The Proprietary House (built 1762–64) in Perth Amboy, was the last residence for a Royal Governor of New Jersey. It is the only Provincial Governor's Mansion from the Thirteen Colonies that is still standing.[1][2]
The territory which would later become the state of New Jersey was settled by Dutch and Swedishcolonists in the early seventeenth century. In 1664, at the onset of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, English forces under Richard Nicolls ousted the Dutch from control of New Netherland (present-day New York, New Jersey, and Delaware), and the territory was divided into several newly defined English colonies. Despite one brief year when the Dutch retook the colony (1673–74), New Jersey would remain an English possession until the American colonies declared independence in 1776.
West Jersey was largely a Quaker colony due to the influence of Pennsylvania founder William Penn and its prominent Quaker investors. Many of its early settlers were Quakers who came directly from England, Scotland, and Ireland to escape religious persecution.[8] Although a number of the East Jersey proprietors in England were Quakers and First Governor Robert Barclay of Aberdeenshire Scotland (Ury served by proxy) was a leading Quaker theologian, the Quaker influence on the East Jersey government was insignificant. Many of East Jersey's early settlers came from other colonies in the Western Hemisphere, especially New England, Long Island, and the West Indies. Elizabethtown and Newark in particular had a strong Puritan character.[9][10] East Jersey's Monmouth Tract, south of the Raritan River, was developed primarily by Quakers from Long Island.[11][12]
In 1702, both divisions of New Jersey were reunited as one royal colony by Queen Anne with a royal governor appointed by the Crown.[13] Until 1738, this Province of New Jersey shared its royal governor with the neighboring Province of New York. The Province of New Jersey was governed by appointed governors until 1776. William Franklin, the province's last royal governor before the American Revolution (1775–83), was marginalized in the last year of his tenure, as the province was run de facto by the Provincial Congress of New Jersey. In June 1776, the Provincial Congress formally deposed Franklin and had him arrested, adopted a state constitution, and reorganized the province into an independent state. The constitution granted the vote to all inhabitants who had a certain level of wealth, including single women and blacks (until 1807). The newly formed State of New Jersey elected William Livingston as its first governor on 31 August 1776—a position to which he would be reelected until his death in 1790.[14][15] New Jersey was one of the original Thirteen Colonies, and was the third colony to ratify the constitution forming the United States of America. It thereby was admitted into the new federation as a state on 18 December 1787. On 20 November 1789 New Jersey became the first state to ratify the Bill of Rights.
Before English control
Directors of New Netherland (1624–64)
A 1685 reprint of the 1650 map Novi Belgii Novæque Angliæ showing Virginia, New Netherland, and New England
New Netherland was conceived as a private business venture to exploit the North American fur trade.[19] By the 1650s, the colony experienced dramatic growth and became a major port for trade in the North Atlantic. The leader of the Dutch colony was known by the title Director or Director-General. On 27 August 1664, four English frigates commanded by Richard Nicolls sailed into New Amsterdam's harbor and demanded the surrender of New Netherland.[20][21] This event sparked the Second Anglo-Dutch War, which led to the transfer of the territory to England per the Treaty of Breda.[22][23]
New Sweden (Swedish: Nya Sverige, Finnish: Uusi-Ruotsi) was a Swedish colony along the Delaware River from 1638 to 1655 that included territory in present-day Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.[31][32] After being dismissed as director of New Netherland by the Dutch West India Company (WIC), Peter Minuit was recruited by Willem Usselincx, Samuel Blommaert and the Swedish government to create the first Swedish colony in the New World.[33] The Swedes sought to expand their influence by creating an agricultural (tobacco) and fur-trading colony, and thus bypassing French and English merchants.[34]: pp.43, 66
In May 1654, Swedish militia captured the Fort Casimir, a Dutch defense located near present-day New Castle, Delaware.[37] As a reprisal, the Dutch Director-General Peter Stuyvesant sent an army to the Delaware River, which compelled the surrender of the Swedish forts and settlements in 1655.[34]: pp.155ff The Swedish settlers continued to enjoy local autonomy, retaining their own militia, religion, court, and lands, however, until the English conquest of the New Netherland colony on 24 June 1664.[34]: pp.155ff
Arrived to settle the colony in March 1638 and embarked on return voyage to Sweden in June to organize a second group of settlers; Minuit died during a hurricane in the Caribbean in August 1638 [32]: p.338
In 1634, Charles I of England granted a charter to Sir Edmund Plowden, to establish a colony in North America north of lands granted to Lord Baltimore for the Maryland colony in 1633.[41][42] The charter empowered Plowden to assume the title Lord Earl Palatinate, Governor and Captain-General of the Province of New Albion in North America, and poorly defined the boundaries of the New Albion colony.[43] It is believed that the colony would have covered territory within present-day New Jersey, New York, Delaware, and Maryland.[41]
Captain Thomas Young and his nephew, Robert Evelyn, explored and charted the valley of the Delaware River (which they called the Charles River) in the 1630s.[44] Plowden took several years to raise funds, and recruit settlers and "adventurers."[45] In 1642, Plowden and several men sailed from England with aim to settle the colony. This attempt ended in an unsuccessful mutiny, and for the next seven years Plowden remained in Virginia managing the affairs of the intended colony, and selling land rights to adventurers and speculators.[46]
Plowden returned to England in 1649 to raise funds, and promote the colony as a refuge for Roman Catholics exiled during the English Civil War. Despite further attempts to return to his colony, Plowden was confined in a debtors prison and died a pauper in 1659.[46] A notation on John Farrar's 1651 map of Virginia references Plowden's patent for the colony, and labels the Delaware River as "this river the Lord Ployden hath a patten of and calls it New Albion but the Swedes are planted in it and have a great trade of Furrs."[47]
As an English proprietary colony (1664–1702)
The two Lords Proprietor of the Province of New Jersey: John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton (left) and Sir George Carteret (right)
With the 1664 surrender of New Netherland by Peter Stuyvesant, and under the authority and instruction of James, Duke of York, Richard Nicolls assumed the position as Deputy-Governor of New Netherland (including Dutch settlements in New Jersey).[48][49]: p.46 His first acts were to guarantee the Dutch colonists their property rights and religious freedom. Nicolls implemented the English common law and a legal code.[49]: pp.43–44 Nicholls would remain governor until 1668, but the Duke of York granted part of the New Netherland territory (that between the Hudson and Delaware rivers, present day New Jersey), to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley for their devoted service to the Duke of York and his brother Charles II during the English Civil War.[5]
This territory would be called the Province of New Caesaria, or New Jersey after Jersey in the English Channel—one of the last strongholds of the Royalist forces in the English Civil War.[49]: p.60 (see Name of Jersey) As a result of this grant, Carteret and Berkeley became the two English Lords Proprietor of New Jersey. By the 1665 Concession and Agreement, the Lords Proprietor outlined the distribution of power in the province, offered religious freedom to all inhabitants, and established a system of quit-rents, annual fees paid by settlers in return for land.[50] The two Lords Proprietor selected Carteret's brother Philip as the province's first governor.
Colve's authority ended on 10 November 1674 with the transfer of power to Edmund Andros on the basis of the Treaty of Westminster, which restored the colony to the English.
East and West Jerseys (1674–1702)
The provinces of West Jersey and East Jersey are shown in yellow and green respectively, as divided by the Keith Line (in red) and the compromise Coxe and Barclay line (in orange) [58]
After the British regained New Jersey and New York, New Jersey was restored as a proprietary colony and was divided into two provinces—East Jersey and West Jersey. In 1674, Berkeley sold his interest in West Jersey to Edward Byllynge and John Fenwick (1618–83). Fenwick rushed to the colony to establish a settlement, Fenwick's Colony, that would become Salem.[59] Due to Byllynge's financial difficulties encountered in his attempts to assert his title to the colony, he sought investment from William Penn, and others. Title issues were settled in 1676 with the negotiation of the Quintipartite Deed between Carteret, Penn, Byllynge, Nicholas Lucas, and Gawen Lawrie dividing the colony into East and West Jersey.[60] West Jersey was largely a Quaker venture focused on the settlement of the lower Delaware River area, and was associated with William Penn and prominent figures in the colonization of the Pennsylvania.[8] After Carteret's death, his heirs sold his interest in East Jersey to twelve investors, eleven of whom were members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), who asked the Quaker apologist Robert Barclay to serve as governor.[61] The settlement of East Jersey, and its commercial and political development was chiefly connected to New England and New York.[9]
This arrangement lasted for approximately thirty years, but because of issues of administration, the proprietors of both colonies surrendered their right to government to Queen Anne. On 17 April 1702, New Jersey was transformed into a crown colony.[13] The proprietors would retain their land rights until the East Jersey proprietors dissolved their corporation (then New Jersey's oldest) in 1998.[62] The West Jersey Proprietors, currently the second oldest corporation in North America, continues as an activity entity based in Burlington, New Jersey.[62][63]
For a brief period beginning in 1688, New York, East Jersey and West Jersey came under the short-lived Dominion of New England.[64] New York and New Jersey were largely overseen by a Lieutenant Governor and army captain, Francis Nicholson.[65] The Proprietors of East Jersey were angered by the revocation of their charters, but retained their property and petitioned Andros, the governor of the dominion, for manorial rights.[66]: p.211 The colony proved too large for a single governor to administer, and Andros was highly unpopular.[66]: pp.180, 192–193, 197
After news of the Glorious Revolution in England reached Boston in 1689, the anti-Catholic Puritans in New England, and Dutch Calvinists in New York launched a revolt against Andros, arresting him and his officers out of fear that Andros sought to impose popery on the colony.[66]: pp.240–250 [67]Leisler's Rebellion in New York City deposed Nicholson in what amounted to an ethnic war between English newcomers and the Dutch who were old settlers.[67] After these events, the colonies reverted to their previous forms of governance until 1702.[66]: pp.212–213
In 1674, Andros was appointed to oversee the Duke of York's possessions in the Province of New York. Andros assumed that included his possessions in New Jersey as well. Carteret and proprietors in New Jersey resisted Andros's claim. He returned to England in 1678 for instructions.[68][69]
Andros returned with a mandate from the Duke of York to control both colonies and attempted to assert his authority. Governor Carteret continued to resist his claim.[68]
After Sir George Carteret's death in 1680 and Philip Carteret's acquittal, Andros assumed authority over the colony for 10 months.[69]
Andros was recalled to England in January 1681 under the pretense of facing financial corruption charges but more because he was a political liability to the Duke of York.[69]
Deposed by the Board of Trade on the instigation of Jeremiah Basse under the claim that "no other than a natural-born subject of England could serve in any public post of trust or profit" (Hamilton was Scottish) in accordance with the Navigation Act of 1696.[75]
Reappointed in 1699, after the King's attorney general and solicitor general ruled that the Navigation Act of 1696 did not prohibit Scotsmen from holding office.[75][77]
By his death in April 1703, he had not been relieved of his position as governor.[75]
After being dissuaded by family and friends not to travel to West Jersey, Coxe sells part of his land holdings and the right to government to the West Jersey Society.[81]
Edward Hunloke served as Dr. Coxe's deputy governor (1690–92) until his sale of the colony to the West Jersey Society, which appointed Hamilton.[80]
John Fenwick, the founder of New Salem (now Salem, New Jersey) the first Quaker settlement in West Jersey, signed a treaty with the Lenape beneath the "Salem Oak" in 1675. The oak tree is said to be approximately 600 years old.[82]
Shortly after ascending to the British throne, Queen Anne (1665–1714) reunited East Jersey and West Jersey as a royal colony and appointed her cousin Edward Hyde, Viscount Cornbury, as the province's first Royal Governor.[83] In 1702, the governments of the two proprietary colonies had surrendered their authority to the Crown which reorganized New Jersey into a crown colony with a government that consisted of a governor and twelve-member council appointed by the British monarch, and a twenty-four-member assembly whose members were elected by colonists who were qualified to vote by owning at least 1,000 acres of land.[13]
For the next four decades, New Jersey and New York shared one royal governor. Because the crown's representatives were generally incompetent or corrupt, and the royal governor often ignored New Jersey and its affairs, the colonists had substantial autonomy, and the proprietors continued to wield considerable power through the retained control of land titles and sales. The relationship between many of the Royal Governors and the provincial assembly was often hostile. The assembly would simply respond to disagreements over legislation by using its appropriation power to withhold the governor's salary. Several historians point towards a factionalism which defined the colonial government, but the factions have been described as inchoate and characterized by shifting alliances between the colony's various ethnic, religious, proprietary, and landowning groups.[84]
During this period, the population of the colony began to expand, from 14,000 in 1700 to nearly 52,000 by 1740.[85] It was a diverse colony, as Queen Anne and Royal Governor Hunter began to important Palatine Germans into New York's Hudson Valley in a plan to produce naval stores. Many of these German families eventually settled in New Jersey.[86] West Jersey's colonists included Irish, English, Welsh and Scottish Quakers and the descendants of Swedish and Finnish colonists from the former New Sweden colony. Dutch and Huguenot families from New York settled in the valleys of the Raritan River and Hackensack River, and in the northwestern New Jersey's Minisink region.[87][88][89] New Englanders from Connecticut and Long Island, and English planters from Barbados arrived with African slaves.[90]: p.39 Because of its liberal grant of religious freedom, the colony's diversity was also reflected in its religious plurality, with a strong presence of Dutch Reformed, Lutheran, Huguenot, Quaker, Puritan, Congregationalist, Presbyterian, Baptist, and Anglican churches.[90]: p.39
Lord Cornbury's tenure was marked with accusations of cross-dressing, corruption, arrogance, and decadence.
Historians claim that he illustrated the worst form of the English aristocracy's "arrogance, joined to intellectual imbecility" and characterize him as a "degenerate and pervert who is said to have spent half of his time dressed in women's clothes", a "fop and a wastrel".
He was recalled by Queen Anne who received several complaints from colonists of "numerous malpractices and misappropriations".[91][92][93]
Hunter sailed to America in 1710 with 3,000 Palatine German (Kurpfälzische) refugees who encamped in the Hudson Valley, and then settled in upstate New York and New Jersey.[86]
Built in 1756, Nassau Hall, or "Old Nassau" is the oldest building at Princeton University which was chartered by New Jersey's royal governor ten years earlier.[102][103]
After tensions were provoked with the Penn's Walking Purchase in 1737, relations between colonists and the region's Native American tribes became increasingly hostile.[104][105] During these years, colonists left the seacoast cities and settled the colony's northwestern wilderness. Much of the provincial government's actions during this time was organizing the wilderness into townships often named after English and colonial political figures. By the 1750s, violent raids against these settlers, and fears that the French were supporting these hostilities led to the French and Indian War.[106]
During this time, the colonial government provided generous monetary rewards to colonists who killed Indians, established a line of fortifications in the Minisink (i.e., the upper valley of the Delaware River), and mustered military units (the New Jersey Frontier Guard and 1st New Jersey Regiment) to defend this frontier and carry out punitive raids on Indian villages.[106][107] Hostilities began to subside with the Treaty of Easton in October 1758, negotiated by New Jersey Royal Governor Francis Bernard, Pennsylvania Attorney-General Benjamin Chew, and chiefs of 13 Native American nations, led by Teedyuscung.[105]: pp.102–123
In the last year of William Franklin's tenure, his power was diminished and he became marginalized by the rebellious sentiment rising in the colony's residents. The province was being run de facto by the Provincial Congress of New Jersey (1775–76). While colonial militia had put Franklin under house arrest in January 1776, he would not be formally deposed until June 1776 when the colony's Provincial Congress had him imprisoned. Franklin considered the Provincial Congress to be an "illegal assembly."[117] Under the direction of its president Samuel Tucker (1721–89), the Provincial Congress proceeded to adopt a state constitution and reorganize the province into an independent state.[118] The newly formed State of New Jersey elected William Livingston as its first governor on 31 August 1776.[119][120]
Morris's tenure was marked with bitter disputes and deadlocks between himself and factions in the colonial legislature—so bitter that after his death when his widow requested the arrears on his salary, the legislature refused citing that the request was "a subject so universally disliked...there is none will say one Word in its Favour."[99]
Aided the early development of The College of New Jersey (now Princeton University).[113]
Fortified the upper Delaware River valley to prevent Indian attacks during the French and Indian War.[107]
Thomas Pownall was appointed to be Belcher's Lieutenant Governor (1755–57), the first since Richard Ingoldesby served under Lord Cornbury and Lord Lovelace, and the last until the state reinstated the office in 2010.[123] Pownall assumed the governorship of Massachusetts on 3 August 1757.[124]
Son of Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Hardy (1680–1744), Lord commissioner of the Admiralty, brother to Sir Charles Hardy (1716–80), Royal Governor of New York.[133]
Hardy gained "a reputation for promptness, attentiveness and openness" as New Jersey's governor.[133]
Replaced in 1763 in an effort to impose greater imperial authority over the colonies following the French and Indian War.[133]
Despite his reputation for arrogance, stubbornness and a fiery temper, Franklin is considered one of the more popular and successful chief executives in New Jersey history.[135]
^ ab"The Duke of York's Release to John Lord Berkeley, and Sir George Carteret, 24th of June, 1664" from Leaming, Aaron and Spicer, Jacob. The Grants, Concessions, and Original Constitutions of the Province of New-Jersey. The acts passed during the proprietary governments, and other material transactions before the surrender thereof to Queen Anne. The instrument of surrender, and her formal acceptance thereof, Lord Cornbury's Commission and Introduction consequent thereon. (2nd Edition. Philadelphia: William Bradford, 1758), 8–11. Published online at the Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy, Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
^"Quintipartite Deed of Revision, Between E. and W Jersey: July 1st, 1676" from Thorpe, Francis Newton (editor). The Federal and State Constitutions Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the States, Territories, and Colonies Now or Heretofore Forming the United States of America Volume IV. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1909). Published online at the Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy, Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
^Gordon, Thomas Francis. The history of New Jersey: from its discovery by Europeans, to the adoption of the Federal Constitution. (Trenton, New Jersey: Daniel Fenton, 1834), 73.
^ abPomfret, John Edwin. The Province of West New Jersey, 1609–1702: A History of the Origins of an American Colony. (New York: Octagon Books, 1956).
^ abWhitehead, William A. East Jersey Under the Proprietary Governments: A Narrative of Events connected with the Settlement and Progress of the Province, until the Surrender of the Government to the Crown in 1703. [sic] (Newark, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Society, 1875).
^Pomfret, John E. The Province of East New Jersey, 1609–1702: The Rebellious Proprietary. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962).
^Salter, Edwin. A History of Monmouth and Ocean Counties: Embracing a Genealogical Record of Earliest Settlers in Monmouth and Ocean Counties and Their Descendants. (Bayonne, New Jersey: E Gardner & Son, 1890), 24.
^Steen, James. New Aberdeen: Or the Scotch Settlement of Monmouth County, New Jersey. (Matawan, NJ: Journal Steam Print, 1899), 5.
^ abcde"Surrender from the Proprietors of East and West New Jersey, of Their Pretended Right of Government to Her Majesty; 1702" from Leaming, Aaron and Spicer, Jacob. The Grants, Concessions, and Original Constitutions of the Province of New-Jersey. The acts passed during the proprietary governments, and other material trnasactions before the surrender thereof to Queen Ann. [sic] The instrument of surrender, and her formal acceptance thereof, Lord Cornbury's Commission and Introduction consequent thereon. (2nd Edition. Philadelphia: William Bradford, 1758) 600–618. Published online at the Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy, Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
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^ abLewis, Clifford Lewis III. "Some Extracts Relating to Sir Edmund Plowden and Others from the Lost Minutes of the Virginia Council and General Court: 1642–45" and "Some Notes on Sir Edmund Plowden's Attempts to Settle His Province of New Albion" in William and Mary Historical Quarterly. (January 1940).
^Farrar, John. "A mapp of Virginia discovered to ye hills" (1651) printed in Williams, Edward. Virgo Triumphans: or, Virginia richly and truly valued. (London: s.n., 1651).
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^Salter, Edwin. A History of Monmouth and Ocean Counties: Embracing a Genealogical Record of Earliest Settlers in Monmouth and Ocean Counties and Their Descendants. (Bayonne, New Jersey: E Gardner & Son, 1890), 24.
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^ abcd
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^ abcdeStellhorn, Paul A., and Birkner, Michael J. "Edmund Andros" in The Governors of New Jersey 1664–1974: Biographical Essays. (Trenton, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1982), 18–21.
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^ abPomfret, John Edwin. The Province of West New Jersey, 1609–1702: A History of the Origins of an American Colony. (New York: Octagon Books, 1956), 158.
^ abBisbee, Henry H. "John Tatham, Alias Gray." The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography Volume 83, Number 3 (July 1959): 253–264.
^McCormick, John D. "John Tatham, New Jersey's First Catholic Governor". American Catholic Historical Society Researches (1888), 79–92.
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^Hunter, Michael. "Coxe, Daniel". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.
^ abMulford, Isaac S., M.D. Civil and Political History of New Jersey. (Camden, New Jersey: Keen & Chandler, 1848), 266–268.
^Scull, G. D. "Biographical Notice of Doctor Daniel Coxe, of London". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography Vol. 7 (1883): 317–337.
^For a discussion of the factionalism and early political issues, see: Weeks, Daniel J. Not For Filthy Lucre's Sake: Richard Saltar and the Antiproprietary Movement in East New Jersey, 1665–1707. (Lehigh University Press, 2001); McConville, Brendan. These Daring Disturbers of the Public Peace: The Struggle for Property and Power in Early New Jersey. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999); Batinski, Michael. The New Jersey Assembly, 1738–75: The Making of a Legislative Community. (Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1987); Gerlach, Larry R., "Quaker Politics in Eighteenth Century New Jersey: A Documentary Account" in Journal of the Rutgers University Library 34 (1970): 1–12; Pulvis, Thomas L. Proprietors, Patronage and Paper Money: Legislative Politics in New Jersey 1703–76. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press), 1986; and Newcomb, Benjamin H. Political Partisanship in the American Middle colonies, 1700–76. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995).
^Damon, Charles Ripley. The Dictionary of American Dates, 458 to 1920. 3 volumes. (Boston: Richard G. Badger/The Gorham Press, 1921), 60, 67.
^ abFor a history of Palatine emigration, see: Knittle, Walter Allen. Early Eighteenth Century Palatine Emigration: A British Government Redemptioner Project to Manufacture Naval Stores. (Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1937); Statt, Daniel. Foreigners and Englishmen: The Controversy over Immigration and Population, 1660–1760. (Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press, 1995); Chambers, Theodore Frelinghuysen (Rev.). The Early Germans of New Jersey: their History, Churches and Genealogies. (Dover, New Jersey: Dover Printing Company, 1895); Otterness, Philip. Becoming German: The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York. (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2006).
^For Dutch settlement in the Raritan Valley: Snell, James P. and Ellis, Franklin (compilers). History of Hunterdon and Somerset counties, New Jersey, with illustrations and biographical sketches of its prominent men and pioneers (Philadelphia: Everts & Peck, 1881), passim; Messler, Abraham. Forty years at Raritan : eight memorial sermons with notes for a history of the Reformed Dutch churches in Somerset County, N.J. (New York: A. Lloyd, 1873), passim.; and Wall, John P. History of Middlesex County, New Jersey, 1664–1920. 3 volumes. (New York: Lewis Publishing Company, 1921), passim.
^For Dutch and Huguenot settlement in the Hackensack Valley: Demarest, David D. The Huguenots on the Hackensack. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: The Daily Fredonian steam printing house, 1886); Van Valen, James M. History of Bergen County, New Jersey (New York: New Jersey Publishing & Engraving Co., 1900), passim.
^For Dutch and Huguenot settlement in the Minisink: Decker, Amelia Stickney. That Ancient Trail. (Trenton, New Jersey: Privately printed, 1942); Hine, Charles Gilbert. The Old Mine Road. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1908); Vosburgh, Royden Woodword (editor). Minisink Valley Reformed Dutch Church records, 1716–1830. (New York: New York Genealogical and Biographical Society, 1913; reprinted Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1992).
^ abcLurie, Maxine N. and Veit, Richard F. New Jersey: A History of the Garden State. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2012).
^Bonomi, Patricia U. Lord Cornbury Scandal: The Politics of Reputation in British America. (Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 2000).
^Ross, Shelley. Fall From Grace (New York: Random House, 1988).
^Stellhorn, Paul A., and Birkner, Michael J. "Edward Hyde, Viscount Cornbury" in The Governors of New Jersey 1664–1974: Biographical Essays. (Trenton, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1982), 36–38.
^Stellhorn, Paul A., and Birkner, Michael J. "John Lovelace, Baron of Hurley" in The Governors of New Jersey 1664–1974: Biographical Essays. (Trenton, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1982), 39–40.
^
Stellhorn, Paul A., and Birkner, Michael J. "Richard Ingoldesby"Archived 21 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine in The Governors of New Jersey 1664–1974: Biographical Essays. (Trenton, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1982), 40–43.
^Snell, James P. History of Hunterdon and Somerset Counties, New Jersey with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of its Prominent Men and Pioneers (Philadelphia: Everts & Peck, 1881), 191.
^
Stellhorn, Paul A., and Birkner, Michael J. "William Burnet"Archived 22 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine in The Governors of New Jersey 1664–1974: Biographical Essays. (Trenton, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1982), 46–48.
^Lepore, Jill. New York Burning: Liberty, Slavery, and Conspiracy in Eighteenth-Century Manhattan. (New York: Random House, 2006), 25.
^ abcdeStellhorn, Paul A., and Birkner, Michael J. "Lewis Morris" in The Governors of New Jersey 1664–1974: Biographical Essays. (Trenton, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1982), 54–58. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
^Stellhorn, Paul A., and Birkner, Michael J. "William Cosby (1690–1736)" in The Governors of New Jersey 1664–1974: Biographical Essays. (Trenton, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1982), 52–54. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
^New Jersey Colonial Documents, Archives of the State of New Jersey, First Series, Vol. V. (Newark, New Jersey: Daily Advertiser Publishing House, 1882), 490–491.
^
New Jersey Department of State, Division of Travel and Tourism. "Nassau Hall"Archived 29 June 2013 at archive.today (official state tourism website). Retrieved 29 June 2013.
^Fenton, William N. The Great Law and the Longhouse: a political history of the Iroquois Confederacy. (Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998), 398.
^ abHarper, Steven Craig. Promised Land: Penn's Holy Experiment, The Walking Purchase, and the Dispossession of the Delawares, 1600–1763. (Cranbury, New Jersey: Rosemont Publishing, 2008).
^Ward & Trent, et al. "XXIII. Education. § 13. Colonial Colleges." in The Cambridge History of English and American Literature (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1907–21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000).
^Norris, Edwin Mark. The Story of Princeton. (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1917), 12, 17.
^Princeton University. General Catalogue of Princeton University, 1746–1906. (Princeton: Princeton University, 1908), 9, 14.
^Series 2: Trustees Charters and Bylaws, and other College Rules; 1746–2006; Board of Trustees Records, Princeton University Archives, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library.
^ abOberdorfer, Don. Princeton University: The First 250 Years. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), passim.
^"Charter of a College to be erected in New-Jersey, by the Name of Queen's-College." (New York: John Holt, 1770); in the collection of Special Collections and University Archives, Alexander Library, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
^ abMcCormick, Richard P. Rutgers: A Bicentennial History. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1966), passim.
^ abSkemp, Sheila L. William Franklin: Son of a Patriot, Servant of a King. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), 211.
^Schuyler, Hamilton. "Chapter II: Trenton and Trentonians in the Revolutionary Era" in A History of Trenton, 1679–1929: Two Hundred and Fifty Years of a Notable Town with Links in Four Centuries. (Trenton, New Jersey: Trenton Historical Society, 1929).
^Kemmerer, Donald L. Path to Freedom, The Struggle for Self Government in Colonial New Jersey 1703–76. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1940).
^McCormick, Richard P. (1964, 1970). New Jersey from Colony to State, 1609–1789. (1st Ed – Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1964; 2nd Ed. — New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1970).
^Staff. "Morristown Timeline" in The Daily Record (23 March 2000).
^Readington Township Historic Preservation Commission, Readington Township Museum Committee. Images of America: Readington Township. (Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2008), 9.
^Fisher, Edgar Jacob. New Jersey as a Royal Province, 1738 to 1776. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1911), 43–44.
^Schutz, John. Thomas Pownall, British Defender of American Liberty; a Study of Anglo-American Relations in the Eighteenth Century. (Glendale, California: A. H. Clark, 1951), 55–58, 78–87.
^Stellhorn, Paul A., and Birkner, Michael J."Jonathan Belcher" in The Governors of New Jersey 1664–1974: Biographical Essays. (Trenton, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1982), 58–62.
^Stellhorn, Paul A., and Birkner, Michael J. "Francis Bernard" in The Governors of New Jersey 1664–1974: Biographical Essays. (Trenton, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1982), 62–65.
^Nicolson, Colin. The "Infamas Govener" Francis Bernard and the Origins of the American Revolution. (Boston, Massachusetts: Northeastern University Press, 2000), 45.
^Staff. "A look at Bernards through the centuries", in The Courier-News (27 August 2003)."
^Namier, L. B. (July 1939). "Charles Garth and his Connexions". The English Historical Review (Vol. 54, Number 215): 443–470.
^McCrady, Edward. The History of South Carolina Under the Royal Government, 1719–76. (New York City: The Macmillan Company, 1899), 353.
^Lyon, Isaac S. Historical Discourse of Boonton. (Newark, New Jersey: New Jersey Daily Journal Office, 1873).
^Halsey, Edmund D., et al., History of Morris County, New Jersey with illustrations and biographical sketches of prominent citizens and pioneers. (New York: W. W. Munsell, & Co., 1882), 272, 342.
^ abcStellhorn, Paul A., and Birkner, Michael J. "Josiah Hardy" in The Governors of New Jersey 1664–1974: Biographical Essays. (Trenton, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1982), 69–72.
^Haines, Alanson A. (Rev.). Hardyston Memorial: A History of The Township and the North Presbyterian Church, Hardyston, Sussex County, New Jersey. (Newton, New Jersey: New Jersey Herald Print, 1888), 19.
^Stellhorn, Paul A., and Birkner, Michael J. "William Franklin 1730–1814" in The Governors of New Jersey 1664–1974: Biographical Essays. (Trenton, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1982), 72–76. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
^Nelson, William. History of Bergen and Passaic Counties, New Jersey: With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men. (Philadelphia: Everts & Peck, 1882), 204.
^See: Brahms, William B. Images of America: Franklin Township (Mount Pleasant, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 1997), 106; and Franklin Township, Somerset County, NJ: A History (Franklin Township, New Jersey: Franklin Township Public Library, 1998).
Further reading
Black, Frederick R. The Last Lords Proprietors: The West Jersey Society, 1692–1703. PhD Dissertation, Rutgers University, 1964, Rutgers University Library, Special Collections (New Brunswick, New Jersey).
Brodhead, John Romeyn. The Government of Sir Edmund Andros over New England, in 1688 and 1689. (Morrisania, N.Y: Bradstreet Press, 1867).
Craven, Wesley Frank. New Jersey and the English Colonization of North America. (Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1964).
Cunningham, John. East of Jersey: A History of the General Board of Proprietors for the Eastern Division of New Jersey. (Newark, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Society, 1995).
McConville, Brendan. These Daring Disturbers of the Public Peace: The Struggle for Property and Power in Early New Jersey. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999).
McCreary, John Roger. "Ambition, Interest and Faction: Politics in New Jersey, 1702–38." PhD dissertation, University of Nebraska, 1971.
Myers, Albert Cook. Narratives of Early Pennsylvania West New Jersey and Delaware: 1630–1707. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1912).
Pomfret, John Edwin. The New Jersey Proprietors and Their Lands. New Jersey Historical Series, Volume 9. (Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1964).
Pomfret, John Edwin. Colonial New Jersey, A History. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973).
Schmidt, George P. Princeton and Rutgers: The Two Colonial Colleges of New Jersey. (Princeton, D. Van Nostrand, 1964).
Tanner, Edwin Platt. The Province of New Jersey, 1664–1738. (New York: s.n. 1908).
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