This is a list of fossil primates—extinct primates for which a fossil record exists. Primates are generally thought to have evolved from a small, unspecialized mammal, which probably fed on insects and fruits. However, the precise source of the primates remains controversial and even their arboreal origin has recently been questioned.[1] As it has been suggested, many other mammal orders are arboreal too, but they have not developed the same characteristics as primates. Nowadays, some well known genera, such as Purgatorius and Plesiadapis, thought to be the most ancient primates for a long time, are not usually considered as such by recent authors, who tend to include them in the new order Plesiadapiformes, within superorder Euarchontoglires.[2] Some, to avoid confusions, employ the unranked term Euprimates, which excludes Plesiadapiformes.[3] That denomination is not used here.

There is an academic debate on the time the first primates appeared. One of the earliest probable primate fossils is the problematic Altiatlasius koulchii, perhaps an Omomyid, but perhaps a non-Primate Plesiadapiform, which lived in Morocco, during the Paleocene, around 60 Ma.[1] However, other studies, including molecular clock studies, have estimated the origin of the primate branch to have been in the mid-Cretaceous period, around 85 Ma, that is to say, in the time previous to the extinction of dinosaurs and the successful mammal radiation.[4][5][6] Nevertheless, there seems to be a consensus about the monophyletic origin of the order, although the evidence is not clear.[7]

The order Primates, established by Linnaeus in 1758, includes humans and their immediate ancestors. However, contrarily to the common opinion, most primates do not have especially large brains. Brain size is a derived character, which only appeared with genus Homo, and was lacking in the first hominid. In fact, hominid encephalization quotient is only 1.5 Ma more recent than that of some dolphin species. The encephalization quotient of some cetaceans is therefore higher than that of most primates, including the nearest relatives of humans, such as Australopithecus.[8]

This list follows partly from Walter Carl Hartwig's 2002 book The Fossil Primate Record[9] and John G. Fleagle's 2013 book Primate Adaptation and Evolution (3rd edition).[10] Parentheses around authors' names (and dates) indicates a change in generic name for the fossil, as stated in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN).[11] Since the publication of the book as well as the creation of this article, new fossil taxon have been discovered that has helped improved the taxonomy among primates in general.

Strepsirrhini

Infraorder Adapiformes

Adapiformes, incertae sedis

  • Sulaimanius arifi (Gunnell et al., 2008)

Adapoidea

Smilodectes
Darwinius

Infraorder Chiromyiformes

  • Plesiopithecus teras Simons, 1992
  • Propotto leakeyi Simpson, 1967

Infraorder Lemuriformes

Basal stem group Lemuriformes

  • Algeripithecus minutus Godinot & Mahboubi, 1992
  • Azibius trerki Sudre, 1975
  • unnamed ('Anchomomys')
  • Djebelemur martinezi Hartenberger & Marandat, 1992
  • Namaia bogenfelsi Pickford et al., 2008
  • Omanodon minor Gheerbrant et al., 1993
  • Shizarodon dhofarensis Gheerbrant et al., 1993
  • Plesiopithecus teras Simons, 1992

Lemuroidea

Subfossil lemurs:

Babakotia radofilai
  • Archaeolemur edwardsi Filhol, 1895
  • Archaeolemur majori Filhol, 1895
  • Hadropithecus stenognathus Lorenz von Liburnau, 1899
  • Mesopropithecus dolichobrachion Simons et al., 1995
  • Mesopropithecus globiceps Lamberton, 1936
  • Mesopropithecus pithecoides Standing, 1905
  • Babakotia radofilai Godfrey et al., 1990
  • Palaeopropithecus ingens G. Grandidier, 1899
  • Palaeopropithecus kelyus Gommery et al., 2010
  • Palaeopropithecus maximus Standing, 1903
  • Archaeoindris fontoynontii Standing, 1909
  • Subgenus: Megaladapis
  • Megaladapis (Megaladapis) grandidieri Standing, 1903
  • Megaladapis (Megaladapis) madagascariensis Forsyth-Major, 1894
  • Subgenus: Peloriadapis
  • Megaladapis (Peloriadapis) edwardsi Grandidier, 1899
  • Pachylemur insignis Filhol, 1895
  • Pachylemur jullyi Lamberton, 1948

Lorisiformes

  • Karanisia clarki Seiffert et al., 2003
  • Mioeuoticus bishopi Leakey, 1962
  • Mioeuoticus kichotoi Kunimatsu, Tsujikawa, Nakatsukasa, Shimizu, Ogihara, Kikuchi, Nakano, Takano, Morimoto, and Ishida, 2017[19]
  • Mioeuoticus shipmani Phillips & Walker, 2000
  • Nycticeboides Jacobs, 1981
  • Nycticeboides simpsoni Jacobs, 1981
  • Galago farafraensis Pickford, Wanas & Soliman, 2006
  • Galago howelli Wesselman, 1984
  • Galago sadimanensis Walker, 1987
  • Komba minor Le Gros Clark & Thomas, 1952
  • Komba robustus Le Gros Clark & Thomas, 1952
  • Komba winamensis McCrossin, 1992
  • Progalago MacInnes, 1943
  • Progalago dorae MacInnes, 1943
  • Progalago songhorensis Simpson, 1967
  • Saharagalago Seiffert et al., 2003
  • Saharagalago misrensis Seiffert et al., 2003
  • Wadilemur Simons, 1997
  • Wadilemur elegans Simons, 1997[17]

Haplorhini

  • Teilhardina asiatica Ni et al., 2004
  • Teilhardina belgica (Teilhard de Chardin, 1927)

Tarsiiformes

Tarsiiformes, incertae sedis

  • Altanius orlovi Dashzeveg & McKenna, 1977
  • Altiatlasius koulchii Sigé et al., 1990

Archicebidae

An artist's reconstruction of Archicebus achilles.
  • Archicebus achilles Ni et al., 2013[20]

Omomyoidea

  • Baataromomys Ni, Beard, Meng, Wang, and Gebo, 2007
  • Baataromomys ulaanus Ni, Beard, Meng, Wang, and Gebo, 2007
  • Kohatius Russell & Gingerich, 1980
  • Kohatius coppensi Russell & Gingerich, 1980
  • Microchoerinae Lydekker, 1887
  • Melaneremia Hooker, 2007
  • Melaneremia bryanti Hooker, 2007
  • Microchoerus Wood, 1846
  • Microchoerus creechbarrowensis Hooker, 1986
  • Microchoerus edwardsi Filhol, 1880
  • Microchoerus erinaceus Wood, 1846
  • Microchoerus hookeri Minwer-Barakat, Marigó, Femenias-Gual, Costeur, Esteban-Trivigno, and Moyà-Solà, 2017
  • Microchoerus ornatus Stehlin, 1916
  • Microchoerus wardi Hooker, 1986
  • Necrolemur anadoni Minwer-Barakat, Marigó & Moyà-Solà, 2015
  • Necrolemur antiquus Filhol, 1873
  • Necrolemur zitteli Schlosser, 1887
  • Nannopithex Stehlin, 1916
  • Nannopithex filholi Chantre & Gaillard, 1897
  • Nannopithex humilidens Thalmann, 1994
  • Nannopithex quaylei Hooker, 1986
  • Nannopithex raabi Heller, 1930
  • Nannopithex zuccolae Godinot et al., 1992
  • Pseudoloris Stehlin, 1916
  • Pseudoloris crusafonti Louis & Sudre, 1975
  • Pseudoloris godinoti Köhler & Moyà-Solà, 1999
  • Pseudoloris isabenae Crusafont-Pairo, 1967
  • Pseudoloris parvulus Filhol, 1890
  • Tribe: Anaptomorphini
  • Anaptomorphus Cope, 1872
  • Anaptomorphus aemulus Cope, 1872
  • Anaptomorphus westi Szalay, 1976
  • Tetonius Matthew, 1915
  • Tetonius homunculus Cope, 1882
  • Tetonius matthewi Bown & Rose, 1987
  • Tetonius mckennai Bown & Rose, 1987
  • Absarokius Matthew, 1915
  • Absarokius abbotti Loomis, 1906
  • Absarokius australis Bown & Rose, 1987
  • Absarokius nocerai Robinson, 1966
  • Absarokius metoecus Bown & Rose, 1987
  • Absarokius witteri Morris, 1954
  • Teilhardina brandti Gingerich, 1993
  • "Teilhardina" demissa Rose, 1995
  • "Teilhardina" gingerichi Rose, Chew, Dunn, Kraus, Fricke, and Zack, 2012
  • "Teilhardina" tenuicula Jepsen, 1930
  • Bownomomys americanus (Bown, 1976)
  • Bownomomys crassidens )Bown & Rose, 1987)
  • Anemorhysis Gazin, 1958
  • Anemorhysis natronensis Beard et al., 1992
  • Anemorhysis pattersoni Bown & Rose, 1984
  • Anemorhysis pearcei Gazin, 1962
  • Anemorhysis savagei Williams & Covert, 1994
  • Anemorhysis sublettensis Gazin, 1952
  • Anemorhysis wortmani Bown & Rose, 1984
  • Chlororhysis Gazin, 1958
  • Chlororhysis incomptus Bown & Rose, 1984
  • Chlororhysis knightensis Gazin, 1958
  • Pseudotetonius Bown, 1974
  • Pseudotetonius ambiguus Bown, 1974
  • Arapahovius Savage & Waters, 1978
  • Arapahovius advena Bown & Rose, 1991
  • Arapahovius gazini Savage & Waters, 1978
  • Aycrossia Bown, 1979
  • Aycrossia lovei Bown, 1979
  • Strigorhysis Bown, 1979
  • Strigorhysis bridgerensis Bown, 1979
  • Strigorhysis huerfanensis Bown & Rose, 1987
  • Strigorhysis rugosus Bown, 1979
  • Gazinius Bown, 1979
  • Gazinius amplus Bown, 1979
  • Gazinius bowni Gunnell, 1995
  • Tatmanius Bown & Rose, 1991
  • Tatmanius szalayi Bown & Rose, 1991
  • Tribe: Trogolemurini
  • Trogolemur Matthew, 1909
  • Trogolemur amplior Beard et al., 1992
  • Trogolemur fragilis Beard et al., 1992
  • Trogolemur myodes Matthew, 1909
  • Sphacorhysis Gunnell, 1995
  • Sphacorhysis burntforkensis Gunnell, 1995
  • Walshina López-Torres, Silcox, and Holroyd, 2018[22]
  • Walshina esmaraldensis López-Torres, Silcox, and Holroyd, 2018
  • Walshina mcgrewi (Robinson, 1968)
  • Walshina shifrae (Krishtalka, 1978)
  • Omomyinae Trouessart, 1879
  • Brontomomys Atwater and Kirk, 2018[23]
  • Brontomomys cerutti Atwater and Kirk, 2018
  • Diablomomys Williams and Kirk, 2008
  • Diablomomys dalquesti Williams and Kirk, 2008
  • Ekwiiyemakius Atwater and Kirk, 2018
  • Ekwiiyemakius walshi Atwater and Kirk, 2018
  • Gunnelltarsius Atwater and Kirk, 2018
  • Gunnelltarsius randalli Atwater and Kirk, 2018
  • Tribe: Omomyiini
  • Omomys Leidy, 1869
  • Omomys carteri Leidy, 1869
  • Omomys lloydi Gazin, 1958
  • Steinius Bown & Rose, 1984
  • Steinius annectens Bown & Rose, 1991
  • Steinius vespertinus Matthew, 1915
  • Chumashius Stock, 1933
  • Chumashius balchi Stock, 1933
  • Tribe: Washakiini
  • Washakius Leidy, 1873
  • Washakius insignis Leidy, 1873
  • Washakius izetti Honey, 1990
  • Washakius laurae Simpson, 1959
  • Washakius woodringi Stock, 1938
  • Shoshonius bowni Honey, 1990
  • Shoshonius cooperi Granger, 1910
  • Dyseolemur Stock, 1934
  • Dyseolemur pacificus Stock, 1934
  • Loveina Simpson, 1940
  • Loveina minuta Loomis, 1906
  • Loveina wapitiensis Gunnell et al., 1992
  • Loveina zephyri Simpson, 1940
  • Tribe: Utahiini
  • Utahia Gazin, 1958
  • Utahia carina Muldoon and Gunnell, 2002
  • Utahia kayi Gazin, 1958
  • Stockia Gazin, 1958
  • Stockia powayensis Gazin, 1958
  • Chipetaia lamporea Rasmussen, 1996
  • Asiomomys Wang & Li, 1990
  • Asiomomys changbaicus Wang & Li, 1990
  • Tribe: Ourayiini
  • Wyomomys Gunnell, 1995
  • Wyomomys bridgeri Gunnell, 1995
  • Ageitodendron Gunnell, 1995
  • Ageitodendron matthewi Gunnell, 1995
  • Ourayia Gazin, 1958
  • Ourayia hopsoni Robinson, 1968
  • Ourayia uintensis Osborn, 1895
  • Tribe: Macrotarsiini
  • Macrotarsius Clark, 1941
  • Macrotarsius jepseni Robinson, 1968
  • Macrotarsius macrorhysis Beard et al., 1994
  • Macrotarsius montanus Clark, 1941
  • Macrotarsius roederi Kelly, 1990
  • Macrotarsius siegerti Robinson, 1968
  • Hemiacodon Marsh, 1872
  • Hemiacodon casamissus Beard et al., 1992
  • Hemiacodon gracilis Marsh, 1872
  • Yaquius Mason, 1990
  • Yaquius travisi Mason, 1990
  • Tribe: Uintaniini
  • Uintanius Matthew, 1915
  • Uintanius ameghini Wortman, 1904
  • Uintanius rutherfurdi Robinson, 1966
  • Jemezius Beard, 1987
  • Jemezius szalayi Beard, 1987
  • Rooneyia viejaensis Wilson, 1966
  • Hesperotarsius Zijlstra, Flynn, and Wessels, 2013[24]
  • Hesperotarsius sindhensis Zijlstra, Flynn, and Wessels, 2013
  • Hesperotarsius thailandicus (Ginsburg & Mein, 1987)
  • Oligotarsius Ni et al., 2016
  • Oligotarsius rarus Ni et al., 2016
  • "Tarsius" eocaenus Beard et al., 1994
  • "Tarsius" sirindhornae Chaimanee et al., 2011[25]
  • Xanthorhysis Beard, 1998
  • Xanthorhysis tabrumi Beard, 1998

Eosimiiformes

Afrotarsiidae

  • Afrasia djijidae Chaimanee et al. 2012
  • Afrotarsius chatrathi Simons & Bown, 1985
  • Afrotarsius libycus Jaeger et al., 2010

Eosimiidae

  • Eosimias centennicus Beard et al., 1996
  • Eosimias sinensis Beard et al., 1994
  • Bahinia Jaeger et al., 1999
  • Bahinia banyueae Li et al., 2016
  • Bahinia pondaungensis Jaeger et al., 1999
  • Phileosimias Marivaux, Antoine, Baqri, Benammi, and Chaimanee, 2005
  • Phileosimias brahuiorum Marivaux, Antoine, Baqri, Benammi, and Chaimanee, 2005
  • Phileosimias kamali Marivaux, Antoine, Baqri, Benammi, and Chaimanee, 2005
  • Phenacopithecus Beard and Wang, 2004
  • Phenacopithecus krishtalkai Beard and Wang, 2004
  • Phenacopithecus xueshii Beard and Wang, 2004

Simiiformes

Simiiformes, incertae sedis

  • Pondaungia Pilgrim, 1927
  • Pondaungia cotteri Pilgrim, 1927
  • Amphipithecus mogaungensis Colbert, 1937
  • Krabia Chaimanee et al., 2013
  • Krabia minuta Chaimanee et al., 2013
  • Siamopithecus Chaimanee et al., 1997
  • Siamopithecus eocaenus Chaimanee et al., 1997
  • Proteopithecus Simons, 1989
  • Proteopithecus sylviae Simons, 1989
  • Serapia Simons, 1992
  • Serapia eocaena Simons, 1992
  • Arsinoea kallimos Simons, 1992
  • Apidium bowni Simons, 1995
  • Apidium moustafai Simons, 1962
  • Apidium phiomense Osborn, 1908
  • Parapithecus fraasi Schlosser, 1910
  • Parapithecus grangeri Simons, 1974
  • Qatrania fleaglei Simons & Kay, 1988
  • Qatrania wingi Simons & kay, 1983
  • Biretia piveteaui Bonis et al., 1988
  • Biretia fayumensis Seiffert et al., 2005
  • Biretia megalopsis Seiffert et al., 2005

Platyrrhini

Catarrhini

Catarrhini, incertae sedis
  • Limnopithecus Hopwood, 1933
  • Limnopithecus evansi MacInnes, 1943
  • Limnopithecus legetet Hopwood, 1933
  • Kalepithecus Harrison, 1988
  • Kalepithecus songhorensis Andrews, 1978
  • Kalepithecus kogolensis Pickford et al., 2017
  • Kamoyapithecus hamiltoni Madden, 1980
  • Kogolepithecus Pickford et al., 2003
  • Kogolepithecus morotoensis Pickford et al., 2003
Propliothecoidea
  • Catopithecus browni Simons, 1989
  • Oligopithecus rogeri Gheerbrant et al., 1995
  • Oligopithecus savagei Simons, 1962
  • Talahpithecus Jaeger et al., 2010
  • Talahpithecus parvus Jaeger et al., 2010
  • Moeripithecus markgrafi Schlosser, 1910
  • Propliopithecus ankeli Simons et al., 1987
  • Propliopithecus chirobates Simons, 1965
  • Propliopithecus haeckeli Schlosser, 1910
  • Aegyptopithecus zeuxis Simons, 1965
Pliopithecoidea
  • Paidopithex Pohlig, 1895
  • Paidopithex rhenanus Pohlig, 1895
Dendropithecoidea
  • Dendropithecus macinnesi Le Gros Clark & Leakey, 1950
  • Dendropithecus ugandensis Pickford et al., 2010
  • Micropithecus clarki Fleagle & Simons, 1978
  • Micropithecus leakeyorum Harrison, 1989
  • Simiolus andrewsi Harrison, 2010
  • Simiolus cheptumoae Pickford & Kunimatsu, 2005
  • Simiolus enjiessi Leakey & Leakey, 1987
  • Simiolus minutus Rossie & Hill, 2018[26][27]
Saadanioidea
Cercopithecoidea
  • Prohylobates Fourtau, 1918
  • Prohylobates tandyi Fourtau, 1918
  • Prohylobates simonsi Delson, 1979
Hominoidea
Proconsul
  • Proconsul africanus Hopwood, 1933
  • Proconsul gitongai (Pickford and Kunimatsu, 2005)
  • Proconsul major Le Gros Clark & Leakey, 1950
  • Proconsul meswae Harrison and Andrews, 2009
  • Mabokopithecus clarki von Koenigswald, 1969
  • Rukwapithecus fleaglei Stevens et al., 2013
  • Turkanapithecus Leakey & Leakey, 1986
  • Turkanapithecus kalakolensis Leakey & Leakey, 1986
Homo habilis

See also

Notes

References

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  2. ^ Covert, H. H. (2002). "The earliest fossil Primates and the evolution of Prosimians: Introduction". In Hartwig, W. C. (ed.). The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–20. Bibcode:2002prfr.book.....H.
  3. ^ McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9.
  4. ^ Lee, M. (September 1999). "Molecular Clock Calibrations and Metazoan Divergence Dates". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 49 (3): 385–391. Bibcode:1999JMolE..49..385L. doi:10.1007/PL00006562. PMID 10473780. S2CID 1629316.
  5. ^ Field Museum. "Scientists Push Back Primate Origins From 65 Million To 85 Million Years Ago". Science Daily. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
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  7. ^ Dawkins, R. (2005). The Ancestor's Tale. A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution. Boston, New York: Mariner Books. pp. 160–168.
  8. ^ Conway Morris, S. (2003). Life's Solution. Inevitable Humans in a Lonely Universe. Cambridge: University of Cambridge. pp. 245–247.
  9. ^ Hartwig, C. (2002). The Fossil Primate Record. Cambridge University Press.
  10. ^ Fleagle, J.G. (2013). Primate Adaptation and Evolution (3rd ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-123-78633-3. OCLC 820107187.
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  15. ^ Gunnell, Gregg F.; Boyer, Doug M.; Friscia, Anthony R.; Heritage, Steven; Kyalo Manthi, Fredrick; Miller, Ellen R.; Sallam, Hesham M.; Simmons, Nancy B.; Stevens, Nancy J.; Seiffert, Erik R. (2018). "Fossil lemurs from Egypt and Kenya suggest an African origin for Madagascar's aye-aye". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3193. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3193G. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05648-w. PMC 6104046. PMID 30131571.
  16. ^ Tabuce, R.; Marivaux, L.; Lebrun, R.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Fabre, P. -H.; Fara, E.; Gomes Rodrigues, H.; Hautier, L.; Jaeger, J. -J.; Lazzari, V.; Mebrouk, F.; Peigne, S.; Sudre, J.; Tafforeau, P.; Valentin, X.; Mahboubi, M. (2009). "Anthropoid versus strepsirhine status of the African Eocene primates Algeripithecus and Azibius: Craniodental evidence". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1676): 4087–4094. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1339. PMC 2821352. PMID 19740889.
  17. ^ a b Godinot, M. (2010). "Chapter 19: Paleogene Prosimians". In Werdelin, L.; Sanders, W.J (eds.). Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press. p. 327. ISBN 978-0-520-25721-4.
  18. ^ Godinot, M. (2006). "Lemuriform origins as viewed from the fossil record". Folia Primatologica. 77 (6): 446–464. doi:10.1159/000095391. PMID 17053330. S2CID 24163044.
  19. ^ Kunimatsu, Yutaka; Tsujikawa, Hiroshi; Nakatsukasa, Masato; Shimizu, Daisuke; Ogihara, Naomichi; Kikuchi, Yasuhiro; Nakano, Yoshihiko; Takano, Tomo; Morimoto, Naoki; Ishida, Hidemi (2017). "A new species of Mioeuoticus (Lorisiformes, Primates) from the early Middle Miocene of Kenya". Anthropological Science. 125 (2): 59–65. doi:10.1537/ase.170322.
  20. ^ Ni, X.; Gebo, D. L.; Dagosto, M.; Meng, J.; Tafforeau, P.; Flynn, J. J.; Beard, K. C. (2013). "The oldest known primate skeleton and early haplorhine evolution". Nature. 498 (7452): 60–64. Bibcode:2013Natur.498...60N. doi:10.1038/nature12200. PMID 23739424. S2CID 4321956.
  21. ^ Morse, Paul E.; Chester, Stephen G.B.; Boyer, Doug M.; Smith, Thierry; Smith, Richard; Gigase, Paul; Bloch, Jonathan I. (2018). "New fossils, systematics, and biogeography of the oldest known crown primate Teilhardina from the earliest Eocene of Asia, Europe, and North America". Journal of Human Evolution. 128: 103–131. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.08.005. PMID 30497682. S2CID 54167483.
  22. ^ López-Torres, Sergi; Silcox, Mary T.; Holroyd, Patricia A. (2018). "New omomyoids (Euprimates, Mammalia) from the late Uintan of southern California, USA, and the question of the extinction of the Paromomyidae (Plesiadapiformes, Primates)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 21 (3). doi:10.26879/756.
  23. ^ Atwater, Amy L.; Kirk, E. Christopher (2018). "New middle Eocene omomyines (Primates, Haplorhini) from San Diego County, California". Journal of Human Evolution. 124: 7–24. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.04.010. PMID 30149995.
  24. ^ Zijlstra, Jelle S.; Flynn, Lawrence J.; Wessels, Wilma (2013). "The westernmost tarsier: A new genus and species from the Miocene of Pakistan". Journal of Human Evolution. 65 (5): 544–550. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.06.015. PMID 23928350.
  25. ^ Chaimanee, Y.; Lebrun, R.; Yamee, C.; Jaeger, J.-J. (2011). "A new Middle Miocene tarsier from Thailand and the reconstruction of its orbital morphology using a geometric– morphometric method". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 278 (1714): 1956–1963. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2062. PMC 3107645. PMID 21123264.
  26. ^ James B. Rossie; Andrew Hill (2018). "A new species of Simiolus from the middle Miocene of the Tugen Hills, Kenya". Journal of Human Evolution. 125: 50–58. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.09.002. PMID 30502897. S2CID 54625375.
  27. ^ St. Fleur, Nicholas (5 November 2018). "Tiniest Ape Ever Discovered Hints at the Rise of the Monkeys - The newly identified extinct primate weighed slightly less than an average house cat". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 November 2018.

Literature cited

Further reading

External links

Lists of mammal species
Categories