contains two extinct subfamilies designated as Hesperocyoninae and Borophaginae. Extinct species have also been placed into Caninae, in both extant and extinct genera; at least 80 extinct Caninae species have been found, as well as over 70 species in Borophaginae and nearly 30 in Hesperocyoninae, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed. The earliest canids found belong to Hesperocyoninae, and are believed to have diverged from the existing Caniformia suborder around 37 million years ago.[5]

Conventions

IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (2 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (0 species)
 EN Endangered (4 species)
 VU Vulnerable (0 species)
 NT Near threatened (5 species)
 LC Least concern (26 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (0 species)
 NE Not evaluated (1 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the canid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species, unless otherwise noted. All extinct species (or subspecies) listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol: "†".

Classification

The family Canidae consists of 37 extant species belonging to 13 genera and divided into 194 extant subspecies, as well the extinct genus Dusicyon, comprising two extinct species, and 13 extinct wolf subspecies, which are the only canid species to go extinct since prehistoric times. This does not include hybrid species (such as wolfdogs or coywolves) or extinct prehistoric species (such as the dire wolf or Epicyon). Modern molecular studies indicate that the 13 genera can be grouped into 3 tribes or clades.

Subfamily Caninae

Caninae  
Canini  
Canina  

Canis

Cuon

Lupulella

Lycaon

Cerdocyonina  

Speothos

Chrysocyon

Dusicyon†

Lycalopex

Cerdocyon

Atelocynus

Vulpini  

Otocyon

Nyctereutes

Vulpes

Urocyon

Canids

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, such as the promotion of the African golden wolf to a separate species from the golden jackal, and splitting out the Lupulella genus from Canis. Range maps are based on IUCN range data. There are several additional proposals which are disputed, such as the promotion of the red wolf and eastern wolf as species from subspecies of the wolf, which are marked with a "(debated)" tag.

Subfamily Caninae

Main article: Caninae

Tribe Canini

Genus Atelocynus – Cabrera, 1940 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Short-eared dog

Black small-eared canine

A. microtis
(Cabrera, 1940)

Two subspecies
  • A. m. microtis
  • A. m. sclateri
Western Amazon rainforest in South America
Map of range 		Size: 72–100 cm (28–39 in) long, plus 24–35 cm (9–14 in) tail[6]

Habitat: Wetlands, forest, and savanna[7]

Diet: Fish, insects, and small mammals, as well as fruit, birds, and crabs[7][8] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[7]

Genus Canis – Linnaeus, 1758 – six species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
African wolf

Gray and brown canine in grass

C. lupaster
Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1832

Six subspecies
 		North and northeastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail[9]

Habitat: Grassland, shrubland, and savanna[10]

Diet: Wild boar and livestock, as well as other mammals and fruit[10][11] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[10]

Coyote

Gray and brown canine on road

C. latrans
Say, 1823

Nineteen subspecies
  • C. l. cagottis (Mexican coyote)
  • C. l. clepticus (San Pedro Martir coyote)
  • C. l. dickeyi (El Salvador coyote)
  • C. l. frustor (Southeastern coyote)
  • C. l. goldmani (Belize coyote)
  • C. l. hondurensis (Honduras coyote)
  • C. l. impavidus (Durango coyote)
  • C. l. incolatus (Northern coyote)
  • C. l. jamesi (Tiburón Island coyote)
  • C. l. latrans (Plains coyote)
  • C. l. lestes (Mountain coyote)
  • C. l. mearnsi (Mearns' coyote)
  • C. l. microdon (Lower Rio Grande coyote)
  • C. l. ochropus (California valley coyote)
  • C. l. peninsulae (Peninsula coyote)
  • C. l. texensis (Texas plains coyote)
  • C. l. thamnos (Northeastern coyote)
  • C. l. umpquensis (Northwest coast coyote)
  • C. l. vigilis (Colima coyote)
North America
Map of range 		Size: 100–135 cm (39–53 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest, desert, shrubland, and grassland[13]

Diet: Wide variety of foods, including both small and large mammals, fruit, and insects[13] 		 LC 


1 million+ Population increasing[13][14]

Dog

Dog in mud

C. familiaris
Linnaeus, 1758 		Worldwide Size: Varies by breed

Habitat: Domesticated

Diet: Varied 		 NE 


1 billion[1] Unknown

Ethiopian wolf

Red canine on grassy rocks

C. simensis
Rüppell, 1840

Two subspecies
  • C. s. citernii (Southern Ethiopian wolf)
  • C. s. simensis (Northern Ethiopian wolf)
Ethiopian Highlands
Map of range 		Size: 84–100 cm (33–39 in) long, plus 27–40 cm (11–16 in) tail[15]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, grassland, shrubland, and rocky areas[16]

Diet: Rodents as well as small mammals[16][17] 		 EN 


200 Population declining[16]

Golden jackal

Gray and brown canine next to grass

C. aureus
Linnaeus, 1758

Six subspecies
  • C. a. aureus (Persian jackal)
  • C. a. cruesemanni (Indochinese jackal)
  • C. a. indicus (Indian jackal)
  • C. a. moreoticus (European jackal)
  • C. a. naria (Sri Lankan jackal)
  • C. a. syriacus (Syrian jackal)
Eastern Europe, Middle East, and southern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 60–132 cm (24–52 in) long, plus 20–30 cm (8–12 in) tail[18]

Habitat: Forest, grassland, shrubland, and savanna[19]

Diet: Wide variety of foods, including small to large mammals, birds, fish, fruit, and insects[19][18] 		 LC 


Unknown, but at least 150,000 Population increasing[19]

Wolf

Gray canine on road

C. lupus
Linnaeus, 1758

37 subspecies
 		Eurasia and northern North America
Map of range 		Size: 105–160 cm (41–63 in) long, plus 29–50 cm (11–20 in) tail[20]

Habitat: Forest, desert, rocky areas, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[21]

Diet: Large ungulates, as well as small animals, carrion, and berries[21][22] 		 LC 


300,000 Population steady[21][23]

Genus Cerdocyon – C. E. H. Smith, 1839 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Crab-eating fox

Gray canine in jungle

C. thous
(Linnaeus, 1766)

Five subspecies
  • C. t. aquilus
  • C. t. azarae
  • C. t. entrerianus
  • C. t. germanus
  • C. t. thous
Eastern and northern South America
Map of range 		Size: 64 cm (25 in) long, plus 28 cm (11 in) tail[24]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[25]

Diet: Crabs and insects, as well as rodents, birds, turtles, eggs, fruit, and carrion[24][25] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[25]

Genus Chrysocyon – C. E. H. Smith, 1839 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Maned wolf

Red, furry canine in grass

C. brachyurus
(Illiger, 1815) 		Central South America
Map of range 		Size: 100–130 cm (39–51 in) long, plus 45 cm (18 in) tail[26][27]

Habitat: Forest, wetlands, grassland, shrubland, and savanna[28]

Diet: Fruit, arthropods, and small and medium vertebrates[28] 		 NT 


17,000 Unknown[28]

Genus Cuon – Hodgson, 1838 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Dhole

Red canine in grass

C. alpinus
(Pallas, 1811)

Three subspecies
 		Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 90 cm (35 in) long, plus 40–45 cm (16–18 in) tail[29]

Habitat: Forest, grassland, and shrubland[30]

Diet: Ungulates, as well as small rodents and hares[30] 		 EN 


1,000–2,200 Population declining[30]

Genus Dusicyon† – C. E. H. Smith, 1839 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Falkland Islands wolf†

Stuffed gray canine

D. australis
(Kerr, 1792) 		Falkland Islands at tip of South America
Map of range 		Size: Unknown

Habitat: Grassland and shrubland[31]

Diet: Unknown[31] 		 EX 


0[b] Population steady[31]

South American fox†

Illustration of gray canine

D. avus
(Burmeister, 1866) 		Southern South America Size: Unknown

Habitat: Grassland and shrubland[32]

Diet: Unknown[32] 		 EX 


0[c] Population steady[32]

Genus Lupulella – Hilzheimer, 1906 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Black-backed jackal

Brown and black canine in shrubland

L. mesomelas
(Schreber, 1775)

Two subspecies
  • L. m. mesomelas (Cape black-backed jackal)
  • L. m. schmidti (East African black-backed jackal)
Southern Africa and eastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 60–95 cm (24–37 in) long, plus 16–40 cm (6–16 in) tail[34]

Habitat: Marine intertidal, forest, desert, grassland, shrubland, and savanna[35]

Diet: Small to medium-sized mammals and birds[35][36] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[35]

Side-striped jackal

Gray and brown canine next to grass

L. adustus
(Sundevall, 1847)

Seven subspecies
  • L. a. adustus (Sundevall's side-striped jackal)
  • L. a. bweha
  • L. a. centralis
  • L. a. grayi
  • L. a. kaffensis (Kaffa side-striped jackal)
  • L. a. lateralis
  • L. a. notatus (East African side-striped jackal)
Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 69–81 cm (27–32 in) long, plus 30–41 cm (12–16 in) tail[37]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands[38]

Diet: Small to medium-sized mammals and fruit, as well as birds, insects, grass, and carrion[38][39] 		 LC 


3 million Population steady[38][40]

Genus Lycalopex – Burmeister, 1854 – six species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Culpeo

Gray canine on barren ground

L. culpeo
(Molina, 1782)

Six subspecies
  • L. c. andinus
  • L. c. culpaeus
  • L. c. lycoides
  • L. c. magellanicus
  • L. c. reissii
  • L. c. smithersi
Western South America
Map of range 		Size: 95–132 cm (37–52 in) long, plus 32–44 cm (13–17 in) tail[41]

Habitat: Forest, rocky areas, grassland, shrubland, and savanna[42]

Diet: Rodents and lagomorphs, as well as livestock and guanacos[42][43] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[42]

Darwin's fox

Small dark canine in grass

L. fulvipes
(Martin, 1837) 		Limited areas in southern Chile
Map of range 		Size: 48–59 cm (19–23 in) long, plus 18–26 cm (7–10 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[45]

Diet: Small mammals, insects, crabs, and fruit[44][45] 		 EN 


600-2,500 Population declining[45]

Hoary fox

Gray canine howling in grass

L. vetulus
(Lund, 1842) 		South-central Brazil
Map of range 		Size: 49–71 cm (19–28 in) long, plus 25–38 cm (10–15 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Savanna[46]

Diet: Insects, as well as small rodents, birds, reptiles, and fruit[44][46] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[46]

Pampas fox

Gray canine in barren grass

L. gymnocercus
(Waldheim, 1814)

Five subspecies
  • L. g. antiquus
  • L. g. domeykoanus
  • L. g. gracilis
  • L. g. gymnocercus
  • L. g. maulinicus
Southern South America
Map of range 		Size: 51–74 cm (20–29 in) long, plus 25–41 cm (10–16 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and savanna[47]

Diet: Small rodents, hares, birds, insects, and fruit, as well as carrion[44][47] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[47]

Sechuran fox

Gray canine

L. sechurae
(Thomas, 1900) 		Sechura Desert in southwestern Ecuador and northwestern Peru
Map of range 		Size: 50–78 cm (20–31 in) long, plus 27–34 cm (11–13 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Forest, desert, grassland, and shrubland[48]

Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as small rodents, birds, reptiles, insects, scorpions, and carrion[44][48] 		 NT 


15,000 Unknown[48][49]

South American gray fox

Gray canine in grass

L. griseus
(Gray, 1837) 		Southern South America
Map of range 		Size: 50–66 cm (20–26 in) long, plus 12–34 cm (5–13 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Forest, grassland, and shrubland[50]

Diet: Small rodents, hares, and carrion[44][50] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[50]

Genus Lycaon – Brookes, 1827 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
African wild dog

Black, brown, and white canine in yellow grass

L. pictus
(Temminck, 1820)

Five subspecies
 		Scattered areas of Africa. Extant regions in red; probably extant region in yellow.
Map of range 		Size: 76–112 cm (30–44 in) long, plus 30–42 cm (12–17 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Forest, grassland, shrubland, savanna, and desert[51]

Diet: Medium-sized antelope[51] 		 EN 


1,400 Population declining[51]

Genus Speothos – Lund, 1839 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Bush dog

Small brown canine in grass

S. venaticus
(Lund, 1842)

Three subspecies
  • S. v. panamensis (Panamanian bush dog)
  • S. v. venaticus (South American bush dog)
  • S. v. wingei (Southern bush dog)
Northern South America
Map of range 		Size: 57–75 cm (22–30 in) long, plus 12–15 cm (5–6 in) tail[52]

Habitat: Shrubland, forest, grassland, and savanna[53]

Diet: Small and medium mammals, as well as birds, reptiles, and fruit[53] 		 NT 


15,000 Population declining[53][54]

Tribe Vulpini

Genus Nyctereutes – Temminck, 1839 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Common raccoon dog

(({image-alt))}

N. procyonoides
(Gray, 1834)

Four subspecies
  • N. p. procyonoides (Chinese raccoon dog)
  • N. p. koreensis (Korean raccoon dog)
  • N. p. orestes (Yunnan raccoon dog)
  • N. p. ussuriensis (Ussuri raccoon dog)
Mainland Eastern Asia, introduced to Central and Eastern Europe (note: map includes range of N. viverrinus)
Map of range 		Size: 49–71 cm (19–28 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Forest, grassland, and shrubland[55]

Diet: Insects, rodents, amphibians, birds, fish, and reptiles, as well as fruit, nuts, and berries[55] 		 LC 


Unknown, but at least 1.5 million in fur farms Population steady[55][56]

Japanese raccoon dog

(({image-alt))}

N. viverrinus
(Temminck, 1838) 		Japan Size: 49–71 cm (19–28 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Forest, grassland, and shrubland[55]

Diet: Insects, rodents, amphibians, birds, fish, and reptiles, as well as fruit, nuts, and berries[55] 		 NE 


Unknown

Genus Otocyon – Müller, 1835 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Bat-eared fox

Brown fox with large ears

O. megalotis
(Desmarest, 1822)

Two subspecies
  • O. m. megalotis
  • O. m. virgatus
Southern and Eastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 46–61 cm (18–24 in) long, plus 23–34 cm (9–13 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Grassland, shrubland, and savanna[57]

Diet: Harvester termites as well as other arthropods[57] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[57]

Genus Vulpes – Frisch, 1775 – twelve species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Arctic fox

Arctic fox in the snow facing the viewer

V. lagopus
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Five subspecies
  • V. l. lagopus (Common Arctic Fox)
  • V. l. beringensis (Bering Islands Arctic fox)
  • V. l. foragoapusis (Greenland Arctic fox)
  • V. l. fuliginosus (Iceland Arctic fox)
  • V. l. pribilofensis (Pribilof Islands Arctic fox)
Arctic North America and Eurasia
Map of range 		Size: 50–75 cm (20–30 in) long, plus 25–43 cm (10–17 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Grassland[58]

Diet: Lemmings, as well as other rodents, birds, and reindeer[58] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[58]

Bengal fox

Brown fox in the grass

V. bengalensis
(Shaw, 1800) 		India
Map of range 		Size: 39–58 cm (15–23 in) long, plus 25–32 cm (10–13 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Grassland and shrubland[59]

Diet: Arthropods, rodents, reptiles, fruit, and birds[59] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[59]

Blanford's fox

Brown fox on rocks

V. cana
Blanford, 1877 		The Middle East and Central Asia
Map of range 		Size: 34–47 cm (13–19 in) long, plus 26–36 cm (10–14 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Desert and rocky areas[60]

Diet: Fruit and insects[60] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[60]

Cape fox

Brown and gray fox in the grass

V. chama
(A Smith, 1833) 		Southern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 45–61 cm (18–24 in) long, plus 25–41 cm (10–16 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Rocky areas, grassland, shrubland, and savanna[61]

Diet: Fruit and insects[61] 		 LC 


20,000 Population steady[61]

Corsac fox

Gray fox in front of brick wall

V. corsac
(Linnaeus, 1768)

Three subspecies
  • V. c. corsac
  • V. c. kalmykorum
  • V. c. turkmenicus
Central Asia
Map of range 		Size: 45–60 cm (18–24 in) long, plus 19–34 cm (7–13 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Desert, grassland, and shrubland[62]

Diet: Insects and small rodents[62] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[62]

Fennec fox

Large-eared fox on rock

V. zerda
(Zimmermann, 1780) 		Northern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 33–40 cm (13–16 in) long, plus 13–23 cm (5–9 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Desert and marine coastal/supratidal[63]

Diet: Rodents, insects, birds, eggs, and rabbits[63] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[63]

Kit fox

Gray fox standing in grass

V. macrotis
Merriam, 1888

Two subspecies
 		Western North America
Map of range 		Size: 46–54 cm (18–21 in) long, plus 25–34 cm (10–13 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Shrubland, savanna, and grassland[64]

Diet: Rodents, rabbits, invertebrates, birds, lizards, and snakes[64] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[64]

Pale fox

Painting of a light brown fox

V. pallida
(Cretzschmar, 1827)

Five subspecies
  • V. p. cyrenaica
  • V. p. edwardsi
  • V. p. harterti
  • V. p. oertzeni
  • V. p. pallida
Upper middle Africa
Map of range 		Size: 38–55 cm (15–22 in) long, plus 23–29 cm (9–11 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Desert, grassland, shrubland, and savanna[65]

Diet: Plants and berries as well as rodents, reptiles, and insects[65] 		 LC 


10,000–100,000 Unknown[65]

Rüppell's fox

Red and gray fox on the snow

V. rueppellii
(Schinz, 1825) 		Northern Africa and the Middle East
Map of range 		Size: 35–56 cm (14–22 in) long, plus 25–39 cm (10–15 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Desert, shrubland, and marine coastal/supratidal[66]

Diet: Small mammals, lizards, birds, and insects, as well as fruit and succulents[66] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[66]

Red fox

Red fox on grass

V. vulpes
(Linnaeus, 1758)

44 subspecies
  • V. v. abietorum (British Columbian fox)
  • V. v. alascensis (Northern Alaskan fox)
  • V. v. alpherakyi (Eastern Trans-Caucasian fox)
  • V. v. anatolica (Anatolian fox)
  • V. v. arabica (Arabian red fox)
  • V. v. atlantica (Atlas fox)
  • V. v. bangsi (Labrador fox)
  • V. v. barbara (Barbary fox)
  • V. v. beringiana (Anadyr fox)
  • V. v. cascadensis (Cascade red fox)
  • V. v. caucasica (North Caucasian fox)
  • V. v. crucigera (European fox)
  • V. v. daurica (Trans-Baikal fox)
  • V. v. deletrix (Newfoundland fox)
  • V. v. dolichocrania (Ussuri fox)
  • V. v. dorsalis
  • V. v. lavescens (Turkmenian fox)
  • V. v. fulvus (American red fox)
  • V. v. harrimani (Afghan red fox)
  • V. v. hoole (Southern Chinese fox)
  • V. v. ichnusae (Sardinian fox)
  • V. v. indutus (Cyprus fox)
  • V. v. jakutensis (Yakutsk fox)
  • V. v. japonica (Japanese fox)
  • V. v. karagan (Karaganka fox)
  • V. v. kenaiensis (Kenai Peninsula fox)
  • V. v. kurdistanica (Trans-Caucasian fox)
  • V. v. macroura (Wasatch Mountains fox)
  • V. v. montana (Hill fox)
  • V. v. necator (Sierra Nevada red fox)
  • V. v. niloticus (Nile fox)
  • V. v. ochroxantha (Turkestan fox)
  • V. v. palaestina (Palestinian fox)
  • V. v. peculiosa (Korean fox)
  • V. v. pusilla (White-footed fox)
  • V. v. regalis (Northern plains fox)
  • V. v. rubricosa (Nova Scotia fox)
  • V. v. schrencki (Sakhalin fox)
  • V. v. silacea (Iberian fox)
  • V. v. splendidissima (Kuril Islands fox)
  • V. v. stepensis (Steppe red fox)
  • V. v. tobolica (Tobol'sk fox)
  • V. v. tschiliensis (Northern Chinese fox)
  • V. v. vulpes (Scandinavian red fox)
North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia
Map of range 		Size: 62–72 cm (24–28 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail[67]

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, forest, and desert[68]

Diet: Small rodents, as well as birds, larger mammals, reptiles, insects, and fish[68] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[68]

Swift fox

Gray fox on dirt

V. velox
(Say, 1823) 		Western grasslands of North America
Map of range 		Size: 48–54 cm (19–21 in) long, plus 25–34 cm (10–13 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Grassland[69]

Diet: Rabbits, mice, ground squirrels, birds, insects and lizards, as well as grasses and fruit[69] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[69]

Tibetan fox

Painting of gay and brown fox

V. ferrilata
Hodgson, 1842 		High plateaus in Nepal and western China
Map of range 		Size: 49–70 cm (19–28 in) long, plus 22–29 cm (9–11 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Desert, rocky areas, grassland, and shrubland[70]

Diet: Pikas, as well as carrion and other small mammals[70] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[70]

Urocyon

Genus Urocyon – Baird, 1857 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Gray fox

Gray fox on a rock

U. cinereoargenteus
(Schreber, 1775)

Sixteen subspecies
  • U. c. borealis
  • U. c. californicus
  • U. c. cinereoargenteus
  • U. c. costaricensis
  • U. c. floridanus
  • U. c. fraterculus
  • U. c. furvus
  • U. c. guatemalae
  • U. c. madrensis
  • U. c. nigrirostris
  • U. c. ocythous
  • U. c. orinomus
  • U. c. peninsularis
  • U. c. scottii
  • U. c. townsendi
  • U. c. venezuelae
North America and Central America
Map of range 		Size: 53–66 cm (21–26 in) long, plus 28–44 cm (11–17 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[71]

Diet: Rabbits, voles, shrews, and birds, as well as insects and fruit[71] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[71]

Island fox

Gray and red fox in shrubland

U. littoralis
(Baird, 1857)

Six subspecies
  • U. l. catalinae
  • U. l. clementae
  • U. l. dickeyi
  • U. l. littoralis
  • U. l. santacruzae
  • U. l. santarosae
Channel Islands of California
Map of range 		Size: 46–63 cm (18–25 in) long, plus 12–32 cm (5–13 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Marine intertidal, forest, grassland, and shrubland[72]

Diet: Fruit, insects, birds, eggs, crabs, lizards, and small mammals[72] 		 NT 


4,000 Population increasing[72]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Population figures rounded to the nearest hundred. Population trends as described by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
  2. ^ The Falklands Island wolf is believed to have been driven extinct in 1876[31]
  3. ^ The South American fox is believed to have gone extinct sometime between 1454 and 1626[33]

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