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This is a list of countries by public sector size, calculated as the number of public sector employees as a percentage of the total workforce. Information is based mainly on data from the OECD[1][2][3] and the ILO.[4] If a source has figures for more than one year, only the most recent figure is used (with notes for exceptional circumstances).

In the former Eastern Bloc countries, the public sector in 1989 accounted for between 70% and over 90% of total employment.[5] In China a full 78.3% of the urban labor force were employed in the public sector by 1978, the year the Chinese economic reform was launched, after which the rates dropped. Jin Zeng estimates the numbers were 56.4% in 1995 and 32.8% in 2003,[6] while other estimates are higher.[7][8][9]

In OECD countries, the average public sector employment rate was 21.3% in 2013.[1]

List

Country OECD (%)[1][2][3] ILO (%)[4][10][11][12] Other estimates (%)
 Afghanistan 8.3 (2021)
 Angola 14.6 (2014)
 Albania 14.4 (2019)
 American Samoa 25.0 (2012)
 Argentina 17.8 (2022)
 Armenia 19.3 (2020) 19.4 (2020)
 Australia 20.4 (2012) 28.9 (2020)
 Austria 15.2 (2014) 8.0 (2022)
 Azerbaijan 21.9 (2022) 21.7 (World Bank publication, 2009)[13]
 Bahamas 33.7 (2009)
 Bangladesh 3.1 (2017)
 Bahrain 9.6 (2012 8.4*[a] (Baldwin-Edwards, 2010)[14]
 Barbados 17.1 (2019)
 Belarus 39.3 (2015) 72.0 (World Bank publication, 2010),[5] 40.1 (BelStat, 2017)[15]
 Belgium 21.5 (2013) 21.1 (2019)
 Bermuda 12.1 (2012)
 Bhutan 25.0 (2022)
 Bolivia 7.7 (2022)
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 24.5 (2022)
 Botswana 18.0 (2022)
 Brazil 12.1 (2013) 12.1 (2022)
 Bulgaria 21.1 (2019)
 Cameroon 9.8 (2014)
 Canada 22.4 (2013) 21.2 (2022)
 Chile 14.0 (2013) 9.4 (2022)
 China 28.0 (2012) 7.89 (Chinese Government, 2021)[16]
 Colombia 10.0 (2013) 4.2 (2022) 5.3*[b] (2017, Public Spending and Investment Commission),[17] 6.8 (2017, Colombian Insurers Federation)[18]
 Costa Rica 12.4 (2022)
 Croatia 29.8 (2020)
 Czech Republic 18.0 (2013) 15.4 (2015)
 Cuba 77.0 (2010) 72.0 (2014, Third World Quarterly)[19] 72.8 (2018, Statistical Yearbook of Cuba)[20] 65.0 (2022, OIEI) [21]
 Denmark 32.9 (2011) 30.2 (2020)
 Dominican Republic 13.8 (2022)
 Ecuador 7.0 (2022)
 Egypt 21.2 (2020)
 El Salvador 8.1 (2022)
 Estonia 22.0 (2013) 23.8 (2019)
 Ethiopia 6.6 (2021)
 Finland 27.0 (2013) 26.1 (2019)
 France 28.0 (2013) 20.0 (2022)
 Gambia 8.0 (2023)
 Georgia 17.7 (2019) 21.1 (World Bank publication, 2009)[13]
 Ghana 6.4 (2017)
 Germany 15.3 (2012) 12.9 (2013)
 Greece 14.6 (2012) 21.3 (2019)
 Greenland 40.2 (2015)
 Guatemala 6.1 (2022)
 Guinea 6.8 (2018)
 Haiti 9.0 (2012)
 Hong Kong 7.1 (2014)
 Hungary 24.8 (2012) 30.4 (2018)
 India 3.80 (2014) 4.7*[c] (2002)[22] 3.80 (World Bank Data and Reserve Bank of India Data, 2012)[23][24]
 Indonesia 8.7 (2022)
 Iran 14.9 (2020)
 Iraq 37.4 (2021)
 Ireland 19.5 (2014) 21.9 (2019)
 Israel 20.7 (2007) 31.4 (2021)
 Italy 18.3 (2013) 16.0 (2013)
 Japan 12.9 (2014) 7.7 (2019)
 Jordan 24.3 (2019)
 Kazakhstan 23.3 (2012) 20.8 (World Bank publication, 2009)[13]
 Kosovo 27.8 (2020) 20.8 (World Bank publication, 2009)[13]
 Kuwait 18.6 (2016) 18.5*[a] (Baldwin-Edwards, 2008)[14]
 Kyrgyzstan 17.0 (2021) 15.1 (World Bank publication, 2009)[13]
 Laos 11.4 (2017)
 Latvia 31.2 (2013) 29.0 (2020)
 Liberia 40.3 (2017)
 Liechtenstein 7.1 (2015)
 Lithuania 26.9 (2019) 24.0 (World Bank publication, 2010)[5]
 Luxembourg 22.1 (2011) 11.7 (2018)
 Macau 6.5 (2014)
 Madagascar 4.0 (2015)
 Malaysia 15.1 (2019)
 Mali 2.38 (2020)
 Mauritius 18.1 (2019)
 Mexico 13.8 (2013) 11.8 (2022)
 Moldova 16.2 (2022) 41.0 (World Bank publication, 2010)[5]
 Mongolia 36.6 (2022)
 Montenegro 32.2 (2021)[25][26]
 Morocco 8.4 (2022)
 New Zealand 13.4 (2011) 11.5 (2011)
 Nicaragua 8.1 (2012)
 Nigeria 3.6 (2022)
 Netherlands 17.3 (2013) 19.9 (2019)
 North Macedonia 25.6 (2022)
 Norway 35.6 (2013) 32.2 (2020)
OECD 21.3*[d] (2013)
 Oman 78.7 (2020) 14.0*[a] (Baldwin-Edwards, 2008)[14]
 Pakistan 7.3 (2021)
 Palestine 20.9 (2022)
 Panama 16.1 (2022)
 Paraguay 10.5 (2022)
 Peru 8.2 (2022)
 Philippines 9.1 (2019)
 Poland 25.2 (2013) 23.6 (2019) 16.0 (World Bank publication, 2010)[5]
 Portugal 18.4 (2014) 14.7 (2014)
 Qatar 11.3 (2022) 12.1*[a] (Baldwin-Edwards, 2009)[14]
 Romania 16.0 (2019) 15.3 (INS, 2015)[27]
 Russia 40.6 (2011) 31.0 (2016, IMF)[28]
 Rwanda 5.6 (2022)
 Saint Lucia 17.6 (2022)
 San Marino 23.4 (2022)
 Saudi Arabia 35.3 35.3*[a] (Baldwin-Edwards, 2008)[14]
 Senegal 6.3 (2019)
 Serbia 23.3 (2022)
 Seychelles 44.3 (2020)
 Singapore 9.9 (2022)
 Slovakia 18.2 (2013) 28.0 (2022)
 Slovenia 20.9 (2012) 20.9 (2012)
 South Africa 17.4 (2013) 15.7 (2022)
 South Korea 11.6 (2013) 10.3 (2014)
 Spain 17.9 (2014) 16.3 (2019)
 Sri Lanka 14.8 (2019)
 Sweden 29.9 (2013) 29.3 (2020)
  Switzerland 18.0 (2014) 15.3 (2022)
 Tajikistan 33.0 (World Bank publication, 2010)[5]
 Tanzania 4.6 (2020)
 Thailand 9.6 (2022)
 Trinidad and Tobago 22.9 (2021)
 Turkey 15.9 (2011) 15.0 (2022)
 Uganda 4.1 (2017)
 Ukraine 26.7 (2012) 26.5 (2013)
 United Arab Emirates 10.2 (2021)
 United Kingdom 21.5 (2013) 22.5 (2020) 16.7 (House of Commons Library, 2020)[29]
 United States 17.6 [not included in dataset] (2013) 13.4 (2022) 19.2 (Mercatus publication, 2013)[30]
 Uruguay 15.7 (2022)
 Uzbekistan 18.2 (2019)
 Venezuela 24.3 (2020)
 Vietnam 7.6 (2022)
 Yemen 19.3 (2014)
 Zambia 6.7 (2019)
 Zimbabwe 12.1 (2019)
  1. ^ a b c d e GCC estimates by Baldwin-Edwards are state employment as a proportion of total employment. The employment of nationals is primarily in the state sector, with migrant workers dominating the private sector.
  2. ^ The number of employees in Colombia's public sector is underestimated because subcontracting and outsourcing are common in many government agencies.
  3. ^ India's public sector still accounted for 69% of the country's organised workforce.
  4. ^ OECD average for 2013 does not include Australia, Czech Republic, Germany, South Korea, Ireland and Portugal.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c OECD (2015). "Employment in the public sector". Government at a Glance 2015. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/g2224992d2-en. S2CID 242295583. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
  2. ^ a b OECD (2013). "Employment in general government and public corporations". Government at a Glance 2013. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  3. ^ a b OECD (2011). "Employment in General Government and Public Corporations". Government at a Glance 2011. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  4. ^ a b "Share of employment in the public sector by sex (%)". International Labour Organization. Retrieved 20 October 2015.[dead link]
  5. ^ a b c d e f Omar S. Arias; Carolina Sánchez-Páramo; María E. Dávalos; Indhira Santos; Erwin R. Tiongson; Carola Gruen; Natasha de Andrade Falcão; Gady Saiovici; Cesar A. Cancho (2014). Back to Work: Growing with Jobs in Europe and Central Asia. World Bank Publications. pp. 86, 101. ISBN 978-0-8213-9911-8.
  6. ^ Zeng, Jin (2013). State-Led Privatization in China: The Politics of Economic Reform. Routledge. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-1-134-46489-0.
  7. ^ http://www.xf.gov.cn/zxzx/gjj/202001/t20200123_2016545.shtml
  8. ^ "国家统计局局长就2019年全年国民经济运行情况答记者问".
  9. ^ "CHART OF THE DAY: Guess Which Country Has The Highest Percentage Of Workers Employed By The Government". Business Insider. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
  10. ^ "Home - ILOSTAT - the leading source of labour statistics".
  11. ^ "Home - ILOSTAT - the leading source of labour statistics".
  12. ^ "ILO Data Explorer".
  13. ^ a b c d e Indermit S. Gill; Ivailo Izvorski; Willem van Eeghen; Donato De Rosa (2014). Diversified Development: Making the Most of Natural Resources in Eurasia. World Bank Publications. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-4648-0120-4.
  14. ^ a b c d e Baldwin-Edwards, Martin (2011). "Labour immigration and labour markets in the GCC countries: national patterns and trends". Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States. London: The London School of Economics and Political Science. 15: 15.
  15. ^ National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus, "Численность занятого населения по формам собственности"
  16. ^ https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=C01
  17. ^ "La austeridad de Duque: ¿es posible reducir la burocracia?". 19 November 2018.
  18. ^ "¿Cuántos empleados públicos?".
  19. ^ Torres, Ricardo (2 June 2016). "Economic transformations in Cuba: a review". Third World Quarterly. 37 (9): 1683–1697. doi:10.1080/01436597.2016.1177454. S2CID 156099431.
  20. ^ "El establecimiento de PYMES en Cuba pudiera aumentar el Producto Interno Bruto entre 1,5 y 1,7%". 28 April 2020.
  21. ^ https://horizontecubano.law.columbia.edu/news/precarious-work-cuba-introduction#:~:text=Although%20the%20Cuban%20Government%20has,work%20in%20the%20private%20sector
  22. ^ Kumar, Rajiv (2008). India and the Global Economy. Academic Foundation. p. 246. ISBN 978-81-7188-661-6.
  23. ^ "Labor force, total - India | Data".
  24. ^ "Reserve Bank of India - Publications".
  25. ^ "Mjesečni statistički pregled" (PDF). Monstat (in Montenegrin). 2021-05-16.
  26. ^ "Na državnim jaslama preko 50.000 zaposlenih". Investitor.me (in Montenegrin). Retrieved 2021-05-16.
  27. ^ "84 pct of Romania's employed population work in the private sector, says INS". Business Review. 30 April 2015.
  28. ^ "The Russian State's Size and its Footprint: Have They Increased?". 2 June 2016. ((cite journal)): Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  29. ^ Foley, Niamh (2 December 2020). "Briefing paper: Public sector employment by parliamentary constituency" (PDF). UK Parliament. House of Commons Library. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  30. ^ "Government-Financed Employment and the Real Private Sector in the 50 States". Mercatus Center. 2013-11-25. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
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