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((Short description|none))
The '''list of fires in Kyoto''' encompasses an essential aspect of urban life in the Japanese capital.
 
==History==
Although accidental fire were regular occurrences, some blazes were so devastating that they were afterwards identified as "great;" and these larger fires were more specifically identified by reference to the [[Japanese era name]] in which the blaze occurred; as in what came to be known as "the Great Hoei Fire"  of 1708.<ref>Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' p. 416,</ref>

==Great fires==

The [[Great Hoei fire]], so-called because it occurred during the [[Hoei]] era (1704–1711), broke out on April 28, 1708 (''Hōei 5, 8th day of the 3rd month'')<!-- Tübingen/Tsuchihashi, [http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/geschichte-japans/nengo_calc.htm  NengoCalc] 宝永三年三月八日 -->.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). ''Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869,'' p. 404; Titsingh, p. 416.</ref>

The [[Great Kyōhō fire]], so-called because it occurred during the [[Kyōhō]] era (1716–1736),<ref>Kyoto City Web (京都市情報館): [http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN021949.htm  "Chronology of Kyoto Culture" --1730].</ref>  is also identified by the name of the area of Kyoto in which the blaze began.  In identifying this disaster as the "Great Nishijin fire," an unusual focus is directed towards the cloth weavers clustered in one part of Kyoto.  On August 3, 1730 (''Kyōhō 15, 20th day of the 6th month'')<!-- NengoCalc 享保十五年六月二十日  -->, a fire broke out in Muromachi and 3,790 houses were burnt. Over 30,000 looms in Nishi-jin were destroyed. In response, the ''bakufu'' distributed rice.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, ''Kyoto Capital,'' pp. 320, 405.</ref>  The city of Kyoto was home to many cloth weavers, and the neighborhood in which this craft was centered was called Nishijin.  The great fire of 1730 broke out not far from the Imperial Palace in the Nishijin neighborhood; and for this reason it was called the Great Nishijin fire.<ref>Durston, Diane '' et al.'' (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=asRP_jgcwLsC&dq=nishijin+fire&pg=PA55  ''Old Kyoto: a guide to traditional shops, restaurants, and inns,'' p. 55.]</ref>

The [[Great Tenmei fire]], so-called because it occurred during the [[Tenmei]] era (1781–1789),<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, ''Kyoto Capital,'' p. 406.</ref> raged unchecked for several days. A fire in the city, which began at 3 o'clock in the morning of March 6, 1788 (''Tenmei 8, 29th day of the 1st month'')<!-- NengoCalc 天明八年一月二十九日 -->, continued to burn uncontrolled until March 8 (''Tenmei 8, 1st day of the 2nd month'')<!-- NengoCalc 天明八年二月一日 -->; and embers smoldered until they were extinguished by heavy rain on March 11 (''Tenmei 8, 4th day of the 2nd month'')<!-- NengoCalc 天明八年二月四日 -->.  The emperor and his court fled the fire, and the Imperial Palace was destroyed. No other re-construction was permitted until a new palace was completed, and shōgun [[Tokugawa Ienari]]'s [[Rōjū|senior councilor]], [[Matsudaira Sadanobu]], was put in charge of rebuilding the palace.<ref>((cite book |title=Le Japon à l'exposition universelle de 1878. Géographie et histoire du Japon |author= Japanese Imperial Commission |date=1878 |page=139 |lang=fr))</ref> This fire was considered a major event. The Dutch ''[[Dutch East India Company|VOC]]'' ''[[opperhoofd]]'' in [[Dejima]] noted in his official record book that "people are considering it to be a great and extraordinary heavenly portent."<ref>Screech, Timon. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BLzQA7cpr7wC&q=Secret+Memoirs+of+the+Shoguns:+Isaac+Titsingh+and+Japan,+1779-1822&pg=PA152  '' Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822,'' pp. 152]-154, 249-250</ref>

[[File:Hamaguri rebellion.jpg|thumb|right|180px|"Battle scene from the [[Kinmon_Incident|Hamaguri Gate Incident]] of 1864, Kyoto, Japan", an 1893 ukiyo-e print by Yūzan Mori, based on a drawing by Gorei Maekawa.]]
The [[Great Genji fire]], so-called because it occurred during the [[Genji (era)|Genji]] era (1864–1865),  began on August 20, 1864 ( ''[[Genji (era)|Genji]] 1, 19th day of the 7th month'')<!-- NengoCalc 元治一年七月十九日 -->,<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, ''Kyoto Capital,'' p. 409.</ref> as an unintended consequence of the [[Kinmon Incident]].<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1931). ''Kyoto; its History and Vicissitudes Since its Foundation in 792 to 1868,'' p. 241.</ref>

==Select list of municipal fires==
Fires other than the major ones are also identified by the Japanese era name or ''[[nengō]]'' in which the disaster developed.
((dynamic list))

* '''June 8, 976''' (''[[Ten'en]] 2, 11th day of the 5th month'')<!-- NengoCalc 天元二年五月十一日 -->: The Imperial Palace burned down; and the Sacred Mirror was blackened to such an extent that it reflected no light.<ref name="b300">Brown, Delmer ''et al.'' (1979). ''Gukanshō,'' p. 300.</ref>
* '''December 31, 980''' (''[[Tengen (era)|Tengen]] 3, 22nd day of the 11th month'')<!-- NengoCalc 天元三年十一月二十二日 -->: The Imperial Palace burned down; and the Sacred Mirror was half destroyed.<ref name="b300"/>
* '''December 5, 982''' (''Tengen 5, 17th day of the 11th month'')<!-- NEngoCalc 天元五年十一月十七日 -->: The Imperial Palace burned down; and the Sacred Mirror was reduced to a lump of melted metal which was collected and presented to the emperor.<ref name="b300"/>
* '''1148''' (''[[Kyūan]] 4, 6th month''): The imperial palace was consumed by flames.<ref>Titsingh, p. 187.</ref>
* '''May 27, 1177''' (''[[Jishō]] 1,  28th day of the 4th month'')<!-- NengoCalc 治承一年四月二十八日 -->: A great fire in the capital was spread by high winds; and the palace was reduced to cinders.<ref>Titsingh, p. 198.</ref> 
* '''1361''' (''[[Kōan (Muromachi period)|Kōan]] 1, 6th month''): Snowfall was unusually heavy; and there was also a disastrous fire in Kyoto as well as a violent earthquake.<ref>Titsingh, p. 305.</ref>
* '''April 2, 1620''' (''[[Genna]] 6, 30th day of the 2nd month'')<!-- NengoCalc 元和六年二月三十日 -->:  A severe fire in Kyoto.<ref name="t410">Titsingh, p. 410.</ref>
* '''April 6, 1620''' (''Genna 6, 4th day of the 3rd month'')<!-- NengoCalc 元和六年三月四日 -->: More fires in Kyoto.<ref name="t410"/>
* '''1673''' (''[[Enpō]] 1''): There was a major fire in Kyoto.  Residents of Kyoto and later historians of the period also called this the fire of the first year of ''Enpō.''<ref name="t414">Titsingh, p. 414.</ref>
* '''1675''' (''Enpō 3''): There was a significant fire in Kyoto. It was called the fire of the third year of ''Enpō.''<ref name="t414"/>

==Notes==
((Reflist|2))

==References==
((refbegin))
* Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [[Jien]], c. 1220], ''[[Gukanshō]]'' (''The Future and the Past, a translation and study of the Gukanshō, an interpretative history of Japan written in 1219''). Berkeley: [[University of California Press]]. ((ISBN|0-520-03460-0))
* [[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane]], Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1931). ''Kyoto: Its History and Vicissitudes Since its Foundation in 792 to 1868.'' Hong Kong: Rumford Press. ((OCLC|10264567))
* __________. (1956). ''Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869.'' Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. ((OCLC|182637732))
* __________. (1959). ''The Imperial House of Japan.'' Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. [http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/194887 OCLC 194887]
* [[Timon Screech|Screech]], Timon. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BLzQA7cpr7wC  ''Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822.''] London: [[RoutledgeCurzon]]. ((ISBN|978-0-7007-1720-0)) (cloth); ((ISBN|978-0-203-09985-8)) (electronic)
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh]], Isaac. (1834). ''Annales des empereurs du Japon.''  Paris: [[Royal Asiatic Society|Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland]]. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/251800045&referer=brief_results  OCLC 251800045]; see also '' Imprimerie Royale de France,'' ((OCLC|311322353))
((refend))

==See also==

* [[List of Edo's fires]]
* [[List of fires]]


((DEFAULTSORT:Fires in Kyoto))
[[Category:Fires in Japan|*Kyoto]]
[[Category:Disasters in Kyoto]]
[[Category:Japan history-related lists|Fires, Kyoto]]
[[Category:Edo period]]
[[Category:Lists of fires|Kyoto]]

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