CheetahGrizzly bearSpotted hyenaWolfBinturongRaccoonIndian grey mongooseAmerican minkFossaWalrus
Various carnivorans, with feliforms to the left, and caniforms to the right

Carnivora is an order of placental mammals that have specialized in primarily eating flesh. Members of this order are called carnivorans, or colloquially carnivores, though the term more properly refers to any meat-eating organisms, and some carnivoran species are omnivores or herbivores. Carnivora is the fifth largest order of mammals and currently comprises 293 extant species, which are grouped into 131 genera. Carnivora can be divided into two suborders: the cat-like Feliformia and the dog-like Caniformia, which are differentiated largely based on the structure of their ear bones and cranial features.[1] The majority of feliform species are found in the Old World, though the cats have successfully diversified into the Americas. Members of the Caniformia group are found worldwide. Carnivorans live on every major landmass and in a variety of habitats, including polar regions, hyper-arid deserts, and the open seas. They come in a wide array of body plans in contrasting shapes and sizes, ranging from the 17 cm (7 in) least weasel to the 6 m (20 ft) and 3,700 kg (8,200 lb) male southern elephant seal. Some carnivorans, such as cats, dogs, and the ferret, have been domesticated, resulting in a worldwide distribution.

The feliforms are further subdivided into seven families: Eupleridae, Felidae, Herpestidae, Hyaenidae, Nandiniidae, Prionodontinae, and Viverridae, and include the cats, the hyenas, the mongooses and the viverrids, among others. The caniforms are divided into nine families: Ailuridae, Canidae, Mephitidae, Mustelidae, Odobenidae, Otariidae, Phocidae, Procyonidae, and Ursidae, and include the dogs, bears, raccoons, weasels, and pinnipeds. The exact organization of the species is not fixed, with many recent proposals made based on molecular phylogenetic analysis, including smaller re-categorizations such as promoting the black mongoose subspecies of the slender mongoose to a full species or the 2011 discovery of the Vietnam ferret-badger, as well as larger changes such as formally recognizing the family Eupleridae as separate from Viverridae and Herpestidae in 2003. In addition to the extant species, six species have gone extinct since 1500 CE: the Falkland Islands wolf and South American fox in Canidae, the sea mink and Japanese otter in Mustelidae, the Japanese sea lion in Otariidae, and the Caribbean monk seal in Phocidae.

Conventions

Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the collective range of species in that genera is provided. Ranges are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera or species listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

The order Carnivora consists of 292 extant species belonging to 131 genera as well the extinct genus Dusicyon, comprising 2 extinct species, and 4 other extinct species, which are the only carnivoran species to go extinct since prehistoric times. This does not include hybrid species (such as wolfdogs or ligers) or extinct prehistoric species. Modern molecular studies indicate that the 131 genera can be grouped into 16 families, split into the Caniformia and Feliformia clades, and several of these families are subdivided into named subfamilies. Three families of semi-aquatic animals, Odobenidae, Otariidae, and Phocidae, are collected into the suborder Pinnipedia.

Suborder Caniformia

Suborder Feliformia

Carnivora  
 Caniformia  

Canidae

Ursidae

Pinnipedia

Phocidae

Odobenidae

Otariidae

Mephitidae

Ailuridae

Mustelidae

Procyonidae

 Feliformia  

Nandiniidae

Felidae

Prionodontidae

Viverridae

Hyaenidae

Eupleridae

Herpestidae

Carnivorans

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, including smaller re-categorizations such as promoting the black mongoose subspecies of the slender mongoose to a full species or the 2011 discovery of the Vietnam ferret-badger, as well as larger changes such as formally recognizing the family Eupleridae as separate from Viverridae and Herpestidae in 2003.[2][3][4]

Suborder Caniformia

Ailuridae

The Ailuridae family is composed of two species, commonly called red pandas.

Subfamily Ailurinae – Gray, 1843 – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Ailurus
(Red panda)

Western red panda eating bamboo

F. Cuvier, 1825

Two species
 		Eastern Himalayas and southwestern China (both species' range shown)
Map of range 		Size range: 50–64 cm (20–25 in) long, plus 28–59 cm (11–23 in) tail[5]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[6]

Diets: Bamboo, as well as fruit, vegetation, lichen, bird eggs, and insects[6]

Canidae

Main article: List of canids

Members of the Canidae family are canids and include domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, jackals, and dingoes, among others. Canidae comprises 37 extant species, divided into 14 genera and placed inside a single extant subfamily, Caninae. Caninae is split into two tribes: Canini, comprising the wolf-like canids, and Vulpini, the fox-like canids.

Subfamily Caninae – G. Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 – fourteen genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Atelocynus

Black small-eared canine

Cabrera, 1940

One species
 		Western Amazon rainforest in South America
Map of range 		Size: 72–100 cm (28–39 in) long, plus 24–35 cm (9–14 in) tail[7]

Habitats: Wetlands, forest, and savanna[8]

Diet: Fish, insects, and small mammals, as well as fruit, birds, and crabs[8][9]
Canis

Gray canine in grass

Linnaeus, 1758

Six species
 		North America, Eurasia, and Africa; worldwide distribution (domestic dog)
Map of range 		Size range: 60 cm (24 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (golden jackal) to 160 cm (63 in) long, plus 50 cm (20 in) tail (wolf)[10]

Habitats: Forest, desert, shrubland, grassland, savanna, inland wetlands, and rocky areas[11]

Diets: A wide variety of foods, including small to large mammals, birds, fish, fruit, carrion, and insects[11]
Cerdocyon

Gray canine in jungle

C. E. H. Smith, 1839

One species
 		Eastern and northern South America
Map of range 		Size: 64 cm (25 in) long, plus 28 cm (11 in) tail[12]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[13]

Diet: Crabs and insects, as well as rodents, birds, turtles, eggs, fruit, and carrion[12][13]
Chrysocyon

Red, furry canine in grass

C. E. H. Smith, 1839

One species
 		Central South America
Map of range 		Size: 100–130 cm (39–51 in) long, plus 45 cm (18 in) tail[14][15]

Habitats: Forest, wetlands, grassland, shrubland, and savanna[16]

Diet: Fruit, arthropods, and small and medium vertebrates[16]
Cuon

Red canine in grass

Hodgson, 1838

One species
 		Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 90 cm (35 in) long, plus 40–45 cm (16–18 in) tail[17]

Habitats: Forest, grassland, and shrubland[18]

Diet: Ungulates, as well as small rodents and hares[18]
Dusicyon†

Stuffed gray canine

C. E. H. Smith, 1839

Two species
 		Southern South America, Falkland Islands Size range: Unknown

Habitats: Grassland and shrubland[19]

Diets: Unknown
Lupulella

Gray and brown canine next to grass

Hilzheimer, 1906

Two species
 		Sub-Saharan Africa Size range: 60 cm (24 in) long, plus 16 cm (6 in) tail (black-backed jackal) to 81 cm (32 in) long, plus 41 cm (16 in) tail (side-striped jackal)[20]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, savanna, grassland, inland wetlands, desert, and intertidal marine[21]

Diets: Small to medium-sized mammals, birds, and fruit, as well as insects, grass, and carrion[21]
Lycalopex
(South American fox)

Gray canine in grass

Burmeister, 1854

Six species
 		South America Size range: 44 cm (17 in) long, plus 18 cm (7 in) tail (Darwin's fox) to 132 cm (52 in) long, plus 41 cm (16 in) tail (culpeo)[22]

Habitats: Forest, rocky areas, grassland, shrubland, savanna, and desert[23]

Diets: Small mammals, birds, insects, and fruit, as well as livestock and carrion[23]
Lycaon

Black, brown, and white canine in yellow grass

Brookes, 1827

One species
 		Scattered areas of Africa. Extant regions in red; probably extant region in yellow.
Map of range 		Size: 76–112 cm (30–44 in) long, plus 30–42 cm (12–17 in) tail[24]

Habitats: Forest, grassland, shrubland, savanna, and desert[25]

Diet: Medium-sized antelope[25]
Nyctereutes

Gray and brown fox by a bush

Temminck, 1839

Two species
 		Eastern Asia, introduced to Central and Eastern Europe
Map of range 		Size range: 49–71 cm (19–28 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail[24]

Habitats: Forest, grassland, and shrubland[26]

Diets: Insects, rodents, amphibians, birds, fish, and reptiles, as well as fruit, nuts, and berries[26]
Otocyon

Brown fox with large ears

Müller, 1835

One species
 		Southern and Eastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 46–61 cm (18–24 in) long, plus 23–34 cm (9–13 in) tail[24]

Habitats: Grassland, shrubland, and savanna[27]

Diet: Harvester termites as well as other arthropods[27]
Speothos

Small brown canine in grass

Lund, 1839

One species
 		Northern South America
Map of range 		Size: 57–75 cm (22–30 in) long, plus 12–15 cm (5–6 in) tail[28]

Habitats: Shrubland, forest, grassland, and savanna[29]

Diet: Small and medium mammals, as well as birds, reptiles, and fruit[29]
Urocyon

Gray fox on a rock

Baird, 1857

Two species
 		North America and Central America
Map of range 		Size range: 46 cm (18 in) long, plus 12 cm (5 in) tail (island fox) to 66 cm (26 in) long, plus 44 cm (17 in) tail (gray fox)[24]

Habitats: Forest, grassland, shrubland, and intertidal marine[30]

Diets: Small mammals, fruit, insects, birds, eggs, crabs, and lizards[30]
Vulpes
(true fox)

Red fox on grass

Frisch, 1775

Twelve species
 		North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia Size range: 33 cm (13 in) long, plus 13 cm (5 in) tail (fennec fox) to 75 cm (30 in) long, plus 43 cm (17 in) tail (arctic fox)[31]

Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, forest, desert, rocky areas, savanna, desert, and coastal marine[32]

Diets: Small mammals, reptiles, birds, and insects, as well as fish, fruit, berries, and succulents[32]

Mephitidae

Main article: List of mephitids

Members of the Mephitidae family are mephetids and include the skunks and stink badgers. Mephitidae comprises twelve extant species, divided into four genera, and is not split into subfamilies.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – four genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Conepatus
(hog-nosed skunk)

Museum exhibit of brown skunk with white stripes

Gray, 1837

Four species
 		Southern North America and South America
Map of range 		Size range: 20 cm (8 in) long, plus 13 cm (5 in) tail (Molina's hog-nosed skunk) to 51 cm (20 in) long, plus 41 cm (16 in) tail (American hog-nosed skunk)[33]

Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, savanna, forest, and rocky areas[34]

Diets: Omnivorous; primarily eats invertebrates, rodents, small reptiles, and eggs[34]
Mephitis
(skunk)

Black and white striped skunk in snow

Geoffroy, 1795

Two species
 		North America
Map of range 		Size range: 19 cm (7 in) long, plus 35 cm (14 in) tail (hooded skunk) to 82 cm (32 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (striped skunk)[35]

Habitats: Desert, shrubland, rocky areas, grassland, savanna, and forest[36]

Diets: Rodents, Insects, fruit, small vertebrates, vegetation, and bird eggs[36]
Mydaus
(stink badger)

Drawing of black and white stink badger on rocks

F. Cuvier, 1821

Two species
 		Western Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia
Map of range 		Size range: 32 cm (13 in) long, plus 1 cm tail (Palawan stink badger) to 51 cm (20 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail (Sunda stink badger)[37]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and introduced vegetation[38]

Diets: Birds' eggs, carrion, insects, worms, arthropods, and plants[38]
Spilogale
(spotted skunk)

Black skunk with white spots on log

Gray, 1865

Four species
 		North America
Map of range 		Size range: 11 cm (4 in) long, plus 7 cm (3 in) tail (pygmy spotted skunk) to 37 cm (15 in) long, plus 21 cm (8 in) tail (western spotted skunk)[39]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, grassland, shrubland, rocky areas, savanna, and forest, rocky areas, marine coastal/supratidal[40]

Diets: Omnivorous; primarily eats invertebrates, small mammals, fruit, grain, birds, carrion, and bird eggs[40]

Mustelidae

Main article: List of mustelids

Members of the Mustelidae family are mustelids and include weasels, badgers, otters, ferrets, martens, minks, and wolverines, among others. Mustelidae is the largest family in Carnivora, and comprises 63 extant species, divided into 23 genera. These genera are split into 8 subfamilies: Guloninae, martens and wolverines; Helictidinae, ferret-badgers; Ictonychinae, African polecats and grisons; Lutrinae, otters; Melinae, Eurasian badgers; Mellivorinae, the honey badger; Mustelinae, weasels and minks; and Taxidiinae, the American badger.

Subfamily Guloninae – Gray, 1825 – four genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Eira

Black mustelid with gray head

Hamilton Smith, 1842

One species
 		Central America, Trinidad in the Caribbean, and northern South America
Map of range 		Size: 60–70 cm (24–28 in) long, plus 35–45 cm (14–18 in) tail[41]

Habitats: Forest and savanna[42]

Diet: Fruit, carrion, small vertebrates, insects, and honey[42]
Gulo

Brown and black mustelid

Pallas, 1780

One species
 		Arctic North America, Europe, and Asia
Map of range 		Size: 70–105 cm (28–41 in) long, plus 18–26 cm (7–10 in) tail[43]

Habitats: Rocky areas, shrubland, forest, and grassland[44]

Diet: Carrion and small to large mammals[44]
Martes
(marten)

Brown and black mustelid

Pinel, 1792

Seven species
 		North America and Eurasia
Map of range 		Size range: 38 cm (15 in) long, plus 9 cm (4 in) tail (sable) to 72 cm (28 in) long, plus 48 cm (19 in) tail (yellow-throated marten)[45]

Habitats: Forest, grassland, rocky areas, and shrubland[46]

Diets: Rodents and small mammals, as well as birds, amphibians, insects, fruit, berries, and carrion[46]
Pekania

Black and brown mustelid on the ground

Gray, 1865

One species
 		Northern North America
Map of range 		Size: 75–120 cm (30–47 in) long, plus 31–41 cm (12–16 in) tail[47]

Habitats: Forest[48]

Diet: Small to medium mammals, birds, and carrion[48]
Subfamily Helictidinae – Gray, 1865 – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Melogale
(ferret-badger)

Mounted brown mustelid with green background

I. Saint-Hilaire, 1831

Five species
 		East and Southeast Asia Size range: 30 cm (12 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (Chinese ferret-badger) to 44 cm (17 in) long, plus 23 cm (9 in) tail (Bornean ferret-badger, Burmese ferret-badger)[49]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[50]

Diets: Invertebrates, amphibians, insects, fruit, and carrion[50]
Subfamily Ictonychinae – Gray, 1865 – five genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Galictis
(grison)

Black mustelid under rock

Bell, 1826

Two species
 		South America
Map of range 		Size range: 28 cm (11 in) long, plus 12 cm (5 in) tail (lesser grison) to 76 cm (30 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail (greater grison)[51]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, grassland, and savanna[52]

Diets: Small mammals, birds, lizards, amphibians, eggs, and fruit[52]
Ictonyx
(striped polecat)

Brown and white stuffed mustelid with green background

Kaup, 1835

Two species
 		Africa
Map of range 		Size range: 28 cm (11 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (striped polecat) to 47 cm (19 in) long, plus 19 cm (7 in) tail (Saharan striped polecat)[53]

Habitats: Grassland, savanna, desert, and shrubland[54]

Diets: Rodents, small mammals, birds, fish, and insects[54]
Lyncodon

Brown and white stuffed mustelid on a rock

Gervais, 1845

One species
 		Argentina
Map of range 		Size: 30–35 cm (12–14 in) long, plus 6–9 cm (2–4 in) tail[55]

Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, and forest[56]

Diet: Rodents and birds[56]
Poecilogale

Black and white mustelid on a log

Thomas, 1883

One species
 		Southern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 25–36 cm (10–14 in) long, plus 13–23 cm (5–9 in) tail[57]

Habitats: Shrubland, forest, savanna, and grassland[58]

Diet: Small mammals, rodents, and birds, as well as snakes and insects[57][58]
Vormela

Black and white mustelid with a yellow and brown back on a rock

Blasius, 1884

One species
 		Southeast Europe and central Asia
Map of range 		Size: 28–48 cm (11–19 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[59]

Habitats: Desert, rocky areas, grassland, and shrubland[60]

Diet: Rodents and birds[60]
Subfamily Lutrinae – Bonaparte, 1838 – seven genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Aonyx

Brown and white mustelid in grass

Lesson, 1827

Three species
 		Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia Size range: 40 cm (16 in) long, plus 25 cm (10 in) tail (Asian small-clawed otter) to 95 cm (37 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail (African clawless otter)[61]

Habitats: Intertidal marine, coastal marine, inland wetlands, forest, shrubland, neritic marine, and grassland[62]

Diets: Crabs, molluscs, insects, and small fish, as well as rodents, snakes, and amphibians[62]
Enhydra

Brown mustelid on its back in water

Fleming, 1828

One species
 		Western North American coast, eastern Russian coast, northern Japanese coast on northern Pacific coasts
Map of range 		Size: 55–130 cm (22–51 in) long, plus 12–33 cm (5–13 in) tail[63]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[64]

Diet: Marine invertebrates, as well as fish[64]
Hydrictis

Gray mustelid on a rock

Pocock, 1921

One species
 		Sub-Saharan Africa
Map of range 		Size: 57–69 cm (22–27 in) long, plus 33–44 cm (13–17 in) tail[65]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, neritic marine, forest, coastal marine, and intertidal marine[66]

Diet: Frogs, crabs and small water birds[65][66]
Lontra

Brown mustelid in grass

Gray, 1843

Four species
 		North and South America
Map of range 		Size range: 50 cm (20 in) long, plus 37 cm (15 in) tail (neotropical otter) to 107 cm (42 in) long, plus 46 cm (18 in) tail (North American river otter)[67]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, coastal marine, neritic marine, intertidal marine, and oceanic marine[68]

Diets: Fish, crustaceans, and molluscs, as well as insects, amphibians, and birds[68]
Lutra

Brown and white mustelid on rock

Brisson, 1762

Three species
 		Eurasia and North Africa
Map of range 		Size range: 50 cm (20 in) long, plus 35 cm (14 in) tail (hairy-nosed otter) to 70 cm (28 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (Eurasian otter)[69]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, grassland, coastal marine, neretic marine, intertidal marine, and shrubland[70]

Diets: Fish, as well as insects, reptiles, amphibians, birds, small mammals, and crustaceans[70]
Lutrogale

Gray and yellow mustelid on dirt

(Gray, 1865)

One species
 		Iraq, South and Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 65–79 cm (26–31 in) long, plus 40–50 cm (16–20 in) tail[71]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, grassland, coastal marine, neritic marine, intertidal marine, and shrubland[72]

Diet: Fish, as well as shrimp, crabs, and insects[72]
Pteronura

Large gray mustelid on a log

Gray, 1837

One species
 		North and central South America
Map of range 		Size: 96–123 cm (38–48 in) long, plus 45–65 cm (18–26 in) tail[73]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, coastal marine, neritic marine, and forest[74]

Diet: Fish, as well as caiman and turtles[74]
Subfamily Melinae – Bonaparte, 1838 – two genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Arctonyx

Brown mustelid in forest

F.Cuvier, 1825

Three species
 		East and southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size range: 55–70 cm (22–28 in) long, plus 12–17 cm (5–7 in) tail[75]

Habitats: Forest, grassland, shrubland, and savanna[76]

Diets: Believed to primarily eat worms[76]
Meles

Gray and white mustelid in grass

Brisson, 1762

Three species
 		Eurasia
Map of range 		Size range: 49 cm (19 in) long, plus 13 cm (5 in) tail (Asian badger) to 90 cm (35 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (European badger)[77]

Habitats: Grassland, forest, desert, and shrubland[78]

Diets: Omnivorous; eats fruit, nuts, plants, earthworms, insects, eggs, carrion, and small mammals[78]
Subfamily Mellivorinae – Gray, 1865 – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Mellivora

Black and white mustelid in grass

Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr, 1780

One species
 		Africa, Middle East, and India
Map of range 		Size: 73–96 cm (29–38 in) long, plus 14–23 cm (6–9 in) tail[79]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, savanna, and desert[80]

Diet: Smaller mammals[80]
Subfamily Mustelinae – G. Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 – two genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Mustela
(weasel)

Brown and white mustelid in grass

Linnaeus, 1758

Fifteen species
 		North America, Europe, and Asia
Map of range 		Size range: 11 cm (4 in) long, plus 1 cm tail (least weasel) to 56 cm (22 in) long, plus 18 cm (7 in) tail (steppe polecat)[81]

Habitats: Forest, inland wetlands, rocky areas, coastal marine, shrubland, grassland, urban[82]

Diets: Small mammals, as well as fruit, earthworms, invertebrates, lizards, amphibians, fish, carrion, eggs, and birds[82]
Neogale

Brown mustelid in water

Gray, 1865

Five species
 		North America, South America; introduced to Eurasia and other areas Size range: 31 cm (12 in) long, plus 14 cm (6 in) tail (American mink) to 91 cm (36 in) long, plus 25 cm (10 in) tail (sea mink)[83]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, forest, and shrubland; formerly intertidal marine, neritic marine, and coastal marine[84]

Diets: Fish, amphibians, crustaceans, muskrats, and small mammals[84]
Subfamily Taxidiinae – Pocock, 1920 – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Taxidea

Gray, black, and white mustelid in grass

Horsfield, 1839

One species
 		Mexico, United States and southern Canada
Map of range 		Size: 42–72 cm (17–28 in) long, plus 10–16 cm (4–6 in) tail[85]

Habitats: Forest, grassland, and shrubland[86]

Diet: Fossorial rodents, as well as scorpions, insects, snakes, lizards, and birds[86]

Clade Pinnipedia

Main article: List of pinnipeds

Pinnipedia is an infraorder of carnivores, composed of seals, sea lions, and the walrus. A member of this group is called a pinniped or a seal. The clade contains three families: Odobenidae, comprising the walrus; Otariidae, the eared seals, split between the sea lions and fur seals; and Phocidae, the earless or true seals. Odobenidae and Otariidae are combined into the superfamily Otarioidea, with Phocidae in Phocoidea. These families are not subdivided into subfamilies.

Odobenidae

The Odobenidae family is composed of a single extant species, the walrus.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Odobenus

Brown walrus

Brisson, 1762

One species
 		Arctic Ocean and subarctic seas
Map of range 		Size: Male: 270–356 cm (106–140 in) long; 800–1,700 kg (1,764–3,748 lb)
Female: 225–312 cm (89–123 in) long; 400–1,250 kg (882–2,756 lb)[87]

Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, coastal marine, and other[88]

Diet: Bivalve molluscs, as well as other invertebrates, slow-moving fish, and occasionally birds, seals, and other marine mammals[88]
Otariidae

Members of the Otariidae family are otariids, or colloquially eared seals. There are sixteen species of sea lions and fur seals in Otariidae, divided into seven genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – seven genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Arctocephalus

Brown and gray seal

Geoffroy, F. Cuvier, 1826

Eight species
 		Antarctic Ocean and southern seas and coasts
Map of range 		Size range: 100 cm (39 in) long and 30 kg (66 lb) (New Zealand fur seal females) to 227 cm (89 in) long and 360 kg (794 lb) (brown fur seal males)[89]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[90]

Diets: A wide variety of cephalopods, fish, and birds, and some penguins[90]
Callorhinus

Brown seal

Gray, 1859

One species
 		Northern Pacific Ocean (dark blue indicates breeding grounds)
Map of range 		Size: Male: 213 cm (84 in) long; 180–275 kg (397–606 lb)
Female: 142 cm (56 in) long; 40–50 kg (88–110 lb)[91]

Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[91]

Diet: A variety of epipelagic and vertically migrating mesopelagic fish and squid[91]
Eumetopias

Brown seal

Gill, 1866

One species
 		Northern Pacific Ocean (red indicates breeding grounds)
Map of range 		Size: Male: 300–340 cm (118–134 in) long; 1,120 kg (2,469 lb)
Female: 230–290 cm (91–114 in) long; 350 kg (772 lb)[92]

Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[93]

Diet: A variety of fish and cephalopods, as well as northern fur seal, harbor seals, and ringed seals[93]
Neophoca

Brown seal

Gray, 1866

One species
 		Southwestern Australian coast
Map of range 		Size: Male: 180–250 cm (71–98 in) long; 180–250 kg (397–551 lb)
Female: 130–180 cm (51–71 in) long; 61–105 kg (134–231 lb)[94]

Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[94]

Diet: Cephalopods, fish, and crustaceans[94]
Otaria

Brown seal

Péron, 1816

One species
 		Southeastern and western South American coast and islands
Map of range 		Size: Male: 210–260 cm (83–102 in) long; 300–350 kg (661–772 lb)
Female: 150–200 cm (59–79 in) long; 170 kg (375 lb)[95]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[95]

Diet: A wide variety of benthic fish, pelagic fish, and invertebrates[95]
Phocarctos

Brown seal

Peters, 1866

One species
 		Southern New Zealand coast and islands
Map of range 		Size: Male: 210–270 cm (83–106 in) long; 300–450 kg (661–992 lb)
Female: 180–200 cm (71–79 in) long; 90–165 kg (198–364 lb)[96]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[96]

Diet: A wide variety of fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans, as well as penguins[96]
Zalophus

Brown and gray seal

Gill, 1866

Three species
 		Pacific North American coast and Galápagos Islands
Map of range 		Size range: 160 cm (63 in) long and 275 kg (606 lb) (California sea lion) to 250 cm (98 in) long and 560 kg (1,235 lb) (Japanese sea lion males)[97]

Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[98]

Diets: A variety of fish and squid[98]
Phocidae

Members of the Phocidae family are phocids, or colloquially earless or true seals. There are nineteen species of seals in Phocidae, divided into fourteen genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – 14 genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Cystophora

Yellow and black hooded seal

Agardh, 1841

One species
 		Central and western North Atlantic ocean (blue indicates breeding grounds)
Map of range 		Size: Male: 250–270 cm (98–106 in) long; 200–400 kg (441–882 lb)
Female: 200–220 cm (79–87 in) long; 145–300 kg (320–661 lb)[87]

Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[99]

Diet: Fish and invertebrates throughout the water column[99]
Erignathus

Gray seal

Gill, 1866

One species
 		Arctic ocean
Map of range 		Size: 200–260 cm (79–102 in) long; 200–360 kg (441–794 lb) tail[87]

Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, and intertidal marine[100]

Diet: Crabs, shrimp, clams, snails, benthic and demersal fish, and spoon worms[100]
Halichoerus

Gray seal

Nilsson, 1820

One species
 		Shores of the North Atlantic Ocean
Map of range 		Size: Male: 195–230 cm (77–91 in) long; 170–310 kg (375–683 lb)
Female: 165–195 cm (65–77 in) long; 105–186 kg (231–410 lb)[87]

Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[101]

Diet: Benthic and demersal fish[101]
Histriophoca

Black and gray seal

Gill, 1873

One species
 		Arctic and subarctic regions of the North Pacific Ocean (blue indicates reduced summer range)
Map of range 		Size: 165–175 cm (65–69 in) long; 72–90 kg (159–198 lb)[102]

Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[103]

Diet: Fish, crustaceans, and other invertebrates[103]
Hydrurga

Black and gray seal

Gistel, 1848

One species
 		Antarctic Ocean
Map of range 		Size: Male: 250–320 cm (98–126 in) long; 200–455 kg (441–1,003 lb)
Female: 241–338 cm (95–133 in) long; 225–591 kg (496–1,303 lb)[87]

Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[104]

Diet: Krill, fish, squid, penguins, other seabirds, and juvenile seals[104]
Leptonychotes

Black and gray seal

Gill, 1872

One species
 		Coastal Antarctic Ocean
Map of range 		Size: 280–330 cm (110–130 in) long; 400–600 kg (882–1,323 lb)[105]

Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[106]

Diet: Cod icefish, as well as Antarctic toothfish, lanternfish, and cephalopods[106]
Lobodon

Gray seal

Gray, 1844

One species
 		Antarctic Ocean
Map of range 		Size: Male: 203–241 cm (80–95 in) long; 200–300 kg (441–661 lb)
Female: 216–241 cm (85–95 in) long; 200–300 kg (441–661 lb)[87]

Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[107]

Diet: Antarctic krill, as well as fish and squid[107]
Mirounga
(elephant seal)

Brown seal

Gray, 1827

Two species
 		Antarctic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean Size range: 200 cm (79 in) long and 400 kg (882 lb) (southern elephant seal females) to 600 cm (236 in) long; 3,700 kg (8,157 lb) (southern elephant seal males)[108]

Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[109]

Diets: Squid, lanternfish, cod icefish, and other mesopelagic fish[109]
Monachus

Gray seal

Fleming, 1822

One species
 		Scattered portions of the Mediterranean Sea Size: 230–280 cm (91–110 in) long; 240–300 kg (529–661 lb)[110]

Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[111]

Diet: Benthic fish, pelagic fish, cephalopods, and lobsters[110][111]
Neomonachus

Gray seal

Slater, Helgen, 2014

Two species
 		Hawaiian islands; formerly the Caribbean Sea
Map of range 		Size range: 200 cm (79 in) long and 200 kg (441 lb) (Caribbean monk seal) to 250 cm (98 in) long; 240 kg (529 lb) (Hawaiian monk seal)[112]

Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[113]

Diets: Benthic fish, pelagic fish, cephalopods, and lobsters[113]
Ommatophoca

Gray seal

Gray, 1844

One species
 		Coastal Antarctic Ocean
Map of range 		Size: Male: 168–208 cm (66–82 in) long; 129–216 kg (284–476 lb)
Female: 190–250 cm (75–98 in) long; 159–204 kg (351–450 lb)[87]

Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, and coastal marine[114]

Diet: Squid, as well as fish and krill[114]
Pagophilus

Black and gray seal

Gray, 1844

One species
 		Northern Atlantic Ocean
Map of range 		Size: Male: 171–190 cm (67–75 in) long; 135 kg (298 lb)
Female: 168–183 cm (66–72 in) long; 120 kg (265 lb)[115]

Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[116]

Diet: A wide variety of fish and invertebrates[116]
Phoca

Gray seal

Linnaeus, 1758

Two species
 		Northern Hemisphere coastlines Size range: 148 cm (58 in) long and 60 kg (132 lb) (harbor seal females) to 186 cm (73 in) long; 170 kg (375 lb) (harbor seal males)[117]

Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[118]

Diets: A wide variety of fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans[118]
Pusa

Gray seal

Scopoli, 1771

Three species
 		Arctic Ocean, Caspian Sea, and Lake Baikal Size range: 110 cm (43 in) long and 32 kg (71 lb) (ringed seal) to 175 cm (69 in) long; 124 kg (273 lb) (ringed seal)[119]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, neritic marine, and oceanic marine[120]

Diets: A wide variety of fish and invertebrates[120]

Procyonidae

Main article: List of procyonids

Members of the Procyonidae family are procyonids and include raccoons, coatis, olingos, kinkajous, ring-tailed cats, and cacomistles, among others. Procyonidae comprises fourteen extant species, divided into six genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – six genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Bassaricyon
(olingo)

Brown procyonid in a tree

Allen, 1876

Four species
 		Central America and northwest South America Size range: 30 cm (12 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (eastern lowland olingo) to 45 cm (18 in) long, plus 53 cm (21 in) tail (northern olingo)[121]

Habitats: Forest[122]

Diets: Fruit and nectar, as well as flowers, small rodents, lizards, birds, insects, and eggs[122]
Bassariscus

Brown procyonid with black-striped tail on a rock

Coues, 1887

Two species
 		Central America and southern North America Size range: 30 cm (12 in) long, plus 31 cm (12 in) tail (ring-tailed cat) to 47 cm (19 in) long, plus 53 cm (21 in) tail (cacomistle)[123]

Habitats: Shrubland, forest, rocky areas, desert, and grassland[124]

Diets: Fruit, insects, and small vertebrates[124]
Nasua
(coati)

Brown procyonid with brown-striped tail on a branch

Storr, 1780

Two species
 		Southern North America, Central America, and South America Size range: 33 cm (13 in) long, plus 33 cm (13 in) tail (white-nosed coati) to 67 cm (26 in) long, plus 69 cm (27 in) tail (South American coati)[125]

Habitats: Forest, grassland, and shrubland[126]

Diets: Fruit and invertebrates[126]
Nasuella
(mountain coati)

Drawing of brown and black procyonid

Hollister, 1915

Two species
 		Andes mountains in northern South America
Map of range 		Size range: 36 cm (14 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (western mountain coati) to 54 cm (21 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail (eastern mountain coati)[127]

Habitats: Forest and grassland[128]

Diets: Invertebrates, small vertebrates, fruit, and vegetable remains[128]
Potos

Brown procyonid on a branch

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & G. Cuvier, 1795

One species
 		Central America and northern South America
Map of range 		Size: 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long, plus 40–60 cm (16–24 in) tail[129]

Habitats: Forest[130]

Diet: Fruit, as well as flowers and leaves[130]
Procyon
(raccoon)

Gray procyonid with black and white face markings in a tree

Storr, 1780

Three species
 		North and South America, and introduced to Central Europe, the Caucasus Mountains, and Japan Size range: 41 cm (16 in) long, plus 19 cm (7 in) tail (raccoon) to 65 cm (26 in) long, plus 38 cm (15 in) tail (crab-eating raccoon)[131]

Habitats: Forest and inland wetlands[132]

Diets: Omnivorous, eats fruit, nuts, insects, small mammals, molluscs, crabs, eggs, birds, frogs, fish, aquatic invertebrates, worms, and garbage[132]

Ursidae

Main article: List of ursids

Members of the Ursidae family are ursids, or colloquially bears. Ursidae comprises three extant subfamilies: the monotypic Ailuropodinae, the panda bears; Tremarctinae, the short-faced bears; and Ursinae, containing all other extant bears. There are eight extant species in Ursidae, divided into five genera.

Subfamily Ailuropodinae – Grevé, 1894 – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Ailuropoda

Black and white bear on ground

H. Milne-Edwards, 1870

One species
 		Central China
Map of range 		Size: 150–180 cm (59–71 in) long, plus 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tail
80–123 kg (176–271 lb)[133][134]

Habitats: Forest[135]

Diet: Bamboo[135]
Subfamily Tremarctinae – Merriam, Stock, 1925 – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Tremarctos

Black bear with brown face on rock

Gervais, 1855

One species
 		Andes mountains in South America
Map of range 		Size: 120–200 cm (47–79 in) long, plus 7 cm (3 in) tail
60–175 kg (132–386 lb)[136]

Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, and forest[137]

Diet: Bromeliads and palm trees, as well as cattle, other mammals, and fruit[137]
Subfamily Ursinae – Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Helarctos

Black bear with brown face and orange marking on chest on rock

Gervais, 1855

One species
 		Southeast Asia (current range in brown, former in black)
Map of range 		Size: 120–150 cm (47–59 in) long, plus 3–7 cm (1–3 in) tail
35–80 kg (77–176 lb)[138][139]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[140]

Diet: Termites, ants, beetle larvae, bee larvae, honey, and fruit[140]
Melursus

Black bear with gray face on rock

Meyer, 1793

One species
 		India (current range in green, former in black)
Map of range 		Size: 150–180 cm (59–71 in) long, plus 7–12 cm (3–5 in) tail
54–141 kg (119–311 lb)[141]

Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, forest, and savanna[142]

Diet: Termites and fruit[142]
Ursus

Brown bear in river

Linnaeus, 1758

Four species
 		North America, Europe, Asia Size range: 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail, 80 kg (176 lb) (brown bear) to 244 cm (96 in) long, plus 13 cm (5 in) tail, 726 kg (1,601 lb) (polar bear)[143]

Habitats: North America, Europe, Asia[144]

Diets: Vegetation, insects, fruit, nuts, mammals; polar bear primarily eats seals, as well as walruses, beluga whales, birds, fish, vegetation and kelp[144]

Suborder Feliformia

Eupleridae

Members of the Eupleridae family are euplerids, or colloquially Malagasy mongooses or Malagasy carnivorans. Eupleridae comprises two extant subfamilies, the civet-like Euplerinae and the mongoose-like Galidiinae. Historically, the Euplerinae species were included in the civet family Viverridae, and several of the Galidiinae species in the mongoose family Herpestidae, but more recent genetic evidence showed them to be part of the same clade, having evolved from a single ancestor species 18–24 million years ago. There are 10 extant species in Eupleridae, divided into 7 genera.

Subfamily Euplerinae – Chenu, 1850 – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Cryptoprocta

Brown euplerid

Bennett, 1833

One species
 		Madagascar
Map of range 		Size: 61–80 cm (24–31 in) long, plus 61–80 cm (24–31 in) tail[145]

Habitats: Forest[146]

Diet: Small mammals and reptiles[146]
Eupleres

Stuffed brown euplerid

Doyère, 1835

Two species
 		Eastern and northern Madagascar Size range: 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long, plus 22–25 cm (9–10 in) tail (eastern falanouc, western falanouc)[147]

Habitats: Forest and inland wetlands[148]

Diets: Invertebrates[148]
Fossa

Spotted brown euplerid

Gray, 1865

One species
 		Eastern Madagascar
Map of range 		Size: 40–45 cm (16–18 in) long, plus 21–25 cm (8–10 in) tail[149]

Habitats: Forest[150]

Diet: Small vertebrates, insects, and bird's eggs[150]
Subfamily Galidiinae – Gray, 1865 – four genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Galidia

Red and brown euplerid

Geoffroy, 1837

One species
 		Eastern Madagascar
Map of range 		Size: 32–38 cm (13–15 in) long, plus 27–32 cm (11–13 in) tail[147]

Habitats: Forest[151]

Diet: Small mammals, birds, bird's eggs, and frogs, as well as fruit, fish, reptiles, and invertebrates[147][151]
Galidictis

Black and white euplerid

Geoffroy, 1839

Two species
 		Eastern and southern Madagascar
Map of range 		Size range: 32–34 cm (13–13 in) long, plus 28–30 cm (11–12 in) tail (broad-striped Malagasy mongoose, Grandidier's mongoose)[152]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[153]

Diets: Rodents and other small vertebrates, as well as invertebrates[147][153]
Mungotictis

Brown striped euplerid

Pocock, 1915

One species
 		Western Madagascar
Map of range 		Size: 25–35 cm (10–14 in) long, plus 23–27 cm (9–11 in) tail[147]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[154]

Diet: Invertebrates, as well as reptiles[154][155]
Salanoia

Drawing of euplerid

Gray, 1865

Two species
 		Northeastern Madagascar
Map of range 		Size range: 25 cm (10 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (brown-tailed mongoose) to 33 cm (13 in) long, plus 21 cm (8 in) tail (Durrell's vontsira)[156]

Habitats: Forest and inland wetlands[157]

Diets: Insects and fruit as well as frogs, reptiles, and rodents; Durrell's vontsira may eat fish and molluscs[157]

Felidae

Main article: List of felids

Members of the Felidae family are felids, or colloquially cats; "cat" refers both to felids in general and specifically to domestic cats. Felidae comprises two extant subfamilies, Felinae (small cats) and Pantherinae (large cats). There are 34 extant species in Felidae, divided into 14 genera.

Subfamily Felinae – Waldheim, 1817 – twelve genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Acinonyx

Spotted cheetah standing at a rock

Brookes, 1828

One species
 		Southern Africa, central Africa, and Iran
Map of range 		Size: 113–140 cm (44–55 in) long, 60–84 cm (24–33 in) tail[158]

Habitats: Desert, grassland, savanna, and shrubland[159]

Diet: Antelopes and gazelles[159]
Caracal

Brown cat with tufted ears

Gray, 1843

Two species
 		Most of non-desert Africa, Middle East, and Indian subcontinent Size range: 65 cm (26 in) long, plus 28 cm (11 in) tail (African golden cat) to 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 34 cm (13 in) tail (caracal)[160]

Habitats: Forest, desert, grassland, shrubland, and savanna[161]

Diets: Rodents and squirrels, along with antelope, primates, birds, reptiles, and fish[161]
Catopuma

Tawny cat facing the viewer

Severtzov, 1858

Two species
 		Scattered areas of Southeast Asia Size range: 53 cm (21 in) long, plus 32 cm (13 in) tail (bay cat) to 105 cm (41 in) long, plus 56 cm (22 in) tail (Asian golden cat)[162]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, grassland, and shrubland[163]

Diets: Mostly unknown, with evidence of preying on rodents, squirrels, and snakes[163]
Felis

Gray and black cat

Linnaeus, 1758

Seven species
 		Africa, Europe, and Asia (domestic cat worldwide)
Map of range 		Size range: 37 cm (15 in) long, plus 14 cm (6 in) tail (black-footed cat) to 85 cm (33 in) long, plus 35 cm (14 in) tail (Chinese mountain cat)[164]

Habitats: Forest, desert, shrubland, savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands, plus cosmopolitan distribution of feral domestic cats[165]

Diets: Birds and small mammals, as well as other small animals[165]
Herpailurus

Gray Jaguarundi on a branch

Saint-Hilaire, 1803

One species
 		Most of South and Central America
Map of range 		Size: 49–78 cm (19–31 in) long, 28–59 cm (11–23 in) tail[166]

Habitats: Grassland, shrubland, savanna, and forest[167]

Diet: Small mammals, birds and reptiles[167]
Leopardus

Streaked ocelot in a zoo

Gray, 1842

Eight species
 		South and Central America; Trinidad and Margarita in the Caribbean
Map of range 		Size range: 37 cm (15 in) long, plus20 cm (8 in) tail (kodkod) to 102 cm (40 in) long, plus 50 cm (20 in) tail (ocelot)[168]

Habitats: Savanna, forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert[169]

Diets: Small and medium mammals, birds and reptiles, as well as carrion[169]
Leptailurus

Spotted Serval on a path

Severtzov, 1858

One species
 		Non-rainforest sub-Saharan Africa
Map of range 		Size: 59–100 cm (23–39 in) long, 20–38 cm (8–15 in) tail[170]

Habitats: Grassland, inland wetlands, forest, and savanna[171]

Diet: Small mammals and rodents, as well as birds, reptiles, and arthropods[171]
Lynx

Spotted tawny Eurasian Lynx on a stump

Kerr, 1792

Four species
 		North America, northern Europe, and northern and central Asia
Map of range 		Size range: 80 cm (31 in) long, plus9 cm (4 in) tail (bobcat) to 120 cm (47 in) long, plus 23 cm (9 in) tail (Eurasian lynx)[172]

Habitats: Desert, shrubland, savanna, forest, rocky areas, and grassland[173]

Diets: Rabbits and hares, along with rodents, birds, deer, and small or medium-sized mammals[173]
Otocolobus

Furry Pallas's cat on a stump

Brandt, 1841

One species
 		Central Asia
Map of range 		Size: 46–65 cm (18–26 in) long, 21–31 cm (8–12 in) tail[174]

Habitats: Rocky areas, grassland, shrubland, and desert[175]

Diet: Small mammals, especially pikas, as well as rodents and birds[175]
Pardofelis

Marbled cat face-down on a tree trunk

Severtzov, 1858

One species
 		Parts of Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 45–62 cm (18–24 in) long, 36–55 cm (14–22 in) tail[176]

Habitats: Forest[177]

Diet: Likely eats rodents, squirrels, and birds[177]
Prionailurus

Spotted Leopard cat in the brush

Severtzov, 1858

Five species
 		Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size range: 35 cm (14 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (rusty-spotted cat) to 85 cm (33 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail (fishing cat)[178]

Habitats: Inland wetlands, shrubland, grassland, forest, desert, and savanna[179]

Diets: Rodents, birds, and fish, as well as amphibians and lizards[179]
Puma

Brown Cougar standing on a rock

Jardine, 1834

One species
 		South America and North America
Map of range 		Size: 100–150 cm (39–59 in) long, 60–90 cm (24–35 in) tail[180]

Habitats: Forest, desert, grassland, savanna, and shrubland[181]

Diet: Deer, as well as smaller mammals such as feral pigs, raccoons and armadillos[181]
Subfamily Pantherinae – Pocock, 1917 – two genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Neofelis

Leopard with large spots facing viewer

Gray, 1867

Two species
 		Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size range: 69–108 cm (27–43 in) long, plus 61–91 cm (24–36 in) tail[182]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[183]

Diets: Medium-sized and small mammals on the ground and in trees, as well as birds[183]
Panthera

Spotted leopard walking in front of grass

Oken, 1816

Five species
 		Africa, Asia and the Americas Size range: 90 cm (35 in) long, plus 80 cm (31 in) tail (snow leopard) to 250 cm (98 in) long, plus 100 cm (39 in) tail (lion)[184]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, inland wetlands, savanna, grassland, rocky areas, and desert[185]

Diets: Ungulates and other small to large mammals, as well as birds, insects, and reptiles[185]

Herpestidae

Main article: List of herpestids

Members of the Herpestidae family are herpestids, or colloquially mongooses. Herpestidae comprises two extant subfamilies, Herpestinae, comprising the species that are native to southern Europe, Africa and Asia, and Mungotinae, comprising the species native to Africa. There are 34 extant species in Herpestidae, divided into 15 genera.

Subfamily Herpestinae – Gray, 1864 – eight genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Atilax

Brown mongoose in water

F. Cuvier, 1826

One species
 		Sub-Saharan Africa
Map of range 		Size: 46–64 cm (18–25 in) long, plus 31–41 cm (12–16 in) tail[186]

Habitats: Forest, grassland, inland wetlands, neritic marine, and coastal marine[187]

Diet: Crustaceans as well as other aquatic prey and rodents[187]
Bdeogale

Black and white mongoose with big tail

Peters, 1850

Three species
 		Central Africa
Map of range 		Size range: 36 cm (14 in) long, plus 22 cm (9 in) tail (bushy-tailed mongoose) to 65 cm (26 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (black-footed mongoose)[186]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[188]

Diets: Omnivorous, especially mammals and insects[188]
Cynictis

Standing yellow-brown mongoose

Ogilby, 1833

One species
 		Southern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 26–46 cm (10–18 in) long, plus 16–30 cm (6–12 in) tail[186]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[189]

Diet: Insects, as well as rodents, birds, other vertebrates, and arachnids[189]
Herpestes

Brown mongoose

Illiger, 1811

Five species
 		Africa Size range: 25 cm (10 in) long, plus 22 cm (9 in) tail (Somalian slender mongoose) to 43 cm (17 in) long, plus 34 cm (13 in) tail (Cape gray mongoose)[190]

Habitats: Shrubland, forest, rocky areas, inland wetlands, savanna, and desert[191]

Diets: Small mammals and insects, as well as birds, lizards, and snakes[191]
Ichneumia

Brown and white mongoose

Geoffroy, 1837

One species
 		Sub-Saharan Africa, southern Arabic peninsula
Map of range 		Size: 51–104 cm (20–41 in) long, plus 34–47 cm (13–19 in) tail[186]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[192]

Diet: Insects[192]
Paracynictis

Drawing of brown mongoose

Pocock, 1916

One species
 		Southern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 63–90 cm (25–35 in) long, plus 28–43 cm (11–17 in) tail[193]

Habitats: Savanna and grassland[194]

Diet: Invertebrates, as well as small rodents, amphibians, reptiles, and birds[193][194]
Rhynchogale

Drawing of brown mongoose

Thomas, 1894

One species
 		Southeastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 36–57 cm (14–22 in) long, plus 30–42 cm (12–17 in) tail[186]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[195]

Diet: Termites, as well as other invertebrates[186][195]
Urva

Gray mongoose

Hodgson, 1836

Nine species
 		Africa, Mediterranean, and southern Asia Size range: 25 cm (10 in) long, plus 24 cm (9 in) tail (Javan mongoose) to 50 cm (20 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail (crab-eating mongoose)[196]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[197]

Diets: Generally omnivorous; some primarily eat rodents, birds, and reptiles[197]
Xenogale

Drawing of black mongoose

Allen, 1919

One species
 		Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 40–61 cm (16–24 in) long, plus 32–43 cm (13–17 in) tail[186]

Habitats: Forest and inland wetlands[198]

Diet: Omnivorous[198]
Subfamily Mungotinae – Gray, 1864 – six genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Crossarchus
(kusimanse)

Brown dwarf mongoose

F. Cuvier, 1825

Four species
 		Central Africa
Map of range 		Size range: 21 cm (8 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (flat-headed kusimanse) to 44 cm (17 in) long, plus 32 cm (13 in) tail (Alexander's kusimanse)[199]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, and inland wetlands[200]

Diets: Insects, small vertebrates, eggs, and fruit[200]
Dologale

Brown mongoose

Thomas, 1926

One species
 		Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 24–30 cm (9–12 in) long, plus 16–22 cm (6–9 in) tail[186]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, and grassland[201]

Diet: Invertebrates[186][201]
Helogale
(dwarf mongoose)

Dark brown mongoose

Gray, 1862

Two species
 		Central and east Africa
Map of range 		Size range: 18 cm (7 in) long, plus 14 cm (6 in) tail (common dwarf mongoose) to 26 cm (10 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (Ethiopian dwarf mongoose)[202]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[203]

Diets: Invertebrates, as well as small vertebrates[203]
Liberiictis Hayman, 1958

One species
 		Western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 42–55 cm (17–22 in) long, plus 18–21 cm (7–8 in) tail[186]

Habitats: Forest[204]

Diet: Earthworms, as well as small vertebrates, insect larvae, and fruit[204]
Mungos

White and brown mongoose

Geoffroy, 1795

Two species
 		Sub-Saharan Africa
Map of range 		Size range: 30 cm (12 in) long, plus 19 cm (7 in) tail (banded mongoose) to 36 cm (14 in) long, plus 22 cm (9 in) tail (Gambian mongoose)[186]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[205]

Diets: Insects, as well as other invertebrates, reptiles, amphibians, bird eggs, young birds, small mammals, and fruit[205]
Suricata

Three standing brown mongooses

Desmarest, 1804

One species
 		Southern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 23–36 cm (9–14 in) long, plus 18–24 cm (7–9 in) tail[186]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[206]

Diet: Invertebrates[206]

Hyaenidae

Main article: Hyena

Members of the Hyaenidae family are hyaenids, or colloquially hyenas. Hyaenidae comprises four extant species, divided into four genera.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – four genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Crocuta

Spotted brown hyena

Kaup, 1828

One species
 		Sub-Saharan Africa
Map of range 		Size: 95–150 cm (37–59 in) long, plus 30–36 cm (12–14 in) tail[207]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, and grassland[208]

Diet: Medium to large mammals, as well as carrion[208]
Hyaena

Striped brown hyena

Brisson, 1762

One species
 		North and East Africa, the Caucasus in Europe, and southern and western Asia
Map of range 		Size: 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail[209]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, rocky areas, desert, intertidal marine, coastal marine[210]

Diet: Carrion, as well as live vertebrates, insects, and fruit[210]
Parahyaena

(({image-alt))}

Thunberg, 1820

One species
 		Southwestern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 125 cm (49 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail[211]

Habitats: Desert areas, semi-desert, and open woodland savannahs[212]

Diet: Carrion[212]
Proteles

Striped brown hyena

Geoffroy, 1824

One species
 		Southern and eastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 55–85 cm (22–33 in) long, plus 20–30 cm (8–12 in) tail[213]

Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[214]

Diet: Harvester termites[214]

Nandiniidae

Main article: African palm civet

The Nandiniidae family is composed of a single extant species, the African palm civet.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Nandinia

Drawing of African palm civet

Gray, 1843

One species
 		Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 37–63 cm (15–25 in) long, plus 34–77 cm (13–30 in) tail[215]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[216]

Diet: Fruit, as well as vertebrates and insects[216]

Prionodontidae

Main article: Asiatic linsang

The Prionodontidae family is composed of a single extant species in a single genus.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Prionodon
(Asiatic linsang)

Stuffed linsang

Horsfield, 1822

Two species
 		Southeast Asia Size range: 31–45 cm (12–18 in) long, plus 30–42 cm (12–17 in) tail (banded linsang and spotted linsang)[217]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[218]

Diets: Small vertebrates[218]

Viverridae

Main article: List of viverrids

Members of the Viverridae family are viverrids, and the family is composed mainly of the civets and genets. Viverridae comprises four extant subfamilies, the 3 civet subfamilies Viverrinae, Hemigalinae, and Paradoxurinae, and the genet subfamily Genettinae. There are 33 extant species in Viverridae, divided into 14 genera.

Subfamily Genettinae – Gray, 1864 – two genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Genetta
(genet)

Brown and black viverrid

Cuvier, 1816

Fourteen species
 		Africa Size range: 40 cm (16 in) long, plus 38 cm (15 in) tail (Abyssinian genet) to 68 cm (27 in) long, plus 47 cm (19 in) tail (king genet)[219]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and rocky areas[220]

Diets: Small mammals, birds, insects, fruit, and seeds, as well as reptiles and amphibians[220]
Poiana
(African linsang)

Stuffed brown and black viverrid

Gray, 1865

Two species
 		Central and western Africa Size range: 30 cm (12 in) long, plus 35 cm (14 in) tail (West African oyan) to 38 cm (15 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (Central African oyan)[221]

Habitats: Forest[222]

Diets: Believed to eat small vertebrates and invertebrates[222]
Subfamily Hemigalinae – Thomas, 1912 – four genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Chrotogale

Gray and black viverrid

Thomas, 1912

One species
 		Southeast Asia around Vietnam
Map of range 		Size: 51–63 cm (20–25 in) long, plus 38–48 cm (15–19 in) tail[223]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[224]

Diet: Believed to primarily eat earthworms and other invertebrates[224]
Cynogale

Stuffed brown and gray viverrid

Gray, 1837

One species
 		Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 57–68 cm (22–27 in) long, plus 12–21 cm (5–8 in) tail[223]

Habitats: Forest and inland wetlands[225]

Diet: Fish, crabs, molluscs, small mammals, and birds[225]
Diplogale

Drawing of brown viverrid

Thomas, 1912

One species
 		Borneo in Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 47–54 cm (19–21 in) long, plus 29–34 cm (11–13 in) tail[226]

Habitats: Forest[227]

Diet: Believed to primarily eat small fish, shrimp, crabs, and frogs as well as insects[227]
Hemigalus

Gray and black banded viverrid

Jourdan, 1837

One species
 		Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 45–56 cm (18–22 in) long, plus 25–36 cm (10–14 in) tail[223]

Habitats: Forest[228]

Diet: Insects[228]
Subfamily Paradoxurinae – Gray, 1864 – five genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Arctictis

Dark gray viverrid

Temminck, 1824

One species
 		Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 61–96 cm (24–38 in) long, plus 56–89 cm (22–35 in) tail[229]

Habitats: Forest[230]

Diet: Fruit[230]
Arctogalidia

Dark gray viverrid

Merriam, 1897

One species
 		Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 44–60 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 48–66 cm (19–26 in) tail[231]

Habitats: Forest[232]

Diet: Omnivorous; primarily eats fruit[232]
Macrogalidia

Drawing of brown viverrids

Schwarz, 1910

One species
 		Sulawesi island in Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 65–72 cm (26–28 in) long, plus 44–54 cm (17–21 in) tail[233]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[234]

Diet: Rodents and palm fruit, as well as other small mammals, birds, fruit, and grass[234]
Paguma

Gray viverrid

Gray, 1831

One species
 		East and southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 50–76 cm (20–30 in) long, plus 50–64 cm (20–25 in) tail[235]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[236]

Diet: Omnivorous; primarily eats fruit[236]
Paradoxurus

Gray viverrid

F. Cuvier, 1821

Three species
 		South and southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size range: 43 cm (17 in) long, plus 38 cm (15 in) tail (brown palm civet) to 58 cm (23 in) long, plus 53 cm (21 in) tail (golden palm civet)[237]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[238]

Diets: Omnivorous; primarily eats fruit and rodents[238]
Subfamily Viverrinae – Gray, 1864 – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Civettictis

Brown and black viverrid

Pocock, 1915

One species
 		Central and south Africa
Map of range 		Size: 60–92 cm (24–36 in) long, plus 43–61 cm (17–24 in) tail[239]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and inland wetlands[240]

Diet: Omnivorous; primarily eats fruit[240]
Viverra

Brown and black viverrid

Linnaeus, 1758

Four species
 		Southeast Asia and southwest India Size range: 58 cm (23 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail (Malayan civet) to 95 cm (37 in) long, plus 59 cm (23 in) tail (large Indian civet)[241]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and inland wetlands[242]

Diets: Omnivorous[242]
Viverricula

Brown and black viverrid

Hodgson, 1838

One species
 		South and southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 45–63 cm (18–25 in) long, plus 30–43 cm (12–17 in) tail[243]

Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[244]

Diet: Rodents, birds, snakes, fruit, roots, carrion, and insects[244]

See also

References

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  9. ^ Pitman, Williams, pp. 26–31
  10. ^ Canis sizes:
  11. ^ a b Canis habitats and diets:
  12. ^ a b Berta, A. (November 23, 1982). "Cerdocyon thous". Mammalian Species (186): 1–4. doi:10.2307/3503974. JSTOR 3503974.
  13. ^ a b Lucherini, M. (2015). "Cerdocyon thous". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T4248A81266293. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T4248A81266293.en.
  14. ^ "Maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on September 13, 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
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  17. ^ "Dhole (Cuon alpinus)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
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  19. ^ Dusicyon habitats and diets:
  20. ^ Lupulella sizes:
  21. ^ a b Lupulella habitats and diets:
  22. ^ Lycalopex sizes:
    • Culpeo: Burnie, Wilson (2011), ch. Culpeo
    • Darwin's fox, Hoary fox, Pampas fox, Sechuran fox, South American gray fox: Hunter, pp. 110–126
  23. ^ a b Lycalopex habitats and diets:
  24. ^ a b c d Hunter, pp. 110–126
  25. ^ a b Woodroffe, R.; Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2012). "Lycaon pictus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T12436A16711116. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T12436A16711116.en.
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  27. ^ a b Hoffmann, M. (2014). "Otocyon megalotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T15642A46123809. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T15642A46123809.en.
  28. ^ "Bush dog (Speothos venaticus)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
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  30. ^ a b Urocyon habitats and diets:
  31. ^ Vulpes sizes:
  32. ^ a b Vulpes habitats and diets:
  33. ^ Conepatus sizes:
  34. ^ a b Conepatus habitats and diets:
  35. ^ Mephitis sizes:
  36. ^ a b Mephitis habitats and diets:
  37. ^ Mydaus sizes:
  38. ^ a b Mydaus habitats and diets:
  39. ^ Spilogale sizes:
  40. ^ a b Spilogale habitats and diets:
  41. ^ Schreffler, Christina (2003). "Eira barbara". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  42. ^ a b Cuarón, A. D.; Reid, F.; Helgen, K.; González-Maya, J. F. (2016). "Eira barbara". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41644A45212151. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41644A45212151.en.
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  44. ^ a b Abramov, A. V. (2016). "Gulo gulo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T9561A45198537. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T9561A45198537.en.
  45. ^ Martes sizes:
  46. ^ a b Martes habitats and diets:
  47. ^ Rhines, Cynthia (2003). "Martes pennanti". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  48. ^ a b Helgen, K.; Reid, F. (2016) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Martes pennanti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41651A125236220. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41651A125236220.en.
  49. ^ Melogale sizes:
  50. ^ a b Melogale habitats and diets:
  51. ^ Galictis sizes:
  52. ^ a b Galictis habitats and diets:
  53. ^ Ictonyx sizes:
  54. ^ a b Ictonyx habitats and diets:
  55. ^ Malek, Karen (2003). "Lyncodon patagonicus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
  56. ^ a b Kelt, D.; Pardiñas, U.; Schiaffini, M.; González-Maya, J. F. (2016). "Lyncodon patagonicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41647A45212747. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41647A45212747.en.
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  58. ^ a b Stuart, C.; Stuart, M.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Poecilogale albinucha". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41662A45215258. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41662A45215258.en.
  59. ^ Petroelje, Tyler (2011). "Vormela peregusna". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
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  61. ^ Aonyx sizes:
  62. ^ a b Aonyx habitats and diets:
  63. ^ "Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris)". IUCN Otter Specialist Group. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
  64. ^ a b Doroff, A.; Burdin, A. (2015). "Enhydra lutris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T7750A21939518. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T7750A21939518.en.
  65. ^ a b "Spotted-necked Otter (Hydrictis maculicollis)". IUCN Otter Specialist Group. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
  66. ^ a b Reed-Smith, J.; Jacques, H.; Somers, M. J. (2015). "Hydrictis maculicollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T12420A21936042. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T12420A21936042.en.
  67. ^ Lontra sizes:
  68. ^ a b Lontra habitats and diets:
  69. ^ Lutra sizes:
  70. ^ a b Lutra habitats and diets:
  71. ^ "Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)". IUCN Otter Specialist Group. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
  72. ^ a b de Silva, P.; Khan, W. A.; Kanchanasaka, B.; Reza Lubis, I.; Feeroz, M. M.; Al-Sheikhly, O. F. (2015). "Lutrogale perspicillata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T12427A21934884. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T12427A21934884.en.
  73. ^ "Giant Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis)". IUCN Otter Specialist Group. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
  74. ^ a b Groenendijk, J.; Duplaix, N.; Marmontel, M.; Van Damme, P.; Schenck, C. (2015). "Pteronura brasiliensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T18711A21938411. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T18711A21938411.en.
  75. ^ Toben, Jacob (2013). "Arctonyx collaris". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
  76. ^ a b Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R.; Chutipong, W.; Gray, T. N. E.; Long, B.; Helgen, K.; Rahman, H.; Choudhury, A.; Willcox, D. H. A. (2016). "Arctonyx collaris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T70205537A45209459. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T70205537A45209459.en.
  77. ^ Meles sizes:
  78. ^ a b Meles habitats and diets:
  79. ^ "Honey Badger (Ratel)". San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants. San Diego Zoo. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
  80. ^ a b Do Linh San, E.; Begg, C.; Begg, K.; Abramov, A. V. (2016). "Mellivora capensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41629A45210107. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41629A45210107.en.
  81. ^ Mustela sizes:
  82. ^ a b Mustela habitats and diets:
  83. ^ Neovison sizes:
  84. ^ a b Neovison habitats and diets:
  85. ^ Shefferly, Nancy (1999). "Taxidea taxus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
  86. ^ a b Helgen, K.; Reid, F. (2016). "Taxidea taxus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41663A45215410. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41663A45215410.en.
  87. ^ a b c d e f g Nowak, Walker, pp. 92–113
  88. ^ a b Lowry, L. (2016). "Odobenus rosmarus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15106A45228501. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15106A45228501.en.
  89. ^ Arctocephalus sizes:
  90. ^ a b Arctocephalus habitats and diets:
  91. ^ a b c Gelatt, T.; Ream, R.; Johnson, D. (2015). "Callorhinus ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T3590A45224953. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T3590A45224953.en.
  92. ^ Keranen, Danielle (2013). "Eumetopias jubatus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  93. ^ a b Gelatt, T.; Sweeney, K. (2016). "Eumetopias jubatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8239A45225749. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8239A45225749.en.
  94. ^ a b c Goldsworthy, S. D. (2015). "Neophoca cinerea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T14549A45228341. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T14549A45228341.en.
  95. ^ a b c Cárdenas-Alayza, S.; Crespo, E.; Oliveira, L. (2016). "Otaria byronia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41665A61948292. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41665A61948292.en.
  96. ^ a b c Chilvers, B. L. (2015). "Phocarctos hookeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T17026A1306343. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T17026A1306343.en.
  97. ^ Zalophus sizes:
  98. ^ a b Zalophus habitats and diets:
  99. ^ a b Kovacs, K. M. (2016). "Cystophora cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6204A45225150. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6204A45225150.en.
  100. ^ a b Kovacs, K. M. (2016). "Erignathus barbatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8010A45225428. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8010A45225428.en.
  101. ^ a b Bowen, D. (2016). "Halichoerus grypus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T9660A45226042. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T9660A45226042.en.
  102. ^ Berry, Ben; Townsend, Kelsey (2012). "Histriophoca fasciata". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  103. ^ a b Lowry, L. (2016). "Histriophoca fasciata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41670A45230946. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41670A45230946.en.
  104. ^ a b Hückstädt, L. (2015). "Hydrurga leptonyx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T10340A45226422. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T10340A45226422.en.
  105. ^ Burnie, Wilson (2017), p. 184
  106. ^ a b Hückstädt, L. (2015). "Leptonychotes weddellii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T11696A45226713. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T11696A45226713.en.
  107. ^ a b Hückstädt, L. (2015). "Lobodon carcinophaga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T12246A45226918. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T12246A45226918.en.
  108. ^ Mirounga sizes:
    • Northern elephant seal, Southern elephant seal: Nowak, Walker, pp. 92–113
  109. ^ a b Mirounga habitats and diets:
  110. ^ a b Würsig, pp. 533–534, 741
  111. ^ a b Karamanlidis, A.; Dendrinos, P. (2015). "Monachus monachus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T13653A45227543. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T13653A45227543.en.
  112. ^ Neomonachus sizes:
  113. ^ a b Neomonachus habitats and diets:
  114. ^ a b Hückstädt, L. (2015). "Ommatophoca rossii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T15269A45228952. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T15269A45228952.en.
  115. ^ McKenna, Alison (2009). "Pagophilus groenlandicus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  116. ^ a b Kovacs, K. M. (2015). "Pagophilus groenlandicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41671A45231087. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41671A45231087.en.
  117. ^ Phoca sizes:
    • Spotted seal, Harbor seal: Würsig, pp. 533–534, 741
  118. ^ a b Phoca habitats and diets:
  119. ^ Pusa sizes:
  120. ^ a b Pusa habitats and diets:
  121. ^ Bassaricyon sizes: Helgen, K. M.; Pinto, M.; Kays, R.; Helgen, L.; Tsuchiya, M.; Quinn, A.; Wilson, D.; Maldonado, J. (August 15, 2013). "Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito". ZooKeys (324): 1–83. doi:10.3897/zookeys.324.5827. PMC 3760134. PMID 24003317.
  122. ^ a b Bassaricyon habitats and diets:
  123. ^ Bassariscus sizes:
  124. ^ a b Bassariscus habitats and diets:
  125. ^ Nasua sizes:
  126. ^ a b Nasua habitats and diets:
  127. ^ Nasuella sizes:
    • Eastern mountain coati: Helgen, Kristofer; Kays, Roland; Helgen, Lauren; Nunes Tsuchiya, Mirian Tieko; Pinto, C.; Koepfli, Klaus; Eizirik, Eduardo; Maldonado, Jesús (2009). "Taxonomic boundaries and geographic distributions revealed by an integrative systematic overview of the mountain coatis, Nasuella (Carnivora: Procyonidae)". Small Carnivore Conservation. 41: 65–74.
    • Western mountain coati: Hogue, Tauno (2003). "Nasuella olivacea". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
  128. ^ a b Nasuella habitats and diets:
  129. ^ Eisenberg, Redford, pp. 289–290
  130. ^ a b Helgen, K.; Kays, R.; Schipper, J. (2016). "Potos flavus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41679A45215631. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41679A45215631.en.
  131. ^ Procyon sizes:
  132. ^ a b Procyon habitats and diets:
  133. ^ Bies, LeeAnn (2002). "Ailuropoda melanoleuca". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
  134. ^ "Physical Description". Knowledge Hub. World Wide Fund for Nature. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
  135. ^ a b Swaisgood, R.; Wang, D.; Wei, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Ailuropoda melanoleuca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T712A121745669.
  136. ^ "Spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on June 14, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
  137. ^ a b Velez-Liendo, X.; García-Rangel, S. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Tremarctos ornatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22066A45034047. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22066A45034047.en.
  138. ^ "Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  139. ^ Brown, p. 340
  140. ^ a b Scotson, L.; Fredriksson, G.; Augeri, D.; Cheah, C.; Ngoprasert, D.; Wai-Ming, W. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Helarctos malayanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T9760A45033547. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T9760A45033547.en.
  141. ^ "Sloth Bear". The Photo Ark. National Geographic. 12 March 2010. Archived from the original on March 11, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
  142. ^ a b Dharaiya, N.; Bargali, H. S.; Sharp, T. (2016). "Melursus ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13143A45033815. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13143A45033815.en.
  143. ^ Ursus sizes:
  144. ^ a b Ursus habitats and diets:
  145. ^ Lundrigan, Barbara; Zachariah, Trevor (2000). "Cryptoprocta ferox". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  146. ^ a b Hawkins, F. (2016). "Cryptoprocta ferox". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T5760A45197189. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T5760A45197189.en.
  147. ^ a b c d e Walker, Nowak, pp. 766–769
  148. ^ a b Eupleres habitats and diets:
  149. ^ Hyatt, Evan (2002). "Fossa fossana". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  150. ^ a b Hawkins, F. (2015). "Fossa fossana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T8668A45197868. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T8668A45197868.en.
  151. ^ a b Hawkins, F. (2015). "Galidia elegans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T39426A45204213. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T39426A45204213.en.
  152. ^ Galidictis sizes:
  153. ^ a b Galidictis habitats and diets:
  154. ^ a b Hawkins, F. (2015). "Mungotictis decemlineata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T13923A45199764. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T13923A45199764.en.
  155. ^ Rasolofoniaina, B.; Razafy, P.; Andrianarimisa, A.; Razafimahatratra, E.; Kappeler, P. M. (2019). "Feeding ecology of bokiboky, Mungotictis decemlineata (Family Eupleridae)" (PDF). Malagasy Nature (13): 152–161.
  156. ^ Salanoia sizes:
    • Brown-tailedmongoose: Nowak, Walker, p. 207
    • Durrell's vontsira: Durbin, J.; Funk, S. M.; Hawkins, F.; Hills, D. M.; Jenkins, P. D.; Moncrieff, C. B.; Ralainasolo, F. B. (2010). "Investigations into the status of a new taxon of Salanoia (Mammalia: Carnivora: Eupleridae) from the marshes of Lac Alaotra, Madagascar". Systematics and Biodiversity. 8 (3): 341–355. doi:10.1080/14772001003756751. S2CID 84480153.
  157. ^ a b Salanoia habitats and diets:
  158. ^ "CatSG: Cheetah". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on December 11, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  159. ^ a b Durant, S.; Mitchell, N.; Ipavec, A.; Groom, R. (2015). "Acinonyx jubatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T219A50649567. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T219A50649567.en.
  160. ^ Caracal sizes:
  161. ^ a b Caracal habitats and diets:
  162. ^ Catopuma sizes:
  163. ^ a b Catopuma habitats and diets:
  164. ^ Felis sizes:
  165. ^ a b Felis habitats and diets:
  166. ^ "CatSG: Jaguarundi". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  167. ^ a b Caso, A.; de Oliveira, T.; Carvajal, S. V. (2015). "Herpailurus yagouaroundi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T9948A50653167. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T9948A50653167.en.
  168. ^ Leopardus sizes:
  169. ^ a b Leopardus habitats and diets:
  170. ^ "CatSG: Serval". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  171. ^ a b Thiel, C. (2015). "Leptailurus serval". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T11638A50654625. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T11638A50654625.en.
  172. ^ Lynx sizes:
  173. ^ a b Lynx habitats and diets:
  174. ^ "CatSG: Pallas's Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on August 5, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  175. ^ a b Ross, S.; Barashkova, A.; Farhadinia, M. S.; Appel, A.; Riordan, P.; Sanderson, J.; Munkhtsog, B. (2016). "Otocolobus manul". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15640A87840229. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15640A87840229.en.
  176. ^ "CatSG: Marbled Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  177. ^ a b Ross, J.; Brodie, J.; Cheyne, S.; Datta, A.; Hearn, A.; Loken, B.; Lynam, A.; McCarthy, J.; Phan, C.; Rasphone, A.; Singh, P.; Wilting, A. (2016). "Pardofelis marmorata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16218A97164299. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T16218A97164299.en.
  178. ^ Prionailurus sizes:
  179. ^ a b Prionailurus habitats and diets:
  180. ^ "CatSG: Puma". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  181. ^ a b Nielsen, C.; Thompson, D.; Kelly, M.; Lopez-Gonzalez, C. A. (2015). "Puma concolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T18868A50663436. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T18868A50663436.en.
  182. ^ Neofelis sizes:
  183. ^ a b Neofelis habitats and diets:
  184. ^ Panthera sizes:
  185. ^ a b Panthera habitats and diets:
  186. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Van Rompaey, Colyn, pp. 326–381
  187. ^ a b Do Linh San, E.; Angelici, F. M.; Maddock, A. H.; Baker, C. M.; Ray, J. (2015). "Atilax paludinosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41590A45204865. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41590A45204865.en.
  188. ^ a b Bdeogale habitats and diets:
  189. ^ a b Do Linh San, E.; Cavallini, P.; Taylor, P. (2015). "Cynictis penicillata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41597A45205726. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41597A45205726.en.
  190. ^ Herpestes sizes:
  191. ^ a b Herpestes habitats and diets:
  192. ^ a b Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Ichneumia albicauda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41620A45208640. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41620A45208640.en.
  193. ^ a b Stuart, Stuart, ch. Selous's Mongoose
  194. ^ a b Mateke, C. W.; Bird, T. L. F.; Swanepoel, L. H.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Paracynictis selousi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41622A45209173. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41622A45209173.en.
  195. ^ a b White, P. A.; Mateke, C. W.; Bird, T. L. F.; Swanepoel, L. H.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Rhynchogale melleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41623A45209275. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41623A45209275.en.
  196. ^ Urva sizes:
  197. ^ a b Urva habitats and diets:
  198. ^ a b Ray, J.; Bahaa-el-din, L.; Angelici, F. M.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Herpestes naso". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41615A45207915. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41615A45207915.en.
  199. ^ Crossarchus sizes:
  200. ^ a b Crossarchus habitats and diets:
  201. ^ a b Aebischer, T.; Hickisch, R.; Woolgar, J.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Dologale dybowskii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41598A45205821. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41598A45205821.en.
  202. ^ Helogale sizes:
  203. ^ a b Helogale habitats and diets:
  204. ^ a b Taylor, M. E.; Greengrass, E. J.; Dunham, A.; Do Linh San, E. (2016). "Liberiictis kuhni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T11933A45198780. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T11933A45198780.en.
  205. ^ a b Mungos habitats and diets:
  206. ^ a b Jordan, N. R.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Suricata suricatta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41624A45209377. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41624A45209377.en.
  207. ^ Law, Jason (2004). "Crocuta crocuta". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  208. ^ a b Bohm, T.; Höner, O. R. (2015). "Crocuta crocuta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T5674A45194782. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T5674A45194782.en.
  209. ^ "Striped Hyena". San Diego Zoo. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  210. ^ a b AbiSaid, M.; Dloniak, S. M. D. (2015). "Hyaena hyaena". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T10274A45195080. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T10274A45195080.en.
  211. ^ "Brown hyaena (Hyaena brunnea)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on June 5, 2017. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  212. ^ a b Wiesel, I. (2015). "Parahyaena brunnea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T10276A82344448. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T10276A82344448.en.
  213. ^ Stump, Meghan (2011). "Proteles cristata". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  214. ^ a b Green, D. S. (2015). "Proteles cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T18372A45195681. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T18372A45195681.en.
  215. ^ Van Rompaey, Colyn, pp. 140–144
  216. ^ a b Gaubert, P.; Bahaa-el-din, L.; Ray, J.; Do Linh San, E. (2015). "Nandinia binotata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41589A45204645. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41589A45204645.en.
  217. ^ Nowak, Walker, p. 192
  218. ^ a b Prionodon habitats and diets:
  219. ^ Genetta sizes:
    • Abyssinian genet, Angolan genet, Common genet, Crested servaline genet, Hausa genet, Rusty-spotted genet: Hunter, Barrett, pp. 82, 90–96
    • Aquatic genet, Bourlon's genet, Cape genet, Giant forest genet, Johnston's genet, King genet, Pardine genet, Servaline genet: Van Rompaey, Colyn, pp. 218–248
  220. ^ a b Genetta habitats and diets:
  221. ^ Poiana sizes:
  222. ^ a b Poiana habitats and diets:
  223. ^ a b c Francis, pp. 313–316
  224. ^ a b Timmins, R. J.; Coudrat, C. N. Z.; Duckworth, J. W.; Gray, T. N. E.; Robichaud, W.; Willcox, D. H. A.; Long, B.; Roberton, S. (2016). "Chrotogale owstoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4806A45196929. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4806A45196929.en.
  225. ^ a b Ross, J.; Wilting, A.; Ngoprasert, D.; Loken, B.; Hedges, L.; Duckworth, J. W.; Cheyne, S.; Brodie, J.; Chutipong, W.; Hearn, A.; Linkie, M.; McCarthy, J.; Tantipisanuh, N.; Haidir, I. A. (2015). "Cynogale bennettii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T6082A45197343. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T6082A45197343.en.
  226. ^ Van Rompaey, H.; Azlan, M. J. (2004). "Hose's Civet, Diplogale hosei" (PDF). Small Carnivore Conservation. 30: 18–19. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 26, 2012.
  227. ^ a b Mathai, J.; Duckworth, J. W.; Wilting, A.; Hearn, A.; Brodie, J. (2015). "Diplogale hosei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T6635A45197564. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T6635A45197564.en.
  228. ^ a b Ross, J.; Brodie, J.; Cheyne, S.; Chutipong, W.; Hedges, L.; Hearn, A.; Linkie, M.; Loken, B.; Mathai, J.; McCarthy, J.; Ngoprasert, D.; Tantipisanuh, N.; Wilting, A.; Haidir, I. A. (2015). "Hemigalus derbyanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41689A45216918. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41689A45216918.en.
  229. ^ Schleif, Molly (2013). "Arctictis binturong". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  230. ^ a b Willcox, D. H. A.; Chutipong, W.; Gray, T. N. E.; Cheyne, S.; Semiadi, G.; Rahman, H.; Coudrat, C. N. Z.; Jennings, A.; Ghimirey, Y.; Ross, J.; Fredriksson, G.; Tilker, A. (2016). "Arctictis binturong". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41690A45217088. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41690A45217088.en.
  231. ^ Bauer, Chris (2013). "Arctogalidia trivirgata". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  232. ^ a b Willcox, D. H. A.; Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R. J.; Chutipong, W.; Choudhury, A.; Roberton, S.; Long, B.; Hearn, A.; Ross, J. (2016). "Arctogalidia trivirgata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41691A45217378. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41691A45217378.en.
  233. ^ Hunter, Barrett, pp. 82, 90–96
  234. ^ a b Tasirin, J.; Dinets, V.; Meijaard, E.; Brodie, J.; Nijman, V.; Loffeld, T. A. C.; Hilser, H.; Shepherd, C.; Seymour, A. S.; Duckworth, J. W. (2015). "Macrogalidia musschenbroekii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T12592A45198901. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T12592A45198901.en.
  235. ^ Lundrigan, Barbara; Baker, Steve (2003). "Paguma larvata". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  236. ^ a b Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R. J.; Chutipong, W.; Choudhury, A.; Mathai, J.; Willcox, D. H. A.; Ghimirey, Y.; Chan, B.; Ross, J. (2016). "Paguma larvata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41692A45217601. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41692A45217601.en.
  237. ^ Paradoxurus sizes:
  238. ^ a b Paradoxurus habitats and diets:
  239. ^ Shalu, Tuteja (2000). "Civettictis civetta". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  240. ^ a b Do Linh San, E.; Gaubert, P.; Wondmagegne, D.; Ray, J. (2019) [amended version of 2015 assessment]. "Civettictis civetta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41695A147992107. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T41695A147992107.en.
  241. ^ Viverra sizes:
  242. ^ a b Viverra habitats and diets:
  243. ^ Walker, Nowak, p. 751
  244. ^ a b Choudhury, A.; Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R.; Chutipong, W.; Willcox, D. H. A.; Rahman, H.; Ghimirey, Y.; Mudappa, D. (2015). "Viverricula indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41710A45220632. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41710A45220632.en.

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