The kings of Axum ruled an important trading state in the area which is now Eritrea and northern Ethiopia, from 400 B.C–960 AD.[1]
| Dates of Tenure | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| c. 1st century | Zoskales | The often identification of Zoskales with Za Haqele is unlikely given that the earliest of these lists post date the Periplus by well over a thousand years[2] |
| c. 200- | GDRT (vocalized by historians as "Gadarat") |
inscriptions mention his son BYGT (vocalized as "Beygat" or "Beyga") |
| c. 230 – 240 | `DBH (vocalized as "`Azaba" or "`Adhebah") |
inscriptions mention his son GRMT (vocalized as "Girma") |
| c. 240-260 | Sembrouthes | |
| c. 260-270 | DTWNS (vocalized as "Datawnas") |
inscriptions mention his son ZQRNS (vocalized as "Zaqarnas") |
| c. 270 – 300 | Endubis | |
| 310-315 | Aphilas | |
| 315-320 | Wazeba | |
| 320-328 | Ousanas | |
| 328-350 | Ezana | his mother Sofya of Axum was regent during his minority |
| c. 350 | MHDYS (vocalized as "Mehadeyis") |
|
| fl. late 4th century | Ouazebas | |
| c. 400 | Eon | possibly the "Huina" from the Book of the Himyarites |
| fl. 5th century | Ebana | |
| fl. 5th century | Nezool | also called "Nezana" |
| c. 500 | Ousas, also spelled "Ousana(s)" |
possibly Tazena, father of Kaleb |
| c. early 6th century | Kaleb | tradition names his son Gebre Meskel |
| c. early to mid 6th century | Gebre Meskel | |
| c. mid 6th century | Alla Amidas | |
| c. 550[3] | Israel | tradition also records an Israel, son of Kaleb |
| fl. mid-6th century | Wazena | |
| fl. mid-6th century | W`ZB vocalized as "Wa`zeb" |
possibly "Ella Gabaz", son of Kaleb |
| c. 577 | Saifu | |
| c. 580[3] | Gersem | |
| c. 590[3] | Hataz | identified with "Iathlia" |
| c. 600[3] | Ioel | |
| c. 614 | Najashi | possibly identical with Sahama |
| died c. 630 | Sahama | tradition also records an Ella Tsaham (Illa Ṣaḥām) |
| Name[4] | Notes | Dates (E. A. Wallis Budge)[4] |
Dates (Tafari Makannon/Charles Fernand Rey)[5] (Gregorian Dates)[nb 1] |
Dates (John Stewart)[7] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kwastantinos | or Constantine[4] | All kings ruled between 600–900 | c. 544 – 572 | 564–578 |
| Wasan Sagad | Bazagar?[4] | c. 572 – 587 | 578–591 | |
| Fere Shanay | or Fere Shernay[4] | c. 587 – 610 | 591–601 | |
| 'Adre'az | or 'Adre'azar[4] | c. 610 – 630 | 601–623 | |
| 'Akla Wedem | or Eklewudem[4][7] | c. 630 – 638 | 623–633 | |
| Germa Safar | c. 638 – 653 | 633–648 | ||
| Zergaz | or Gergaz[4] | c. 653 – 663 | 648–656 | |
| Degna Mikael | or Dengna Mika'el[4] | c. 663 – 689 | 656–677 | |
| Bahr Ikela | c. 689 – 708 | 677–696 | ||
| Gum | or Hezba Seyon[7] | c. 708 – 732 | 696–720 | |
| 'Asgwomgum | c. 732 – 737 | 720–725 | ||
| Letem | c. 737 – 753 | 725–741 | ||
| Talatem | c. 753 – 774 | 741–762 | ||
| 'Oda Gosh | or 'Oda Sasa[4]/ Adegos[7] | c. 774 – 787 | 762–775 | |
| 'Ayzur | who reigned half a day and was strangled to death[4] | c. 787 | 775 | |
| Dedem | or Dedem Almaz[7] | c. 787 – 782 | 775–780 | |
| Wededem | c. 782 – 802 | 780–790 | ||
| Wedem 'Asfare | or Demawedem;[7] reigned 150 years according to some traditions.[4] | c. 802 – 832 | 790–820 | |
| 'Armah | or Rema Armah[7] | c. 832 – 837 | 820–825 | |
| Degna Djan | or Ged'a Djan[4] | c. 837 – 856 | 825–845 | |
| Ged'a Djan | Not listed as a separate king by Budge | c. 856 – 857 | 845–846 | |
| Gudit (Queen) | Not included on Budge's list | c. 857 – 897 | 846–885 | |
| 'Anbasa Wedem | son of Degna Djan | All kings reigned from 600–900 | c. 897 – 917 | 885–905 |
| Dil Na'od | son of Degna Djan | c. 917 – 960 | 905 – c. 950 |