Rural and specialized municipalities, cities, towns, and select hamlets in AlbertaDistribution of Alberta's 6 specialized municipalities (red) and 74 rural municipalities, which include municipal districts that are often branded as counties (orange), improvement districts (dark green) and special areas (light green) (2020)
Alberta also has numerous unincorporated communities (including urban service areas, hamlets and a townsite) that are not independent municipalities in their own right. However, they are all recognized as sub-municipal entities by Ministry of Municipal Affairs under the jurisdiction of specialized municipalities or rural municipalities, with the exception of the lone townsite (its jurisdiction is shared with an Indian reserve that surrounds it).
With the exception of Métis settlements, Statistics Canada recognizes all of Alberta's municipalities as census subdivisions and groups them into 19 census divisions based on geography. Within census divisions, Statistics Canada groups some of Alberta's municipalities/census subdivisions into two census metropolitan areas (CMAs) or 12 census agglomerations (CAs) for enumeration purposes. All CMAs include large urban centres and surrounding census subdivisions. All CAs also include large urban centres and in some cases their surrounding census subdivisions.
With the exception of Indian reserves, the administration of municipalities in Alberta is regulated by the Municipal Government Act,[1] the Special Areas Act[2] and the Metis Settlements Act.[3]
As of 2019, the combined unofficial population of all of Alberta's municipalities was 4,271,759.[4]
According to Section 81 of the Municipal Government Act (MGA), an area may incorporate as a town if:
it has a population of 1,000 people or more; and
the majority of its buildings are on parcels of land smaller than 1,850 m2 (19,900 sq ft).[1]
Essentially, towns are formed from urban communities with populations of at least 1,000 people. When a town's population exceeds 10,000 people, its council may apply to change its status to that of a city, but the change in incorporated status is not mandatory.[5]
Communities with shrinking populations are allowed to retain town status even if the number of residents falls below the 1,000 limit. Some of Alberta's towns have never reached a population of 1,000 people, but were incorporated as towns before the current requirement to have a population of 1,000 or more.
Alberta currently has a total of 107 towns, with a combined population totalling 466,470 as of 2019.[4]
According to Section 80 of the Municipal Government Act (MGA), an area may incorporate as a village if:
it has a population of 300 people or more; and
the majority of its buildings are on parcels of land smaller than 1,850 m2 (19,900 sq ft).[1]
Essentially, villages are formed from urban communities with populations of at least 300 people. When a village's population exceeds 1,000 people, its council may apply to change its status to that of a town, but the change in incorporated status is not mandatory.
Communities with shrinking populations are allowed to retain village status even if the number of residents falls below the 300 limit. Some of Alberta's villages have never reached a population of 300 people, but were incorporated as villages before there was a requirement to have a population of 300 or more.
Alberta currently has a total of 81 villages, with a combined population totalling 34,600 as of 2021.[22]
According to former Section 79 of the Municipal Government Act (MGA), a summer village is an area that:
has at least 60 parcels of land developed with dwelling buildings; and
has a population of less than 300 persons where the majority of the persons who would be electors do not permanently reside in that area.
As a result of Section 79 being repealed,[1] summer villages can no longer be formed in Alberta.[5]
Essentially, summer villages were once formed from urban communities with populations of less than 300 people and significant non-permanent populations. When a summer village's population exceeds 300 people, its council may apply to change its status to that of a village, but the change in incorporated status is not mandatory.
Alberta currently has a total of 51 summer villages, with a combined population totalling 5,200 as of 2019.[4]
According to Section 83 of the Municipal Government Act (MGA), a municipality may incorporate as a specialized municipality under one of the following three scenarios:
where the Minister of Alberta Municipal Affairs (AMA) is satisfied that the other incorporated statuses under the MGA do not meet the needs of the municipality's residents;
to form a local government that, in the opinion of the Minister of AMA, will provide for the orderly development of the municipality in a similar fashion to the other incorporated statuses within the MGA; or
for any other circumstances that are deemed appropriate by the Minister of AMA.[1]
Essentially, specialized municipalities are municipalities that are unconventional in nature compared to other municipalities in Alberta, and they are incorporated under the authority of the existing MGA instead of relying on the creation of their own separate acts (i.e., the Special Areas Act[2] allowed the incorporation of Alberta's three special areas and the Metis Settlements Act[3] allowed the incorporation of Alberta's eight Métis settlements).[5]
Alberta's six specialized municipalities have a combined population totalling 242,395 as of 2019.[4]
Essentially, municipal districts are large rural areas in which their citizens reside on farms, country residential subdivisions or unincorporated communities (i.e., hamlets, localities and other settlements).[5]
In Alberta, the term county is synonymous with the term municipal district – it is not its own incorporated municipal status that is different from that of a municipal district. As such, Alberta Municipal Affairs provides municipal districts with the opportunity to brand themselves either as municipal districts or counties in their official names.
Of Alberta's 63 municipal districts, 46 of them brand themselves as counties. Over the past 30 years, Alberta has observed a trend of numerous municipal districts rebranding themselves as counties through official name changes. Some of the reasons why a municipal district would rebrand itself as a county include that the term county is: more recognizable by the general public; has a more traditional appeal; and is more marketable from an economic development perspective.
The last municipal district (MD) to rebrand itself as a county was the MD of Foothills No. 31, which was renamed as Foothills County on January 1, 2019.[36]
Alberta's 63 municipal districts have a combined population totalling 471,852 as of 2019.[4]
According to Section 581 of the Municipal Government Act (MGA), Alberta's Lieutenant Governor in Council, on the recommendation of the Minister of Municipal Affairs, may form an improvement district. Section 582 of the MGA requires that the order to form an improvement district must describe its boundaries and give it an official name.
Alberta currently has seven improvement districts, which have a combined population totaling 2,146.[41] With some exceptions, their boundaries are coterminous with that of a national or provincial park. Five of them are located within national parks, and two are within provincial parks.
Special areas are rural municipalities created in 1938 under the authority of the Special Areas Act.[2][5] A special area is not to be confused with a specialized municipality, which is a completely different municipal status.
Alberta's three special areas had a combined population totalling 4,184 in 2016.[4]
An urban service area is a type of hamlet that is not officially defined under the Municipal Government Act (MGA). However, the province of Alberta recognizes it as equivalent to a city for the purposes of program delivery and grant eligibility according to the Orders in Council that established the Regional Municipality (RM) of Wood Buffalo and Strathcona County as specialized municipalities.[45][46]
These Orders in Council (see Schedule 1, Section 7[45] and Schedule 1, Section 3[46] respectively) also state that:
the specialized municipalities shall provide to the province of Alberta any information required to administer programs or to determine the amount of grants which would have been paid if the urban service areas were incorporated cities; and
for the purposes of enactments affecting roads, culverts, ditches, drains, and highways, the urban service areas are deemed to be cities.
Essentially, urban services areas meet the eligibility requirements of the MGA to incorporate as a city. As such, they are Alberta's largest hamlets.
There are currently two urban services areas in Alberta:
Fort McMurray, within the jurisdiction of the RM of Wood Buffalo, was formerly a city prior its amalgamation with Improvement District No. 143 on April 1, 1995. It was designated an urban service area at the time of the amalgamation.[45]
Sherwood Park has always been an unincorporated community under the jurisdiction of Strathcona County. It became an urban service area when Strathcona County changed its status from a municipal district to a specialized municipality on January 1, 1996.[46]
According to Section 59 of the Municipal Government Act (MGA), hamlets are unincorporated communities that:
consist of five or more buildings used as dwellings, a majority of which are on parcels of land smaller than 1,850 m2 (19,900 sq ft);
have a generally accepted boundary and name; and
contain parcels of land that are used for non‑residential purposes.[1]
Further, Section 59 of the MGA provides the councils of municipal districts (or counties) and specialized municipalities the authority to designate unincorporated communities within its boundaries as hamlets.[1][5] Hamlets may also be designated within improvement districts and special areas by the Minister of Municipal Affairs pursuant to Section 590 of the MGA and Section 10 of the Special Areas Act respectively.[1][2]
When a hamlet's population reaches 300, it becomes eligible to incorporated as a village under Section 80 of the MGA, so long as the majority of the buildings are still on parcels of land smaller than 1,850 m2 (19,900 sq ft).[1] However, it is a modern-day rarity for a hamlet to incorporate as a village – Barnwell and Wabamun were the last two to do so both on January 1, 1980. It is much more common these days for villages to revert to hamlet status through the dissolution process instead.
There are currently 403 hamlets in Alberta, two of which are the urban services areas presented above.[47]
A townsite is a type of unincorporated community that is not officially defined under the Municipal Government Act (MGA), but it is generally regarded as an independent urban area within an Indian reserve that is comparable in population, land area, services, and built form, to that of Alberta's incorporated towns. Essentially, townsites would meet the eligibility requirements of the MGA to incorporate as a town if they were not on Indian reserve lands under federal jurisdiction.
Métis settlements are rural areas inhabited by the indigenous Métis in Alberta and were established and recognized in 1936 under the Métis Population Betterment Act. The settlements provide an autonomous land base, allow better access to education, health and other social services, and provide economic development opportunities for the only recognized Métis land-base in Canada.[3] Métis settlements now operate under the authority of the Métis Settlements Act.[5] These eight Métis settlements are governed by a unique Métis government known as the Métis Settlements General Council (MSGC).
Alberta currently has eight Métis settlements, all of which are in the northern half of the province. The official names of the eight settlements, and the municipal districts they are within, are as follows:
*Areas generated from provincial Métis settlement boundary data.
Very small portions of the Gift Lake Métis Settlement and the Kikino Métis Settlement are also located within Northern Sunrise County and Lac La Biche County respectively.
Alberta's eight Métis settlements have a combined population totalling 5,632 as of 2018.[4]
Indian reserves in Alberta cover a total area of 656,660 ha (1,622,630 acres) and range in size from 441 ha (1,089 acres) to 143,529 ha (354,667 acres).[5] Under the Constitution Act, 1982, legislative authority over Indian reserves is allocated to the Parliament of Canada. The Government of Canada exercises executive authority over Indian reserves through Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Local administration is exercised by Band councils whose members are elected by members of the reserve.
Indian reserves of Alberta
Name as used by Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
^Beaumont is Alberta's newest city, incorporated on January 1, 2019. Based on 2016 data, Beaumont is Alberta's smallest city by land area, but in 2017 its area increased to nearly 2,400 hectares, making it larger than Wetaskiwin and Lacombe.[6]
^Calgary is Canada's third-largest city, Alberta's largest city by both population and area, and was Alberta's first city, incorporated on January 1, 1894. The Calgary census metropolitan area (CMA) includes the cities of Airdrie, Calgary and Chestermere.
^Chestermere was known as Chestermere Lake prior to March 1, 1993.[6]
^Edmonton is Canada's fifth-largest city and Alberta's capital. The Edmonton CMA includes the cities of Beaumont, Edmonton, Fort Saskatchewan, Leduc, Spruce Grove and St. Albert.
^The balance of Lloydminster is located within Saskatchewan.
^Wetaskiwin is Alberta's smallest city by population.
^Athabasca was formerly known as Athabasca Landing prior to August 4, 1913.[9]
^Drumheller originally incorporated as a city on April 3, 1930, but reverted from city status as a result of its amalgamation with the M.D. of Badlands No. 7 in 1998.[9]
^Fort Macleod, which grew around the NWMP's Fort Macleod barracks (built 1874), was formerly known as Macleod prior to April 1, 1952.[9]
^Peace River was formerly known as Peace River Crossing prior to May 22, 1916.[9]
^St. Paul was formerly known as St. Paul de Métis prior to December 15, 1932.
^Bellis dissolved from village status on December 31, 1945.
^Blackie dissolved from village status on August 31, 1997.
^Burdett dissolved from village status on January 1, 2003.
^Cadogan dissolved from village status on December 31, 1945.
^Cayley dissolved from village status on June 1, 1996.
^Chinook dissolved from village status on April 1, 1977.
^Clairmont dissolved from village status on December 31, 1945.
^Cluny dissolved from village status on September 15, 1995.
^Compeer dissolved from village status on December 31, 1936.
^Craigmyle dissolved from village status on January 1, 1972.
^Cynthia dissolved from town status on May 1, 1959.
^Derwent dissolved from village status on September 1, 2010.[63]
^Diamond City dissolved from village status on June 30, 1937.
^Dunmore dissolved from village status on February 4, 1919.
^Eaglesham dissolved from village status on December 31, 1996.
^Enchant dissolved from village status on January 30, 1945.
^Entwistle dissolved from village status on December 31, 2000.
^Erskine dissolved from village status on May 20, 1946.
^Evansburg dissolved from village status on June 30, 1998.
^Ferintosh dissolved from village status on January 1, 2020.
^For Assiniboine dissolved from village status on December 31, 1991.
^Fort McKay's population does not include portion of community on Indian reserve.
^Fort McMurray is one of two hamlets designated an urban service area.
^Fort McMurray's population is that of its population centre as delineated by Statistics Canada.[69]
^Galahad dissolved from village status on January 1, 2016.[70]
^Gleichen dissolved from town status on March 31, 1998.
^Grande Cache dissolved from town status on January 1, 2019.[73]
^Grassy Lake dissolved from village status on July 1, 1996.
^Grouard, also known as Grouard Mission, dissolved from village status on January 18, 1944.
^Hairy Hill dissolved from village status on December 31, 1996.
^Hairy Hill's population is from the 2001 federal census (Statistics Canada did not publish its population in the 2006, 2011 or 2016 federal censuses).
^Half Moon Lake is also known as Half Moon Estates.
^Heritage Pointe's population is that of its population centre as delineated by Statistics Canada.[69]
^Irvine dissolved from town status on December 31, 1996.
^Islay dissolved from village status on March 2, 1944.
^Janvier South is also known as Janvier and Chard.
^Jenner dissolved from village status on June 22, 1943.
^Kinuso dissolved from village status on September 1, 2009.
^Lac La Biche dissolved from town status on August 1, 2007, as a result of its amalgamation with Lakeland County to form Lac La Biche County.[79]
^Langdon dissolved from village status on December 31, 1945.
^Lavoy dissolved from village status on April 30, 1999.
^Lodgepole dissolved from new town status on March 1, 1970.
^Referred to as Lottie Lake Development by Statistics Canada in the 1991 census.[53]
^Statistics Canada cautioned that Metiskow's population from the 1991 census may be an estimate.[53]
^Minburn dissolved from village status on July 1, 2015.[85]
^Mirror dissolved from village status on January 1, 2004.
^Monarch dissolved from village status on December 31, 1938.
^Monitor dissolved from village status on December 31, 1945.
^Mountain View dissolved from village status on September 9, 1915.
^Jasper's 2011 municipal census also counted a shadow (non-permanent resident) population of 652 for a combined population of 5,236.
^Excludes the unpopulated land area of the portion of the Kikino Metis Settlement that is within Lac La Biche County.
^Wood Buffalo's 2015 municipal census also counted a shadow population of 43,084 for a combined population of 125,032.
^Gift Lake comprises two parts. The majority is located within Big Lakes County, while the balance is located within Northern Sunrise County. The Big Lakes County portion (part "A") had a population of 625 living on 802.46 km2 (309.83 sq mi) in 2021, while the Northern Sunrise County portion (part "B") had a population of 0 living on 0.83 km2 (0.32 sq mi).[35]
^Kikino comprises two parts. The majority is located within Smoky Lake County, while the balance is located within Lac La Biche County. The Smoky Lake County portion (part "A") had a population of 978 living on 440.92 km2 (170.24 sq mi) in 2021, while the Lac La Biche County portion (part "B") had a population of 0 living on 0.77 km2 (0.30 sq mi).[35]
