Governor of Alabama
Seal of the governor
Standard of the governor
Incumbent
Kay Ivey
since April 10, 2017
Government of Alabama
Style
Status
ResidenceAlabama Governor's Mansion
Term lengthFour years, renewable once consecutively
PrecursorGovernor of Alabama Territory
Inaugural holderWilliam Wyatt Bibb
FormationDecember 14, 1819
(204 years ago) (1819-12-14)
DeputyLieutenant Governor of Alabama
Salary$127,833 (2022)[1]
Websitegovernor.alabama.gov

The governor of Alabama is the head of government of the U.S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the executive branch of Alabama's state government and is charged with enforcing state laws.

There have officially been 54 governors of the state of Alabama; this official numbering skips acting and military governors.[2] The first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the total number of people serving as governor to 59, spread over 63 distinct terms. Four governors have served multiple non-consecutive terms: Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom, and Fob James each served two, and George Wallace served three non-consecutive periods. Officially, these non-consecutive terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity.

The longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served 16 years over four terms. The shortest term for a non-acting governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four and a half months after replacing the resigning Clement Comer Clay. Lurleen Wallace, the first wife of George Wallace, was the first woman to serve as governor of Alabama, and the third woman to serve as governor of any state. The current governor is Republican Kay Ivey, who took office on April 10, 2017 following Robert J. Bentley's resignation amidst a corruption scandal. She is the second female governor of Alabama.

List of governors

Territory of Alabama

Alabama Territory was formed on March 3, 1817, from Mississippi Territory.[3] It had only one governor appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state; he became the first state governor.

Governor of the Territory of Alabama
No. Governor Term in office Appointed by
1 William Wyatt Bibb
(1781–1820)
[4][5][6][7] 		September 25, 1817[a]
–
November 9, 1819
(elected state governor) 		James Monroe

State of Alabama

Seal for use by the governor-elect
Governor's flag before 1939

Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14, 1819.[13] It seceded from the Union on January 11, 1861,[14] and was a founding member of the Confederate States of America on February 4, 1861.[15] Following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14, 1868.[16]

The first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than 4 out of every 6 years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years. The current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. An amendment in 1968 allowed governors to succeed themselves once; a governor serving two consecutive terms can run again after waiting out the next term.[17] The constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governor's term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. However, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled in 1911 that a governor's term ends at midnight at the end of Monday, and the next governor's term begins the next day, regardless of if they were sworn in on Monday.[17][18]

The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, and recreated in 1901. According to the current constitution, should the governor be out of the state for more than 20 days, the lieutenant governor becomes acting governor, and if the office of governor becomes vacant the lieutenant governor ascends to the governorship.[19]

Alabama was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic-Republican and Democratic parties. It had two Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control, 112 years passed before voters chose another Republican.

Governors of the State of Alabama
No. Governor Term in office Party Election Lt. Governor[b][c][20]
1   William Wyatt Bibb
(1781–1820)
[4][5][6][7] 		November 9, 1819[21]
–
July 10, 1820
(died in office) 		Democratic-
Republican[22] 		1819 Office did not exist
2 Thomas Bibb
(1783–1839)
[23][24][25] 		July 10, 1820[d]
–
November 9, 1821
(did not run)[25] 		Democratic-
Republican[28] 		Succeeded from
president of
the Senate
3 Israel Pickens
(1780–1827)
[29][30][31] 		November 9, 1821[32]
–
November 25, 1825
(term-limited)[e] 		Democratic-
Republican[22] 		1821
1823
4 John Murphy
(d. 1841)
[34][35][36] 		November 25, 1825[37]
–
November 21, 1829
(term-limited)[e] 		Jackson
Democrat[38] 		1825
1827
5 Gabriel Moore
(1785–1844)
[39][40][41] 		November 21, 1829[42]
–
March 3, 1831
(resigned)[f] 		Jackson
Democrat[38] 		1829
6 Samuel B. Moore
(1789–1846)
[43][44][45] 		March 3, 1831[46]
–
November 26, 1831
(lost election) 		Jackson
Democrat[28] 		Succeeded from
president of
the Senate
7 John Gayle
(1792–1859)
[47][48][49] 		November 26, 1831[50]
–
November 21, 1835
(term-limited)[e] 		Jackson
Democrat[51] 		1831
Democratic[51] 1833
8 Clement Comer Clay
(1789–1866)
[52][53][54] 		November 21, 1835[55]
–
July 17, 1837[g]
(resigned)[h] 		Democratic[51] 1835
9 Hugh McVay
(1766–1851)
[58][59][60] 		July 17, 1837[g]
–
November 21, 1837
(successor took office) 		Democratic[28] Succeeded from
president of
the Senate
10 Arthur P. Bagby
(1794–1858)
[61][62][63] 		November 21, 1837[64]
–
November 22, 1841
(term-limited)[e] 		Democratic[65] 1837
1839
11 Benjamin Fitzpatrick
(1802–1869)
[66][67][68] 		November 22, 1841[69]
–
December 9, 1845
(term-limited)[e] 		Democratic[70] 1841
1843
12 Joshua L. Martin
(1799–1856)
[71][72][73] 		December 9, 1845[74]
–
December 16, 1847
(did not run)[i] 		Independent[j] 1845
13 Reuben Chapman
(1799–1882)
[77][78][79] 		December 16, 1847[80]
–
December 17, 1849
(lost nomination)[81] 		Democratic[76] 1847
14 Henry W. Collier
(1801–1855)
[82][83][84] 		December 17, 1849[85]
–
December 20, 1853
(term-limited)[e] 		Democratic[86] 1849
1851
15 John A. Winston
(1812–1871)
[87][88][89] 		December 20, 1853[90]
–
December 1, 1857
(term-limited)[e] 		Democratic[91] 1853
1855
16 Andrew B. Moore
(1807–1873)
[92][93][94] 		December 1, 1857[95]
–
December 2, 1861
(term-limited)[e] 		Democratic[96] 1857
1859
17 John Gill Shorter
(1818–1872)
[97][98][99] 		December 2, 1861[100]
–
December 1, 1863
(lost election)[99] 		Democratic[28] 1861
18 Thomas H. Watts
(1819–1892)
[101][102][103] 		December 1, 1863[104]
–
May 3, 1865[k]
(arrested and removed)[l] 		Whig[28] 1863
— Vacant May 3, 1865[k]
–
June 21, 1865 		Office vacated
after civil war
19 Lewis E. Parsons
(1817–1895)
[107][108][109] 		June 21, 1865[110]
–
December 13, 1865
(successor took office) 		Provisional governor
appointed by President[28]
20 Robert M. Patton
(1809–1885)
[111][112][113] 		December 13, 1865[114]
–
July 13, 1868[m]
(did not run) 		Nonpartisan[n] 1865
— Wager Swayne
(1834–1902)
[122] 		March 2, 1867[o]
–
January 11, 1868
(removed)[p] 		Military occupation[q]
21 William Hugh Smith
(1826–1899)
[118][123][124] 		July 13, 1868[m]
–
November 26, 1870[r]
(lost election) 		Republican[28] 1868   Andrew J. Applegate
(died August 21, 1870)
Vacant
22 Robert B. Lindsay
(1824–1902)
[126][127][128] 		November 26, 1870[129]
–
November 25, 1872
(did not run)[128] 		Democratic[28] 1870[r] Edward H. Moren
23 David P. Lewis
(1820–1884)
[130][131][132] 		November 25, 1872[133][134]
–
November 24, 1874
(lost election) 		Republican[28] 1872 Alexander McKinstry
24 George S. Houston
(1811–1879)
[135][136][137] 		November 24, 1874[138]
–
November 27, 1878
(did not run)[s] 		Democratic[28] 1874 Robert F. Ligon
1876 Office did not exist
25 Rufus W. Cobb
(1829–1913)
[139][140][141] 		November 27, 1878[142]
–
December 1, 1882
(did not run) 		Democratic[28] 1878
1880
26 Edward A. O'Neal
(1818–1890)
[143][144][145] 		December 1, 1882[146]
–
December 1, 1886
(did not run) 		Democratic[28] 1882
1884
27 Thomas Seay
(1846–1896)
[147][148][149] 		December 1, 1886[150]
–
December 1, 1890
(did not run)[t] 		Democratic[28] 1886
1888
28 Thomas G. Jones
(1844–1914)
[151][152][153] 		December 1, 1890[154]
–
December 1, 1894
(did not run)[153] 		Democratic[28] 1890
1892
29 William C. Oates
(1835–1910)
[155][156][157] 		December 1, 1894[158]
–
December 1, 1896
(did not run)[157] 		Democratic[28] 1894
30 Joseph F. Johnston
(1843–1913)
[159][160][161] 		December 1, 1896[162]
–
December 1, 1900
(did not run)[u] 		Democratic[28] 1896
1898
— William D. Jelks
(1855–1931)
[163][164][165] 		December 1, 1900
–
December 26, 1900
(acting)[v] 		Democratic[28] President of
the Senate
acting
31 William J. Samford
(1844–1901)
[167][169][170] 		December 1, 1900[v]
–
June 11, 1901
(died in office) 		Democratic[28] 1900
32 William D. Jelks
(1855–1931)
[163][164][165] 		June 11, 1901[171]
–
January 14, 1907
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[28] Succeeded from
president of
the Senate
1902 Russell McWhortor Cunningham
(acted as governor
April 25, 1904–March 5, 1905)[x]
33 B. B. Comer
(1848–1927)
[176][177][178] 		January 14, 1907[179]
–
January 16, 1911
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[28] 1906 Henry B. Gray
34 Emmet O'Neal
(1853–1922)
[180][181][182] 		January 17, 1911[y]
–
January 18, 1915
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[28] 1910 Walter D. Seed Sr.
35 Charles Henderson
(1860–1937)
[185][186][187] 		January 19, 1915[188][y]
–
January 20, 1919
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[28] 1914 Thomas Kilby
36 Thomas Kilby
(1865–1943)
[189][190][191] 		January 21, 1919[192][y]
–
January 15, 1923
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[28] 1918 Nathan Lee Miller
37 William W. Brandon
(1868–1934)
[193][194][195] 		January 16, 1923[196][y]
–
January 17, 1927
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[28] 1922 Charles S. McDowell
(acted as governor
July 10, 1924–July 11, 1924)[z]
38 Bibb Graves
(1873–1942)
[197][198][199] 		January 18, 1927[200][y]
–
January 19, 1931
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[28] 1926 William C. Davis
39 Benjamin M. Miller
(1864–1944)
[201][202][203] 		January 20, 1931[204][y]
–
January 14, 1935
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[28] 1930 Hugh Davis Merrill
38 Bibb Graves
(1873–1942)
[197][198][199] 		January 15, 1935[205][y]
–
January 16, 1939
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[28] 1934 Thomas E. Knight
(died May 17, 1937)
Vacant
40 Frank M. Dixon
(1892–1965)
[206][207][208] 		January 17, 1939[209][y]
–
January 18, 1943
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[28] 1938 Albert A. Carmichael
41 Chauncey Sparks
(1884–1968)
[210][211][212] 		January 19, 1943[213][y]
–
January 20, 1947
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[28] 1942 Leven H. Ellis
42 Jim Folsom
(1908–1987)
[214][215][216] 		January 21, 1947[217][y]
–
January 15, 1951
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[28] 1946 James C. Inzer
43 Gordon Persons
(1902–1965)
[218][219][220] 		January 16, 1951[221][y]
–
January 17, 1955
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[28] 1950 James Allen
42 Jim Folsom
(1908–1987)
[214][215][216] 		January 18, 1955[222][y]
–
January 19, 1959
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[28] 1954 William G. Hardwick
44 John M. Patterson
(1921–2021)
[223][224][225] 		January 20, 1959[226][y]
–
January 14, 1963
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[28] 1958 Albert Boutwell
45 George Wallace
(1919–1998)
[227][228][229] 		January 15, 1963[230][y]
–
January 16, 1967
(term-limited)[w] 		Democratic[28] 1962 James Allen
46 Lurleen Wallace
(1926–1968)
[227][231][232] 		January 17, 1967[233][y]
–
May 7, 1968
(died in office) 		Democratic[28] 1966 Albert Brewer
(acted as governor
July 25, 1967)[aa]
47 Albert Brewer
(1928–2017)
[235][236][237] 		May 7, 1968[238]
–
January 18, 1971
(lost nomination)[235] 		Democratic[28] Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Vacant
45 George Wallace
(1919–1998)
[227][228][229] 		January 19, 1971[239][y]
–
January 15, 1979
(term-limited)[ab] 		Democratic[28] 1970 Jere Beasley
(acted as governor
June 5, 1972–July 7, 1972)[ac]
1974
48 Fob James
(b. 1934)
[243][244] 		January 16, 1979[245][y]
–
January 17, 1983
(did not run)[244] 		Democratic[244] 1978 George McMillan
45 George Wallace
(1919–1998)
[227][228][229] 		January 18, 1983[246][y]
–
January 19, 1987
(did not run)[229] 		Democratic[229] 1982 Bill Baxley
49 H. Guy Hunt
(1933–2009)
[247][248] 		January 20, 1987[249][y]
–
April 22, 1993
(removed from office)[ad] 		Republican[248] 1986 Jim Folsom Jr.[ae]
1990
50 Jim Folsom Jr.
(b. 1949)
[252][253] 		April 22, 1993[250]
–
January 16, 1995
(lost election) 		Democratic[253] Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Vacant
48 Fob James
(b. 1934)
[243][244] 		January 17, 1995[254][y]
–
January 18, 1999
(lost election) 		Republican[244] 1994 Don Siegelman[ae]
51 Don Siegelman
(b. 1946)
[255][256] 		January 19, 1999[257][y]
–
January 20, 2003
(lost election) 		Democratic[256] 1998 Steve Windom[af]
52 Bob Riley
(b. 1944)
[258][259] 		January 21, 2003[260][y]
–
January 17, 2011
(term-limited)[ab] 		Republican[259] 2002 Lucy Baxley[ae]
2006 Jim Folsom Jr.[ae]
53 Robert J. Bentley
(b. 1943)
[261][262] 		January 18, 2011[263][y]
–
April 10, 2017
(resigned)[ag] 		Republican[262] 2010 Kay Ivey
2014
54 Kay Ivey
(b. 1944)
[265][266] 		April 10, 2017[267]
–
Incumbent[ah] 		Republican[266] Succeeded from
lieutenant
governor 		Vacant
2018 Will Ainsworth
2022

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Records are scarce as to when Bibb was actually appointed. The territory was formed on March 3, 1817, but he was appointed by President James Monroe, who did not take office until the next day. Other resources indicate that other major appointments for the territory were made on March 6.[8] However, the earliest contemporary news report on his nomination so far found was on May 23,[9] and other major sources say he first received his commission on September 25.[10] He was formally nominated on December 12,[11] and confirmed by the Senate on December 15.[12]
  2. ^ The office of Lieutenant Governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, and recreated in 1901.[19]
  3. ^ Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
  4. ^ William Wyatt Bibb died on July 10, 1820.[26] Multiple sources state that Thomas Bibb did not succeed him until either July 15[27] or July 25.[2] It is unknown if this was the formal inauguration, or if a vacancy existed in the office; it is assumed that succession was automatic, as per the constitution, and that Thomas Bibb's term began on July 10.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Under the 1819 constitution, governors were limited to no more than four years out of every term of six years.[33]
  6. ^ Moore resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate.[40]
  7. ^ a b Sources disagree on the exact date McVay succeeded Clay, with the Alabama Department of Archives and History and National Governors Association mentioning both July 16, 1837, and July 17, though July 17 is used more prominently. However, the earliest contemporary news report of Clay's resignation is August 6.[56] Clay did not take office in the Senate until September 4.[57]
  8. ^ Clay resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate.[53]
  9. ^ One contemporary source states Martin withdrew in the final days of the election,[75] but the major sources state he simply did not run.
  10. ^ Sources sometimes label Martin as an "Independent Democrat".[28][76]
  11. ^ a b Modern sources disagree on when Watts was removed and arrested, but contemporary news sources report he was arrested on May 3, 1865.[105][106]
  12. ^ Watts was arrested by Union forces soon after the American Civil War ended; he was released a few weeks later.[102][103]
  13. ^ a b Sources, even contemporary reporting, disagree on when Smith succeeded Patton. Modern sources tend to say Patton left office on July 24, 1868,[112][113] but older sources place it on July 12,[115] July 13,[116][117] or July 14.[118][119] As news tended to link Smith taking office with the passage of the 14th amendment, which occurred on July 13,[120] that date is used.
  14. ^ The 1865 election was non-partisan;[111][121] politically, Patton was a Whig.[28]
  15. ^ The date given for Swayne is the date of the first Reconstruction Act, which placed Alabama into the Third Military District; all references only say "March 1867"[112] and when the Reconstruction Acts were passed.[113]
  16. ^ In December 1867, President Andrew Johnson ordered the removal of Major General Swayne. He was replaced on January 11, 1868, by Major General Julius Hayden.[122]
  17. ^ The United States Congress stripped Patton of most of his authority in March 1867, after which time the state was effectively under the control of Major General Swayne.[112]
  18. ^ a b Lindsay was sworn into office on November 26, 1870, but Smith refused to leave his seat for two weeks, claiming Lindsay was fraudulently elected; he finally left office on December 8, when a court so ordered.[125]
  19. ^ Houston was instead elected to the United States Senate.[137]
  20. ^ Seay instead ran unsuccessfully for the United States Senate.[149]
  21. ^ Johnston instead ran unsuccessfully for the United States Senate.[161]
  22. ^ a b Samford was ill at the start of his term on December 1,[166] and was unable to perform his duties until December 26.[167] President of the Senate Jelks acted as governor until he could take office,[163] with the formal request for him to act as governor made on December 3.[168]
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Under the 1901 constitution, governors were not eligible to succeed themselves.[172]
  24. ^ Jelks was out of state for medical treatment for nearly a year; Lieutenant Governor Cunningham acted as governor in his absence.[173][174][175]
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w The constitutional start date for 1911 was January 16, and that is when Emmet O'Neal was sworn in.[183] However, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled in the case of Oberhaus v. State ex rel. McNamara that, regardless of when the swearing in took place, B. B. Comer's term did not end until the end of Monday, and O'Neal's term did not begin until the first minute of the next day.[18] This precedent appears to have quietly continued, as coverage of Robert J. Bentley's inauguration in 2011 noted he would not officially take office until midnight.[184] Therefore, governors since 1911 that served to the end of their term are noted as leaving office on Monday, and their successor taking office on Tuesday.
  26. ^ Brandon was out of state for 21 days as a delegate to the 1924 Democratic National Convention; Lieutenant Governor McDowell acted as governor for two days.[2]
  27. ^ Wallace was out of state for 20 days for medical treatment. Lieutenant Governor Brewer became acting governor on July 25, 1967, and Wallace returned to the state later that day.[2][234]
  28. ^ a b Under a 1968 amendment to the constitution, governors are eligible to succeed themselves once.[240]
  29. ^ Wallace was out of state for 52 days for medical treatment following an assassination attempt while campaigning for President of the United States; Lieutenant Governor Beasley acted as governor for 32 days.[2][241][242]
  30. ^ Hunt was convicted of illegally using campaign and inaugural funds to pay personal debts, a felony; as felons cannot serve as governor, he was removed from office, and Folsom became governor.[250] He was later pardoned by the state parole board.[251]
  31. ^ a b c d Represented the Democratic Party[20]
  32. ^ Represented the Republican Party[20]
  33. ^ Bentley resigned from office as part of a plea deal involving campaign violations.[264]
  34. ^ Ivey's second full term began on January 17, 2023, and will expire January 18, 2027; she will be term-limited.

References

General
  • "Alabama Governors". Alabama Department of Archives & History. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
  • "Former Alabama Governors". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
  • Sobel, Robert (1978). Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. I. Meckler Books. ISBN 9780930466015. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
  • Kallenbach, Joseph Ernest (1977). American State Governors, 1776-1976. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-00665-0. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
  • McMullin, Thomas A. (1984). Biographical directory of American territorial governors. Meckler. ISBN 978-0-930466-11-4. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
  • Dubin, Michael J. (2003). United States Gubernatorial Elections, 1776-1860: The Official Results by State and County. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1439-0.
  • Dubin, Michael J. (2014). United States Gubernatorial Elections, 1861-1911: The Official Results by State and County. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-5646-8.
  • Glashan, Roy R. (1979). American Governors and Gubernatorial Elections, 1775-1978. Meckler Books. ISBN 978-0-930466-17-6.
  • "Our Campaigns - Governor of Alabama - History". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
  • "Our Campaigns - Governor of Alabama (CSA) - History". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
Specific
  1. ^ "Governor of Alabama". Ballotpedia. Retrieved April 2, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Alabama Governors". Alabama Department of Archives and History. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
  3. ^ 3 Stat. 371
  4. ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 5.
  5. ^ a b McMullin 1984, pp. 1–2.
  6. ^ a b "William Wyatt Bibb". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  7. ^ a b Dupre, Daniel S. (September 30, 2014). "William Wyatt Bibb (1819-20)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  8. ^ Shearer, Benjamin (2004). The Uniting States – The Story of Statehood for the Fifty United States, Volume 1: Alabama to Kentucky. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780313331053. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
  9. ^ "none". Weekly Raleigh Register. May 23, 1817. p. 3. Retrieved January 25, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. The Georgia Journal says that Dr. Bibb has been appointed Governor of the Alabama Territory.
  10. ^ The Territorial Papers of the United States: Volume I: General. United States Government Publishing Office. 1934. p. 4.
  11. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 15th Cong., 1st sess., 95–96, accessed September 25, 2023.
  12. ^ U.S. Congress. Senate Exec. Journal. 15th Cong., 1st sess., 98, accessed September 25, 2023.
  13. ^ 3 Stat. 489, 3 Stat. 608
  14. ^ "Secession Ordinances of 13 Confederate States". University of Houston. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
  15. ^ Constitution for the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America Archived August 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, accessed July 8, 2015
  16. ^ Act authorizing readmission on ratification of 14th amendment: 15 Stat. 73. Proclamation of Alabama's ratification: 15 Stat. 704.
  17. ^ a b Kallenbach 1977, p. 28.
  18. ^ a b Oberhaus v. State ex rel. McNamara, pp. 483–499
  19. ^ a b Kallenbach 1977, pp. 29–30.
  20. ^ a b c "Alabama Lieutenant Governors". Alabama Department of Archives and History. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
  21. ^ Ala. General Assembly. Journal of the House of Representatives. 1st sess., 59, accessed September 25, 2023
  22. ^ a b Dubin 2003, p. 1.
  23. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 5–6.
  24. ^ "Thomas Bibb". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  25. ^ a b Dupre, Daniel S. (May 27, 2021). "Thomas Bibb (1820-21)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  26. ^ "Died". Hillsborough Recorder. Hillsborough, North Carolina. August 16, 1820. Retrieved July 11, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  27. ^ Glashan 1979, p. 2.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Kallenbach 1977, pp. 30–31.
  29. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 6–7.
  30. ^ "Israel Pickens". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
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  46. ^ "none". The North-Carolina Star. March 31, 1831. p. 3. Retrieved July 27, 2023. On the 3d instant, Gabriel Moore, Governor of the State of Alabama and United States' Senator elect, resigned his office as Governor into the hands of Samuel B. Moore, of Jackson County, President of the Senate...
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  48. ^ "John Gayle". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
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  54. ^ Thornton, J. Mills (May 28, 2021). "Clement Comer Clay (1835-37)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
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  59. ^ "Hugh McVay". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
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  75. ^ "none". Washington Telegraph. Washington, Arkansas. August 4, 1847. Retrieved July 12, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Gov. Martin, the Independent Democratic candidate for Governor of Alabama, has retired from the contest...
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  78. ^ "Reuben Chapman". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
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  110. ^ "President Johnson appoints Lewis E. Parsons, Sr. as provisional governor of Alabama," House Divided: The Civil War Research Engine at Dickinson College, accessed July 28, 2023
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  117. ^ "Alabama". New York Daily Herald. July 14, 1868. p. 5. Retrieved January 25, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Governor Smith and Lieutenant Governor Applegate were sworn in to-day as provisional officers.
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  120. ^ 15 Stat. 705
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  127. ^ "Robert Burns Lindsay". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
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  131. ^ "David Peter Lewis". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
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  133. ^ "Politics in Alabama". The Baltimore Sun. Baltimore. November 26, 1872. Retrieved July 28, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  134. ^ "none". The Tuskaloosa Gazette. November 28, 1872. p. 2. Retrieved December 13, 2023. D. P. Lewis qualified for Governor of Alabama on the 25th inst., by taking the oath of office in the Executive Chamber
  135. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 21.
  136. ^ "George Smith Houston". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
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  140. ^ "Rufus Willis Cobb". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
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  142. ^ Ala. General Assembly. Journal of the House of Representatives. 1878–1879 sess., 151, accessed July 28, 2023
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  144. ^ "Edward Asbury O'Neal". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
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  148. ^ "Thomas Seay". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
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  152. ^ "Thomas Goode Jones". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
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  156. ^ "William Calvin Oates". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
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  160. ^ "Joseph Forney Johnston". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
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  164. ^ a b "William Dorsey Jelks". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  165. ^ a b Alsobrook, David E. (June 2, 2021). "William D. Jelks (1901-07)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  166. ^ "Samford Is Now Governor". The Selma Times. December 2, 1900. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
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  168. ^ "Jelks In Charge". The Birmingham News. December 3, 1900. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  169. ^ "William James Samford". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
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  171. ^ "Jelks Hurrying Back to Alabama". The Birmingham News. June 12, 1901. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  172. ^ "1901 Ala. Const. art. V, § 116". www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu. Retrieved December 13, 2023.
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  174. ^ Rikard, Marlene Hunt (June 1, 2021). "Russell M. Cunningham (1904-05)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  175. ^ "Russell McWorther Cunningham". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
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  177. ^ "Braxton Bragg Comer". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  178. ^ Harris, David Alan (October 12, 2022). "Braxton Bragg Comer (1907-11)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  179. ^ "Comer Takes Oath of Office As Governor of Alabama". The Birmingham News. January 14, 1907. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
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  181. ^ "Emmet O'Neal". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  182. ^ Rosenburg, R. B. (June 7, 2021). "Emmet O'Neal (1911-15)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  183. ^ Betty, Berryman G. (January 17, 1911). "Notable Speeches As New Governor Takes Oath at Montgomery". Birmingham Post-Herald. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  184. ^ White, David (January 17, 2011). "Robert Bentley Ready To Take Office As Next Alabama Governor". The Birmingham News. Retrieved December 10, 2018. Bentley under state law won't officially be governor until just after the stroke of midnight Tuesday morning.
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  186. ^ "Charles Henderson". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  187. ^ Allen, Lee N. (June 1, 2021). "Charles Henderson (1915-19)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  188. ^ "Henderson Takes Oath of Office As Next Governor". The Montgomery Advertiser. January 19, 1915. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  189. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 30–31.
  190. ^ "Thomas Erby Kilby". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  191. ^ Breedlove, Michael A. (June 3, 2021). "Thomas E. Kilby (1919-23)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  192. ^ "New Chief Executive Takes Oath". The Montgomery Advertiser. January 21, 1919. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  193. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 31–32.
  194. ^ "William Woodward Brandon". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  195. ^ Allen, Lee N. (December 5, 2017). "William W. Brandon (1923-27)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  196. ^ "Immense Crowd Cheers As William W. Brandon Takes Oath As State's Governor". The Montgomery Advertiser. January 16, 1923. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  197. ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 32–33.
  198. ^ a b "David Bibb Graves". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  199. ^ a b Flynt, J. Wayne (June 1, 2021). "David Bibb Graves (1927-31, 1935-39)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  200. ^ "Thousands Hear New Governor Declare for Law Enforcement After Oath Is Administered". The Montgomery Advertiser. January 18, 1927. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  201. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 33.
  202. ^ "Benjamin Meek Miller". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  203. ^ Feldman, Glenn (June 4, 2021). "Benjamin Meek Miller (1931-35)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  204. ^ McCoy, Joseph R. (January 20, 1931). "10,000 Watch Inauguration of 39th Governor". The Montgomery Advertiser. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  205. ^ Davis, George L. (January 15, 1935). "Col. Bibb Graves Again Assumes Alabama's Helm". The Montgomery Advertiser. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
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  207. ^ "Frank Murray Dixon". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  208. ^ Feldman, Glenn (June 1, 2021). "Frank M. Dixon (1939-43)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  209. ^ Hugger, Robert (January 17, 1939). "Spectacular Parade, Throng Feature Dixon Administration". The Montgomery Advertiser. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  210. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 34–35.
  211. ^ "Chauncey Sparks". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  212. ^ Jackson, Harvey H. (June 10, 2021). "Chauncey Sparks (1943-47)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  213. ^ "Governor's Post Passes to Sparks". The Montgomery Advertiser. January 19, 1943. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  214. ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 35.
  215. ^ a b "James Elisha Folsom, Sr". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  216. ^ a b Grafton, Carl; Permaloff, Anne (April 1, 2019). "James E. "Big Jim" Folsom Sr. (1947-51, 1955-59)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  217. ^ "Folsom Takes Oath As Governor". The Selma Times-Journal. Associated Press. January 20, 1947. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  218. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 36.
  219. ^ "Seth Gordon Persons". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  220. ^ Bass, S. Jonathan (June 9, 2021). "Seth Gordon Persons (1951-55)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  221. ^ Wortsman, Gene (January 16, 1951). "Gov. Persons Enjoys His Biggest Moment Amidst Gay and Festive Capital City". Birmingham Post-Herald. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  222. ^ Wortsman, Gene (January 18, 1955). "Hits at Snoopers and Informers". Birmingham Post-Herald. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  223. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 36–37.
  224. ^ "John Malcolm Patterson". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  225. ^ Grafton, Carl; Permaloff, Anne (June 7, 2021). "John M. Patterson (1959-63)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  226. ^ "Patterson Takes State's Highest Office". The Montgomery Advertiser. January 20, 1959. p. 1A. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  227. ^ a b c d Sobel 1978, pp. 37–38.
  228. ^ a b c "George Corley Wallace". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  229. ^ a b c d e Eskew, Glenn T. (June 10, 2021). "George C. Wallace (1963-67, 1971-79, 1983-87)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  230. ^ Ingram, Bob (January 15, 1963). "Wallace Defies Federal Encroachment; 'Will Submit No More to Tyranny'". The Montgomery Advertiser. p. 1A. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  231. ^ "Lurleen Burns Wallace". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  232. ^ Eskew, Glenn T. (June 30, 2017). "Lurleen B. Wallace (1967-68)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  233. ^ Wasson, Don F. (January 17, 1967). "Lurleen Becomes Governor". The Montgomery Advertiser. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  234. ^ Owen, Thomas McAdory (1979). Alabama Official and Statistical Register. Alabama Department of Archives & History. p. 17. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
  235. ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 39.
  236. ^ "Albert Preston Brewer". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  237. ^ Harvey, Gordon (November 13, 2020). "Albert P. Brewer (1968-71)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  238. ^ Bryant, William O. (May 7, 1968). "Brewer Sworn In As New Governor". Alabama Journal. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  239. ^ Wasson, Don F. (January 19, 1971). "Wallace Hints President Bid". The Montgomery Advertiser. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  240. ^ "Ala. Const. amend. 282". www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu. Retrieved December 13, 2023.
  241. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 40.
  242. ^ Armbrester, Margaret E. (December 19, 2017). "Jere Beasley Sr. (1972)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  243. ^ a b "Forrest Hood James". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  244. ^ a b c d e Stewart, William H. (June 2, 2021). "Forrest "Fob" James Jr. (1979-83, 1995-99)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  245. ^ Bryant, Ted (January 16, 1979). "'Bury Negative Prejudices of Past,' Gov. James Urges". Birmingham Post-Herald. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  246. ^ Bryant, Ted (January 18, 1983). "A 'New' Wallace Sworn for Fourth Term". Birmingham Post-Herald. p. A1. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  247. ^ "Harold Guy Hunt". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  248. ^ a b Stewart, William H. (June 6, 2021). "Guy Hunt (1987-93)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  249. ^ Ritchie, Bruce (January 20, 1987). "Hunt Proclaims New Day for State". The Montgomery Advertiser. p. 1A. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  250. ^ a b Burger, Frederick (April 22, 1993). "Hunt Guilty: What's Next". The Anniston Star. p. 1A. Retrieved July 30, 2023.
  251. ^ Nossiter, Adam (June 12, 1997). "Ex-Gov. Hunt of Alabama Cleared by Pardon Board". The New York Times. p. 18. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
  252. ^ "James Elisha Folsom, Jr". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  253. ^ a b Stewart, William H. (June 1, 2021). "James E. Folsom Jr. (1993-95)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  254. ^ "Officials Look To Eliminate Power Delay". The Selma Times-Journal. Associated Press. January 18, 1995. p. A5. Retrieved July 30, 2023.
  255. ^ "Donald Eugene Siegelman". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  256. ^ a b Webb, Samuel L.; Armbrester, Margaret E. (June 9, 2021). "Don Siegelman (1999-2003)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  257. ^ Bryant, Ted (January 19, 1999). "Putting Children First". Birmingham Post-Herald. p. A1. Retrieved July 30, 2023.
  258. ^ "Bob Riley". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  259. ^ a b Armbrester, Margaret E. (June 9, 2021). "Robert "Bob" Riley (2003-11)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  260. ^ Clanton, Brett (January 21, 2003). "Good Morning, Gov. Riley". The Montgomery Advertiser. p. 1. Retrieved July 30, 2023.
  261. ^ "Robert Bentley". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  262. ^ a b "Robert Bentley (2011-17)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  263. ^ Kitchen, Sebastian (January 18, 2011). "Governor Says State's 'Best Days Are Ahead'". The Montgomery Advertiser. p. 1A. Retrieved July 30, 2023.
  264. ^ Blinder, Alan (April 10, 2017). "Robert Bentley, Alabama Governor, Resigns Amid Scandal". The New York Times. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
  265. ^ "Kay Ivey". National Governors Association. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  266. ^ a b Wilson, Claire (May 1, 2020). "Kay Ivey (2017- )". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  267. ^ Tyler, Zach (April 11, 2017). "Governor Ivey: 'More Than Capable'". The Anniston Star. p. 1A. Retrieved July 30, 2023.

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