The governor of Maryland is the head of government of the U.S. state of Maryland and is commander-in-chief of the state's military forces.[1] The governor is the highest-ranking official in the state, and the constitutional powers of Maryland's governors make them among the most powerful governors in the United States.[2]

The current governor is Democrat Wes Moore, who took office on January 18, 2023.[3]

Governors

For the period before independence, see List of colonial governors of Maryland.

Maryland was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on April 28, 1788.[4] Before it declared its independence, Maryland was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Under the constitution of 1776, governors were appointed by the General Assembly legislature to one-year terms and could be reelected for two additional terms, though they must take four years off after leaving office. An 1838 constitutional amendment allowed for popular election of governors to three-year terms, though they could not succeed themselves. The 1851 constitution removed the term limit, and lengthened terms to four years, to commence on the second Wednesday of the January following the election. Governors were limited to two consecutive terms beginning in 1948.[5]

The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1864, abolished in 1867, and recreated in 1970. The lieutenant governor succeeds to the office of governor should it become vacant. In the original constitution, the first named of the Governor's Council would act as governor if it were vacant, until a new governor were selected; this was changed to the secretary of state in 1837.[6] The 1867 constitution originally called for the General Assembly to immediately elect a new governor; if they were not in session, the president of the Senate would act as governor until one was elected.[7]

Governors of the State of Maryland
No. Governor Term in office Party Election Lt. Governor[a][b]
1   Thomas Johnson
(1732–1819)
[10][11] 		March 21, 1777[12]
–
November 12, 1779
(did not run) 		No party[13] 1777 Office did not exist
1778
2 Thomas Sim Lee
(1745–1819)
[14][15][16] 		November 12, 1779[17]
–
November 22, 1782
(term-limited)[c] 		No party[13] 1779
1780
1781
3 William Paca
(1740–1799)
[19][20] 		November 22, 1782[21]
–
November 26, 1785
(term-limited)[c] 		No party[13] 1782
1783
1784
4 William Smallwood
(1732–1792)
[22] 		November 26, 1785[23]
–
November 27, 1788
(term-limited)[c] 		No party[13] 1785
1786
1787
5 John Eager Howard
(1752–1827)
[24][25][26] 		November 27, 1788[27]
–
November 14, 1791
(term-limited)[c] 		Federalist[13] 1788
1789
1790
6 George Plater
(1735–1792)
[28][29][30] 		November 14, 1791[31]
–
February 10, 1792
(died in office) 		Federalist[13] 1791
— James Brice
(1746–1801)
[32] 		February 10, 1792[33]
–
April 5, 1792
(successor took office) 		Federalist[13] Senior council
member acting
2 Thomas Sim Lee
(1745–1819)
[14][15][16] 		April 5, 1792[34]
–
November 17, 1794
(did not run) 		Federalist[13] 1792
1793
7 John Hoskins Stone
(1749–1804)
[35][36][37] 		November 17, 1794[38]
–
November 28, 1797
(term-limited)[c] 		Federalist[39] 1794
1795
1796
8 John Henry
(1750–1798)
[40][41][42] 		November 28, 1797[43]
–
November 14, 1798
(did not run)[40] 		Federalist[39] 1797
9 Benjamin Ogle
(1749–1809)
[44][45][46] 		November 14, 1798[47]
–
November 10, 1801
(term-limited)[c] 		Federalist[39] 1798
1799
1800
10 John Francis Mercer
(1759–1821)
[48][49][50] 		November 10, 1801[51]
–
November 13, 1803
(did not run)[48] 		Democratic-
Republican[39] 		1801
1802
11 Robert Bowie
(1750–1818)
[52][53][54] 		November 15, 1803[55]
–
November 12, 1806
(term-limited)[c] 		Democratic-
Republican[39] 		1803
1804
1805
12 Robert Wright
(1752–1826)
[56][57][58] 		November 12, 1806[59]
–
May 6, 1809
(resigned)[d] 		Democratic-
Republican[39] 		1806
1807
1808
— James Butcher May 6, 1809[60]
–
June 9, 1809
(successor took office) 		Democratic-
Republican[61] 		Senior council
member acting[58]
13 Edward Lloyd
(1779–1834)
[62][63][64] 		June 9, 1809[65]
–
November 16, 1811
(term-limited)[c] 		Democratic-
Republican[39] 		June 1809
(special)[e]
Nov. 1809
1810
11 Robert Bowie
(1750–1818)
[52][53][54] 		November 16, 1811[66]
–
November 23, 1812
(lost election) 		Democratic-
Republican[39] 		1811
14 Levin Winder
(1757–1819)
[67][68][69] 		November 23, 1812[70]
–
January 2, 1816
(term-limited)[c] 		Federalist[39] 1812
1813
1814
15 Charles Carnan Ridgely
(1760–1829)
[71][72][73] 		January 2, 1816[74]
–
January 8, 1819
(term-limited)[c] 		Federalist[39] 1815
1816
1817
16 Charles Goldsborough
(1765–1834)
[75][76][77] 		January 8, 1819[78]
–
December 20, 1819
(lost election) 		Federalist[39] 1818
17 Samuel Sprigg
(1783–1855)
[79][80][81] 		December 20, 1819[82]
–
December 16, 1822
(term-limited)[c] 		Democratic-
Republican[39] 		1819
1820
1821
18 Samuel Stevens Jr.
(1778–1860)
[83][84][85] 		December 16, 1822[86]
–
January 9, 1826
(term-limited)[c] 		Democratic-
Republican[61] 		1822
1823
1824
19 Joseph Kent
(1779–1837)
[87][88][89] 		January 9, 1826[90]
–
January 15, 1829
(term-limited)[c] 		Democratic-
Republican[61] 		1825
1826
1827
20 Daniel Martin
(1780–1831)
[91][92][93] 		January 15, 1829[94]
–
January 15, 1830
(lost election) 		Anti-Jacksonian[39] 1828
21 Thomas King Carroll
(1793–1873)
[95][96][97] 		January 15, 1830[98]
–
January 13, 1831
(lost election) 		Jacksonian[39] 1829
20 Daniel Martin
(1780–1831)
[91][92][93] 		January 13, 1831[99]
–
July 11, 1831
(died in office) 		Anti-Jacksonian[39] 1830
22 George Howard
(1789–1846)
[100][101][102] 		July 11, 1831[103]
–
January 17, 1833
(did not run)[100] 		Anti-Jacksonian[39] Senior council
member acting
1832
23 James Thomas
(1785–1845)
[104][105][106] 		January 17, 1833[107]
–
January 14, 1836
(term-limited)[c] 		Anti-Jacksonian[39] 1833
1834
1835
24 Thomas Veazey
(1774–1842)
[108][109][110] 		January 14, 1836[111]
–
January 7, 1839
(term-limited)[f] 		Whig[39] 1835
1836
1837
25 William Grason
(1788–1868)
[113][114][115] 		January 7, 1839[116]
–
January 3, 1842
(term-limited)[f] 		Democratic[39] 1838
26 Francis Thomas
(1799–1876)
[117][118][119] 		January 3, 1842[120]
–
January 6, 1845
(term-limited)[f] 		Democratic[121] 1841
27 Thomas Pratt
(1804–1869)
[122][123][124] 		January 6, 1845[125]
–
January 3, 1848
(term-limited)[f] 		Whig[121] 1844
28 Philip Francis Thomas
(1810–1890)
[126][127][128] 		January 3, 1848[129]
–
January 6, 1851
(term-limited)[f] 		Democratic[121] 1847
29 Enoch Louis Lowe
(1820–1892)
[130][131][132] 		January 6, 1851[133]
–
January 11, 1854
(did not run)[g] 		Democratic[121] 1850
30 Thomas Watkins Ligon
(1810–1881)
[134][135][136] 		January 11, 1854[137]
–
January 13, 1858
(did not run) 		Democratic[138] 1853
31 Thomas Holliday Hicks
(1798–1865)
[139][140][141] 		January 13, 1858[142]
–
January 8, 1862
(did not run) 		American[138] 1857
32 Augustus Bradford
(1806–1881)
[143][144][145] 		January 8, 1862[146]
–
January 10, 1866
(did not run) 		Union[61] 1861
33 Thomas Swann
(1809–1883)
[147][148][149] 		January 10, 1866[61]
–
January 13, 1869
(did not run) 		Union[61] 1864   Christopher Christian Cox
34 Oden Bowie
(1826–1894)
[150][151][152] 		January 13, 1869[153]
–
January 10, 1872
(did not run) 		Democratic[61] 1867 Office did not exist
35 William Pinkney Whyte
(1824–1908)
[154][155][156] 		January 10, 1872[157]
–
March 4, 1874
(resigned)[h] 		Democratic[61] 1871
36 James Black Groome
(1838–1893)
[158][159][160] 		March 4, 1874[161]
–
January 12, 1876
(did not run) 		Democratic[61] Elected
governor by
legislature
37 John Lee Carroll
(1830–1911)
[162][163][164] 		January 12, 1876[165]
–
January 14, 1880
(did not run) 		Democratic[61] 1875
38 William Thomas Hamilton
(1820–1888)
[166][167][168] 		January 14, 1880[169]
–
January 9, 1884
(did not run) 		Democratic[61] 1879
39 Robert Milligan McLane
(1815–1898)
[170][171][172] 		January 9, 1884[173]
–
March 27, 1885
(resigned)[i] 		Democratic[61] 1883
40 Henry Lloyd
(1852–1920)
[174][175][176] 		March 27, 1885[177]
–
January 11, 1888
(did not run) 		Democratic[61] President of the
Senate acting
41 Elihu Emory Jackson
(1837–1907)
[178][179][180] 		January 11, 1888[181]
–
January 13, 1892
(did not run) 		Democratic[61] 1887
42 Frank Brown
(1846–1920)
[182][183][184] 		January 13, 1892[185]
–
January 8, 1896
(did not run) 		Democratic[61] 1891
43 Lloyd Lowndes Jr.
(1845–1905)
[186][187][188] 		January 8, 1896[189]
–
January 10, 1900
(lost election) 		Republican[61] 1895
44 John Walter Smith
(1845–1925)
[190][191][192] 		January 10, 1900[193]
–
January 13, 1904
(did not run) 		Democratic[61] 1899
45 Edwin Warfield
(1848–1920)
[194][195][196] 		January 13, 1904[197]
–
January 8, 1908
(did not run) 		Democratic[61] 1903
46 Austin Lane Crothers
(1860–1912)
[198][199][200] 		January 8, 1908[201]
–
January 10, 1912
(did not run) 		Democratic[61] 1907
47 Phillips Lee Goldsborough
(1865–1946)
[202][203][204] 		January 10, 1912[205]
–
January 12, 1916
(did not run) 		Republican[61] 1911
48 Emerson Harrington
(1864–1945)
[206][207][208] 		January 12, 1916[209]
–
January 14, 1920
(did not run) 		Democratic[61] 1915
49 Albert Ritchie
(1876–1936)
[210][211][212] 		January 14, 1920[213]
–
January 9, 1935
(lost election) 		Democratic[61] 1919
1923
1926
1930
50 Harry Nice
(1877–1941)
[214][215][216] 		January 9, 1935[217]
–
January 11, 1939
(lost election) 		Republican[61] 1934
51 Herbert O'Conor
(1896–1960)
[218][219][220] 		January 11, 1939[221]
–
January 3, 1947
(resigned)[j] 		Democratic[61] 1938
1942
52 William Preston Lane Jr.
(1892–1967)
[223][224][225] 		January 3, 1947[j]
–
January 10, 1951
(lost election) 		Democratic[61] Elected by
legislature[j]
1946
53 Theodore McKeldin
(1900–1974)
[226][227][228] 		January 10, 1951[229]
–
January 14, 1959
(term-limited)[k] 		Republican[61] 1950
1954
54 J. Millard Tawes
(1894–1979)
[231][232][233] 		January 14, 1959[234]
–
January 25, 1967
(term-limited)[k] 		Democratic[61] 1958
1962
55 Spiro Agnew
(1918–1996)
[235][236][237] 		January 25, 1967[238]
–
January 7, 1969
(resigned)[l] 		Republican[61] 1966
56 Marvin Mandel
(1920–2015)
[239][240][241] 		January 7, 1969[242]
–
January 17, 1979
(term-limited)[k] 		Democratic[61] 1969
(special)[m] 		Blair Lee III
1970
1974
— Blair Lee III
(1916–1985)
[243][244][245] 		June 4, 1977[n]
–
January 15, 1979
(did not run) 		Democratic[244] Lieutenant
governor
acting[n] 		Acting as governor
57 Harry Hughes
(1926–2019)
[247][248] 		January 17, 1979[249]
–
January 21, 1987
(term-limited)[k] 		Democratic[247] 1978 Samuel Bogley
1982 J. Joseph Curran Jr.
58 William Donald Schaefer
(1921–2011)
[250][251] 		January 21, 1987[252]
–
January 18, 1995
(term-limited)[k] 		Democratic[250] 1986 Melvin Steinberg
1990
59 Parris Glendening
(b. 1942)
[253][254] 		January 18, 1995[255]
–
January 15, 2003
(term-limited)[k] 		Democratic[253] 1994 Kathleen Kennedy Townsend
1998
60 Bob Ehrlich
(b. 1957)
[256][257] 		January 15, 2003[258]
–
January 17, 2007
(lost election) 		Republican[256] 2002 Michael Steele
61 Martin O'Malley
(b. 1963)
[259][260] 		January 17, 2007[261]
–
January 21, 2015
(term-limited)[k] 		Democratic[259] 2006 Anthony Brown
2010
62 Larry Hogan
(b. 1956)
[262][263] 		January 21, 2015[264]
–
January 18, 2023
(term-limited)[k] 		Republican[262] 2014 Boyd Rutherford
2018
63 Wes Moore
(b. 1978)
[265][266] 		January 18, 2023[267]
–
Incumbent[o] 		Democratic[265] 2022 Aruna Miller

Notes

  1. ^ The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1864, abolished in 1867, and recreated in 1970.[8][9]
  2. ^ Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Under the 1776 constitution, governors were limited to no more than three years successively, and ineligible until four years after they had been out of office.[18]
  4. ^ Wright resigned due to a loss of popularity,[56] and to secure a seat on the Maryland Court of Appeals, though he was not appointed to it.[57]
  5. ^ Special election to fill the remainder of Robert Wright's term.
  6. ^ a b c d e Under an 1837 amendment to the constitution, elected governors were ineligible to succeed themselves.[112]
  7. ^ Sobel says Lowe was limited from succeeding himself due to an 1846 amendment, but this appears to be in error.[130]
  8. ^ Whyte resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate.[154]
  9. ^ McLane resigned, having been confirmed as United States Minister to France.[170]
  10. ^ a b c O'Conor resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate. Lane, who won the election, was elected by the legislature to succeed O'Conor immediately, five days before he would have taken office.[222]
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Under a 1948 amendment to the constitution, governors who have served two consecutive elected terms are ineligible for the next term.[230]
  12. ^ Agnew resigned, having been elected Vice President of the United States.[235]
  13. ^ Mandel was elected by the Maryland General Assembly to fill the vacancy left by Agnew's resignation.
  14. ^ a b Mandel named Lieutenant Governor Lee acting governor on June 4, 1977, as he was dealing with charges of mail fraud and racketeering, and citing health reasons;[246] he would be found guilty in August, and sentenced to four years in prison in October. He rescinded the designation on January 15, 1979, two days before the end of the term; he then made Lee acting governor again for a time on January 16 so he could preside at the installation of a judge on the Court of Appeals.[245][239]
  15. ^ Moore's first term will expire January 20, 2027.

See also

References

General
Specific
  1. ^ "Maryland Governor – Origin & Functions". Maryland Manual Online. Maryland State Archives. January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  2. ^ Prah, Pamela (March 9, 2007). "Massachusetts gov rated most powerful (archived)". Stateline.Org. Archived from the original on May 28, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
  3. ^ Cox, Erin; Wiggins, Ovetta (January 18, 2023). "Wes Moore to be sworn in, making history as Md.'s first Black governor". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  4. ^ "Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Maryland; April 28, 1788". The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
  5. ^ "Governor". Guide to Government Records. Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  6. ^ "Maryland Lieutenant Governor". Maryland Manual On-Line. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  7. ^ 1867 Const, original, art. II, § 2, accessed March 4, 2023
  8. ^ Dayhoff, Kevin (December 7, 2005). "Why We Have a Lieutenant Governor". The Tentacle. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  9. ^ Papenfouse, Edward. The Archives of Maryland, new series, An Historical List of Public Officials of Maryland. Vol. I. Annapolis, MD: Maryland State Archives: 1990.
  10. ^ "Thomas Johnson". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  11. ^ "Thomas Johnson". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  12. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the House of Delegates. Feb. 1777 sess., 44, accessed September 18, 2023
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h Glashan 1979, p. 130.
  14. ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 646–647.
  15. ^ a b "Thomas Sim Lee". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  16. ^ a b "Thomas Sim Lee". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  17. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1779 sess., 4, accessed September 18, 2023
  18. ^ "1776 Md. Const. art. 31". www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
  19. ^ "William Paca". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  20. ^ "William Paca". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  21. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1782 sess., 6, accessed September 18, 2023
  22. ^ "William Smallwood". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  23. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1785 sess., 10, accessed September 18, 2023
  24. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 645.
  25. ^ "John Eager Howard". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  26. ^ "John Eager Howard". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  27. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1788 sess., 7, accessed September 18, 2023
  28. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 646.
  29. ^ "George Plater". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  30. ^ "George Plater". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  31. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1791 sess., 5, accessed September 18, 2023
  32. ^ "James Brice". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  33. ^ "A Proclamation". Maryland Gazette. February 16, 1792. p. 2. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
  34. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Apr. 1792 sess., 63, accessed September 18, 2023
  35. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 647–648.
  36. ^ "John Hoskins Stone". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  37. ^ "John Hoskins Stone". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  38. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1794 sess., 3, accessed September 18, 2023
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Dubin 2003, p. 96.
  40. ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 648–649.
  41. ^ "John Henry". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  42. ^ "John Henry". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  43. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1797 sess., 10, accessed September 18, 2023
  44. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 649.
  45. ^ "Benjamin Ogle". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  46. ^ "Benjamin Ogle". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  47. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1798 sess., 4, accessed September 18, 2023
  48. ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 650.
  49. ^ "John Francis Mercer". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  50. ^ "John Francis Mercer". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  51. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1801 sess., 8, accessed September 18, 2023
  52. ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 650–651.
  53. ^ a b "Robert Bowie". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  54. ^ a b "Robert Bowie". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  55. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1803 sess., 6, accessed September 19, 2023
  56. ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 651–652.
  57. ^ a b "Robert Wright". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  58. ^ a b "Robert Wright". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  59. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1806 sess., 6, accessed September 19, 2023
  60. ^ "A Proclamation". Maryland Gazette. May 24, 1809. p. 4. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
  61. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Kallenbach 1977, pp. 254–256.
  62. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 652–653.
  63. ^ "Edward Lloyd". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  64. ^ "Edward Lloyd". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  65. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. June 1809 sess., 10, accessed September 19, 2023
  66. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1811 sess., 295, accessed September 19, 2023
  67. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 653–654.
  68. ^ "Levin Winder". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  69. ^ "Levin Winder". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  70. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Nov. 1812 sess., 136, accessed September 19, 2023
  71. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 654.
  72. ^ "Charles Carnan Ridgely". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  73. ^ "Charles Ridgely of Hampton". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  74. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Dec. 1815 sess., 123, accessed September 19, 2023
  75. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 655.
  76. ^ "Charles Goldsborough". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  77. ^ "Charles Goldborough". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  78. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Dec. 1818 sess., 14, accessed September 19, 2023
  79. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 655–656.
  80. ^ "Samuel Sprigg". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  81. ^ "Samuel Sprigg". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  82. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Dec. 1819 sess., 11, accessed September 19, 2023
  83. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 656–657.
  84. ^ "Samuel Stevens". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  85. ^ "Samuel Stevens, Jr". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  86. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the House of Delegates. Dec. 1822 sess., 30, accessed September 19, 2023
  87. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 657–658.
  88. ^ "Joseph Kent". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  89. ^ "Joseph Kent". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  90. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Dec. 1826 sess., 25, accessed September 19, 2023
  91. ^ a b Sobel 1978, pp. 658–659.
  92. ^ a b "Daniel Martin". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  93. ^ a b "Daniel Martin". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  94. ^ "Legislature of Maryland". Maryland Gazette. January 22, 1829. p. 4. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
  95. ^ Sobel 1978, p. 659.
  96. ^ "Thomas King Carroll". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  97. ^ "Thomas King Carroll". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  98. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the House of Delegates. Dec. 1830 sess., 147, accessed September 19, 2023
  99. ^ Maryland General Assembly. Journal of the Senate. Dec. 1830 sess., 43, accessed September 19, 2023
  100. ^ a b Sobel 1978, p. 660.
  101. ^ "George Howard". National Governors Association. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  102. ^ "George Howard". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  103. ^ "The New Governor". The Torch Light And Public Advertiser. July 21, 1831. p. 4. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
  104. ^ Sobel 1978, pp. 660–661.
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