Judit Polgár playing a chess move
Judit Polgár, the highest-rated female player in history, was once the youngest grandmaster overall.

There are 41 female chess players who hold the title of Grandmaster (GM), the highest title awarded by the International Chess Federation (FIDE). The Grandmaster title was formally established by FIDE in 1950. Modern regulations typically require players to achieve a FIDE rating of 2500 and three tournament norms that include a GM-level performance rating of 2600 to be awarded the title, although there are various exceptions. Since 1993, players who win the Women's World Championship are directly awarded the Grandmaster title. Like all FIDE titles, the Grandmaster title is awarded for life and does not require a player to maintain a performance level or remain active after the award.

Nona Gaprindashvili, a Soviet chess player from Georgia, was the first woman to become a grandmaster in 1978, receiving the title largely by virtue of being the first woman to achieve a GM norm a year earlier. In 1991, Susan Polgar became the first woman to achieve the Grandmaster title through a full set of standard norms based on performance rating. Later that year at age 15, her younger sister Judit Polgár became the youngest grandmaster in history, breaking the previous record set by Bobby Fischer. Although there were only six female grandmasters by 2000 and the number of female grandmasters has never been more than a few percent of the total, the turn of the century saw a substantial increase in the number of women to be awarded the title. This increase in the number of grandmasters has made it possible to stage women-only round-robin tournaments such as FIDE Women's Grand Prix events that feature predominantly grandmasters. At the same time, in an era where the Grandmaster title is no longer indicative of the upper echelon of chess overall, Hou Yifan has been the only player since 2000 to join Judit Polgár and Maia Chiburdanidze as female grandmasters who have been ranked in the top 100 among all players.

As of 2023, all female grandmasters are alive, and the vast majority who obtained the title since 2000 are still active. China and Russia have had the most female grandmasters, and seven countries have had more than one. Nearly all female grandmasters are from Europe or Asia, and Irina Krush of the United States is the only one from another continent. Judit Polgár's record for the youngest female grandmaster was beaten in 2002 by Koneru Humpy and was lowered again in 2008 by Hou Yifan, who became a grandmaster at age 14. Beyond the players who hold the GM title, there are over 400 additional women who have achieved the separate Woman Grandmaster (WGM) title, which has different requirements.[A]

Background

Birth of the Grandmaster title

The International Chess Federation (FIDE) was established in 1924 as the governing body of competitive chess. At the time, the term "grandmaster" was already being informally used to describe the world's leading chess players since the players competing in the Championship section of the Ostend 1907 chess tournament were referred to as "grandmasters" in reference to them all having previously won international tournaments.[2] Separate from FIDE, the Soviet Union also designated their own grandmasters as early as 1927.[3] Informal use of the term continued until 1950 when FIDE officially awarded the Grandmaster (GM) title to 27 of the world's top past and present players who were still alive, none of whom were women.[4] Vera Menchik, who regularly competed against high-level male players and was the only Women's World Champion before that year, was not considered because she had already been killed in World War II.[5]

FIDE first established formal criteria for the Grandmaster title in 1953. These criteria included precursors to the modern-day concept of norms in that the requirements depended on a player's score in a few individual tournaments with a specified percentage of titled players.[6] FIDE modified these criteria to have GM norms (then called GM results) take into account a tournament's average rating of the competing players in 1970 when they first adopted an Elo rating system.[7] No earlier than 1977, FIDE added a requirement that players must achieve a FIDE rating of 2450, a threshold that was later increased to the modern-day requirement of 2500.[4][8] Modern GM norms that require a performance rating of 2600 are still based on a player's score, but instead depend on the average rating of the player's opponents rather than all of the players in the tournament.[9]

Earliest female grandmasters

Young Polgár sisters posing for picture outdoors
The Polgár sisters (pictured in 1988) all obtained GM norms before the age of 20. Susan (right) and Judit (center) both became grandmasters.

Beginning in the 1960s, Nona Gaprindashvili was the first woman since Menchik to be competitive against high-level male players. At the 1977 Lone Pine International after about 15 years as Women's World Champion, she became the first woman to achieve a GM norm. Gaprindashvili compiled a performance rating of 2647 and scored 6½/9 to finish in joint first with three others, including GMs Yuri Balashov and Oscar Panno. The following year, FIDE decided to directly award her the Grandmaster title because of that first norm and her other accomplishments, bypassing the typical requirement for players to have achieved two or three norms to earn the GM title.[B] Maia Chiburdanidze succeeded her compatriot Gaprindashvili as Women's World Champion in 1978 and became the second woman to obtain the Grandmaster title in 1984 through her three World Championship match wins.[15] Later on, she also became the first woman ranked in the top 100, peaking at No. 43 in 1988.[16][17]

Following these first two female grandmasters from Georgia, back then still a part of the Soviet Union, the Polgár sisters ended the Soviet Union's four-decades-long domination over women's chess as all three sisters helped lead Hungary to the gold medal at the 1988 Women's Chess Olympiad and Susan Polgar had already become the top-rated female chess player in 1984 at age 15.[18] Between 1988 and 1989, all three of Susan, Sofia, and Judit Polgár earned their first GM norms as teenagers in open tournaments in Royan, Rome, and Amsterdam respectively,[19][20][21] the middle of which drew widespread attention because of Sofia's very high performance rating of around 2900, well above the norm requirement.[22][23][24] Judit was also already ranked in the top 100 in 1989 at the age of 12,[16][25] and later peaked at No. 8 in the world in 2003.[26] In 1991, both Susan and Judit achieved the Grandmaster title. Susan was the third female grandmaster, and the first to earn the title with a complete set of GM norms based on performance rating and satisfying the rating requirement.[27] Judit achieved her final GM norm as part of her victory in the open Hungarian Championship to become the fourth female grandmaster. At the age of 15 years and 5 months, she also became the youngest grandmaster in history, breaking Bobby Fischer's previous record from 1958 of 15 years and 6 months.[28][29] She held the overall record for a little over two years.[30] Pia Cramling and Xie Jun soon followed in obtaining the Grandmaster title in the next few years, and were the last two to do so before 2000.[15][31] Xie was the first female grandmaster from outside Europe and the second grandmaster from China overall.[32][33]

21st century

Koneru accepting an award from the President of India
Koneru Humpy (right) broke Judit Polgár's record to become the youngest female grandmaster in 2002 and held the record until 2008.

After over six years without another woman achieving the Grandmaster title, the next century saw a much larger influx of new female grandmasters. Once Zhu Chen ended that stretch in 2001, the next two decades rarely saw gaps of more than a year without a new female grandmaster. Judit Polgár's record as the youngest female grandmaster lasted a little over a decade until it was broken by Koneru Humpy in 2002 at the age of 15 years and 1 month. Hou Yifan then became the youngest female grandmaster in 2008 at 14 years and 6 months.[28] Hou also reached the top 100 in 2014, peaking at No. 55 a year later.[34] At some point by 2003, FIDE changed their regulations and began awarding the Grandmaster title to players who win the Women's World Championship if they are not already grandmasters.[35] Since then, four players have obtained the Grandmaster title in this manner, most recently Tan Zhongyi in 2017.[36][37][38][39] The Kosintseva sisters Tatiana and Nadezhda as well as the Muzychuk sisters Anna and Mariya both joined Susan and Judit Polgár as pairs of sisters to both be awarded the Grandmaster title.[40] Irina Krush was the first player from outside Europe or Asia to be awarded the title in 2013.[40][41]

With the increase in number of female grandmasters, it has been possible to stage women-only round-robin tournaments featuring mostly grandmasters. These include some of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix events that have been held since 2009 and the Cairns Cup that began in 2019.[42][43] All but one of the ten players in the 2020 Cairns Cup were grandmasters.[44] When the Candidates tournament was revived in 2019 to decide the next World Championship challenger, all of the competitors were grandmasters rated above 2500.[45] While there has continued to be more female grandmasters, the rate of new women to achieve the title has thus far peaked a little before the 2010s.[46] As the overall number of grandmasters has increased from about 300 in 1990 to over 1700 by 2020, women still make up no more than a few percent of the total.[47][48]

Title requirements

Regulations (2022–present)

Muzychuk at chess board
Kosintseva writing down a move at chess board
Anna Muzychuk (left) required four norms to obtain the Grandmaster title because her first norm was achieved over seven games.[49] Tatiana Kosintseva (right) only needed two norms because a past rule counted her 11-game norm at the European championship as 20 games.[50]

The modern requirements as of 2022 to obtain the Grandmaster title are essentially to reach a minimum FIDE rating of 2500 and achieve three tournament GM norms, albeit there are exceptions.[9]

FIDE ranks players according to their official FIDE ratings published each month. These ratings are determined using an Elo rating system, which was first implemented in 1970. They depend only on the results of individual games at FIDE-rated tournaments. For a player who has previously been rated above 2400 playing against an opponent with an identical rating, a win is worth 5 rating points, a draw is worth 0 rating points, and a loss is worth -5 rating points. These values increase against higher-rated opponents and decrease against lower-rated opponents. Players can gain or lose no more than 10 rating points for a win or a loss respectively,[C] and can gain or lose no more than 5 rating points for a draw.[51] Although FIDE ratings are only published at the start of every month, the required rating for the Grandmaster title of 2500 can be achieved in the middle of a rating period or even the middle of a tournament.[9]

A norm is a performance at a title level at a FIDE-rated tournament. Players need to have a performance rating of at least 2600 to achieve a GM norm at a tournament. A player's performance rating depends on their score in the tournament and the average rating of their opponents.[D] The player's score is converted to a rating difference according to a published conversion table of values, and that rating difference is added to their opponents' average rating to compute their performance rating. For example, some of the scores a player may need to achieve a GM norm in a nine-round tournament are 7/9[E] against 2380-rated opponents, 6½/9 against 2434-rated opponents, or 4½/9 against 2600-rated opponents. Moreover, there are other requirements such as having one-third of a player's opponents be grandmasters. Although players generally need three GM norms, the exact requirement is for them to have 27 games between all of their norms. As a result, they may need one extra norm if their tournaments are shorter than the usual required length of at least nine games.[9]

A player can circumvent these requirements and achieve a norm or be awarded the title directly if they achieve certain results at specified tournaments. The regulation that has been most relevant to female players is that any winner of the Women's World Championship who is not already a grandmaster is directly awarded the Grandmaster title. Any runner-up receives a GM norm.[9][52]

Previous regulations

Winning the Women's World Championship did not always confer a direct award of the title. Around the time Maia Chiburdanidze was world champion, each World Championship match win only resulted in a norm and thus three match wins or other norms were needed to obtain the title. Around the time Xie Jun was world champion, only two World Championship match wins were required to obtain the title.[15] Beginning in 1993, the requirements changed to a direct award of the Grandmaster title simply for winning the championship.[53]

In the past, FIDE had counted norms at the Chess Olympiad and continental championships as "double norms" over 20 games. As a result, it was common for players to need only one additional norm plus the rating requirement if they earned a norm at the Women's Chess Olympiad or the European Individual Women's Chess Championship (EWCC). This regulation for the Olympiad began in 2005 and was discontinued in 2017.[9][54][55] The regulation for the continental championships was discontinued earlier in 2014.[56][57] Previously from 2003 to 2005, players could be directly awarded the Grandmaster title if they achieved just the performance rating of 2600 required for a typical GM norm, a feat known as a GM performance, over at least 12 games at a continental championship.[35][58]

Key

Header key
Header Explanation
Name Player's name
Federation Current national federation as of July 2023. Previous federations specified in notes.
Birth date Player's birth date
Age Player's current age
Award year Year FIDE awarded the player's GM title
Title date Month the last requirement for the GM title was completed. Direct awards indicated in notes. Unclear cases are italicized.
Title age Player's age at the time of the title date
Peak rating Highest published FIDE rating during a player's career as of July 2023, referenced by the player's FIDE profile
WWC First and last years a player was the Women's World Champion (WWC). Multiple reigns are specified in notes.
Title app Player's GM title application, linked from their initials. Links to norm specifics.
Refs Additional references if needed or complementary to the GM title application.

Grandmasters

Symbol key
° Active player (as of July 2023)
List of female chess grandmasters
Name Federation Birth date Age Award year Title date Title age Peak rating WWC Title app Refs
First Last
Nona Gaprindashvili°  Georgia[a] 3 May 1941 82 1978 November 1978[i] 37 2495 1962 1978 [13][59][60]
Maia Chiburdanidze  Georgia[b] 17 January 1961 63 1984 October 1984[F] 23 2560 1978 1991 [17][61]
Susan Polgar  Hungary[c] 19 April 1969 54 1991 January 1991 21 2577 1996 1999 [27][64][65]
Judit Polgár  Hungary 23 July 1976 47 1992 December 1991 15 2735 N/A [28][66]
Pia Cramling°  Sweden 23 April 1963 60 1992 February 1992 28 2550 N/A [31][67]
Xie Jun  China 30 October 1970 53 1994 December 1993[ii] 23 2574 1991 2001[α] [15][68]
Zhu Chen  Qatar[d] 16 March 1976 48 2001 November 2000 24 2548 2001 2004 [70][71][72]
Koneru Humpy°  India 31 March 1987 37 2002 May 2002 15 2623 N/A [28][73]
Antoaneta Stefanova°  Bulgaria 19 April 1979 44 2002 June 2002 23 2560 2004 2006 [74]
Alexandra Kosteniuk°   Switzerland[e] 23 April 1984 39 2004 April 2004[iii] 19 2561 2008 2010 AK [76]
Peng Zhaoqin°  Netherlands[f] 8 May 1968 55 2004 April 2004[iv] 35 2472 N/A [78]
Xu Yuhua  China 29 October 1976 47 2007 March 2006[v] 29 2517 2006 2008 [36]
Hoang Thanh Trang°  Hungary[g] 25 April 1980 43 2007 June 2006 26 2511 N/A HTT
Kateryna Lagno°  Russia[h] 27 December 1989 34 2007 August 2006 16 2563 N/A KL [28]
Zhao Xue°  China 6 April 1985 38 2008 July 2007 23 2579 N/A ZX
Marie Sebag°  France 15 October 1986 37 2008 May 2008 21 2537 N/A MS [80]
Monika Soćko°  Poland 24 March 1978 46 2008 May 2008 30 2505 N/A MS
Nana Dzagnidze°  Georgia 1 January 1987 37 2008 September 2008 21 2573 N/A ND
Hou Yifan°  China 27 February 1994 30 2008 September 2008 14 2686 2010 2017[β] HY [28]
Ketevan Arakhamia-Grant°  Scotland[i] 19 July 1968 55 2009 November 2008 40 2506 N/A KAG [83]
Tatiana Kosintseva  Russia 11 April 1986 37 2009 February 2009 22 2581 N/A TK
Natalia Zhukova°  Ukraine 5 June 1979 44 2010 March 2010 30 2499 N/A NZ
Viktorija Čmilytė  Lithuania 6 August 1983 40 2010 March 2010 26 2542 N/A VC
Elina Danielian°  Armenia[j] 16 August 1978 45 2010 August 2010 31 2521 N/A ED
Nadezhda Kosintseva  Russia 14 January 1985 39 2011 February 2011 26 2576 N/A NK [85]
Harika Dronavalli°  India 12 January 1991 33 2011 July 2011 20 2543 N/A HD [86]
Ju Wenjun°  China 31 January 1991 33 2014 October 2011 20 2604 2018 Pres. JW [87]
Anna Muzychuk°  Ukraine[k] 28 February 1990 34 2012 November 2011 21 2606 N/A AM
Anna Ushenina°  Ukraine 30 August 1985 38 2012 December 2012[vi] 27 2502 2012 2013 [37][89]
Valentina Gunina° FIDE[G] 4 February 1989 35 2013 January 2013 23 2548 N/A VG
Bella Khotenashvili°  Georgia 1 June 1988 35 2013 May 2013 24 2531 N/A BK [90][91]
Irina Krush°  United States 24 December 1983 40 2013 September 2013 29 2502 N/A IK [41]
Mariya Muzychuk°  Ukraine 21 September 1992 31 2015 April 2015[vii] 22 2563 2015 2016 [38][92]
Lei Tingjie°  China 3 March 1997 27 2017 December 2016 19 2554 N/A LT [28]
Tan Zhongyi°  China 29 May 1991 32 2017 March 2017[viii] 25 2530 2017 2018 [39]
Nino Batsiashvili°  Georgia 1 January 1987 37 2018 January 2018 31 2528 N/A NB [93]
Aleksandra Goryachkina° FIDE[G] 28 September 1998 25 2018 February 2018 19 2611 N/A AG [28]
Olga Girya°  Russia 4 June 1991 32 2021 March 2021 29 2505 N/A OG [94]
Zhansaya Abdumalik°  Kazakhstan 12 January 2000 24 2021 May 2021 21 2507 N/A ZA [95]
Elisabeth Pähtz°  Germany 8 January 1985 39 2022 November 2021 36 2513 N/A EP [96][97]
Zhu Jiner°  China 16 November 2002 21 2023 April 2023 20 2507 N/A ZJ [98]

Federation switches:

  1. ^ Gaprindashvili: Soviet Union → Georgia (1992);[59] awarded GM title with Soviet Union
  2. ^ Chiburdanidze: Soviet Union → Georgia (1992);[17] awarded GM title with Soviet Union
  3. ^ S. Polgar: Hungary → United States (2002),[62] United States → Hungary (2019)[63]
  4. ^ Zhu C: China → Qatar (2006);[69] awarded GM title with China
  5. ^ Kosteniuk: Russia → Switzerland (2023);[75] awarded GM title with Russia
  6. ^ Peng: China → Netherlands (1996)[77]
  7. ^ Hoang: Vietnam → Hungary (2006)[69]
  8. ^ Lagno: Ukraine → Russia (2014);[79] awarded GM title with Ukraine
  9. ^ Arakhamia-Grant: Soviet Union → Georgia (1992),[81] Georgia → Scotland (2008)[82]
  10. ^ Danielian: Soviet Union → Armenia (1992)[84]
  11. ^ A. Muzychuk: Ukraine → Slovenia (2004),[88] Slovenia → Ukraine (2014);[79] awarded GM title with Slovenia

Direct awards:

  1. ^ Gaprindashvili: FIDE decision
  2. ^ Xie: WWC winner
  3. ^ Kosteniuk: GM performance over 12 games at the EWCC
  4. ^ Peng: GM performance over 12 games at the EWCC
  5. ^ Xu: WWC winner
  6. ^ Ushenina: WWC winner
  7. ^ M. Muzychuk: WWC winner
  8. ^ Tan: WWC winner

Multiple reigns of the Women's World Championship:

  1. ^ Xie: 1991–1996, 1999–2001
  2. ^ Hou: 2010–2012, 2013–2015, 2016–2017

By year

Gaprindashvili staring at the board while playing chess
Photo of Zhu Jiner in 2022 wearing a patterned mask and a raincoat, holding a green item that could possibly be a water bottle.
Nona Gaprindashvili (left) was the first woman to achieve the GM title in November 1978; as of August 2023, Zhu Jiner (right) was the most recent in April 2023.

The following chart illustrates the total number of female grandmasters by year based on the date when each player achieved the GM title (the title date).


By title age

Hou Yifan staring while playing chess
Arakhamia-Grant staring while playing chess
Hou Yifan (left) was the youngest woman to become a GM at age 14; Ketevan Arakhamia-Grant (right) was the oldest at age 40. Both players earned the title in 2008.

The following chart illustrates the cumulative number of female grandmasters by age based on the date when each player achieved the GM title (the title date).


By country

Ju Wenjun staring while playing chess
Aleksandra Goryachkina staring while playing chess
As of August 2023, China and Russia have had the most female grandmasters in total. Chinese GM Ju Wenjun (left) defeated Russian GM Aleksandra Goryachkina (right) in the 2020 World Championship match.

The following table shows the number of active female grandmasters from each national federation, as well as the count of all female grandmasters according to their current federation, their federation at the time they were awarded the title, and the overall total.

Federation Active (Aug 2023) Current (Aug 2023) At award date Overall
 China 6 8 9 10
 Georgia 4 5 3 6
 Ukraine 4 4 4 5
 Russia 2 4 6 7
 India 2 2 2 2
FIDE[G] 2 2 0 N/A
 Hungary 1 3 3 3
 United States 1 1 1 2
 Armenia 1 1 1 1
 Bulgaria 1 1 1 1
 France 1 1 1 1
 Germany 1 1 1 1
 Kazakhstan 1 1 1 1
 Netherlands 1 1 1 1
 Poland 1 1 1 1
 Scotland 1 1 1 1
 Sweden 1 1 1 1
 Switzerland 1 1 0 1
 Lithuania 0 1 1 1
 Qatar 0 1 0 1
 Soviet Union 0 0 2 4
 Slovenia 0 0 1 1
 Vietnam 0 0 0 1
Total 32 41 41 –

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Elsewhere in this article, the term "grandmaster" only refers to players who have achieved the GM title, and not in particular to those who have achieved the WGM title. Most women with the GM title also have the WGM title.[1]
  2. ^ The previous year, FIDE had awarded the Grandmaster title to Rosendo Balinas even though he also only had one norm. The decision was made because he exceeded the required score in that norm and came within a ½ point of another norm at a different tournament.[10] Gaprindashvili's situation was similar in that she had also missed another norm by a ½ point.[11] The decision was also motivated by FIDE not wanting her to be affected by planned rule changes that would make it more difficult to complete the requirements in the future.[12][13] The exact requirement to obtain the GM title through norms at the time was for players to have 24 games between all the tournaments where they earned GM norms.[8] FIDE was planning to increase the number of required games to 30, as it had been before.[14]
  3. ^ This maximum value for the rating change of 10 is known as the K-factor or the development coefficient, and is typically stated as K=10. Lower-rated players have higher values of K=20 or K=40.[51]
  4. ^ A player's score is their number of points divided by their number of games. A win is worth 1 point, a draw is worth a ½ point, and a loss is worth 0 points.
  5. ^ 7 points in 9 games
  6. ^ It is unclear if Chiburdanidze was directly awarded the GM title as a three-time WWC winner or if she earned one norm for each title and had no other norms at the time.[15]
  7. ^ a b c Players without a national federation can play under the FIDE flag. Both such players as of 2023, Valentina Gunina and Aleksandra Goryachkina, previously played for Russia.

References

  1. ^ "Woman Grandmaster (WGM)". Chess.com. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  2. ^ Sunnucks 1970, p. 223.
  3. ^ Cafferty & Taimanov 1998, pp. 28–29.
  4. ^ a b Silver, Albert (26 June 2021). "'A GM is a GM'? – FIDE title devaluation". ChessBase. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  5. ^ Green, Nathaniel (22 February 2021). "The Top 5 Best Female Chess Players of All Time". Chess.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  6. ^ Harkness 1956, pp. 332–336.
  7. ^ Keene & Levy 1970, pp. 238–240.
  8. ^ a b O'Connell 1977, pp. 148–152.
  9. ^ a b c d e f "FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 January 2022". FIDE. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  10. ^ Ang, Bobby (27 April 2020). "Battle of GMs 1977". BusinessWorld. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
  11. ^ O'Connell 1977, p. 83.
  12. ^ "Interview: GM Nona Gaprindashvili". European Chess Academy. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  13. ^ a b Graham 1987, pp. 32–35.
  14. ^ Elo 1986, p. 59.
  15. ^ a b c d e Xie 1998, p. 133.
  16. ^ a b Cox, David (28 September 2019). "Hou Yifan Interview: 'Competing With Top Males Is Talent And Opportunity'". Chess.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
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  20. ^ Polgár 2012, pp. 376–377.
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  36. ^ a b "Xu Yuhua". Chess Federation of Russia. 29 October 2021. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  37. ^ a b "Anna Ushenina". Chess.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  38. ^ a b "Mariya Muzychuk". Chess.com. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  39. ^ a b Houska, Jovanka (4 March 2017). "And The Winner Is... Women's World Champion Tan Zhongyi". Chess.com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  40. ^ a b "List of players (Title: GM; Sex: F)". FIDE. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  41. ^ a b Klein, Mike (9 October 2013). "Irina Krush Earns GM Title". Chess.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
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