Over the centuries, cities in Europe have changed a great deal, rising and falling in size and influence. These tables give an idea of estimated population at various dates from the earliest times to the most recent:

Timeline: Neolithic–Bronze Age–Iron Age–ancient Greece–Roman Republic (7000–1 B.C.)

City 7000 6500 – 6000 5000 4000 3800 3000 – 2500 2000 1600 1300 1000 700 600 500 – 400 300 200 100 – 1
Athens 10,000 – 15,000 2,500 – 5,000 5,000 – 10,000 70,000 – 100,000 – 130,000 150,000 – 350,000 – 610,000 120,000 – 200,000 – 300,000 – 431,000 100,000 – 200,000 [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]
Argos 600 – 1,200 5,000 – 10,000 30,000 – 60,000 [3][14][22][23][24][25]
Aegina 20,000 – 40,000 [26]
Akrotiri 8,000 – 15,000 – 30,000 [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]
Agrigento 200,000 – 800,000 [36][37][38][39][40]
Avaricum 40,000[41]
Bibracte 30,000[42]
Cerveteri 25,000 – 40,000 [43][44][45][46][47]
Capua 100,000 300,000 100,000 [48][49][50][51][52][53]
Choirokoitia 300 – 600 2,000 [54][55][56][57][58][59][60]
Corinth 5,000[61] 50,000 – 90,000 – 100,000 [62][63][64]
Crotone 50,000 – 80,000 [65]
Dobrovody 10,000 – 16,000 [66][67]
Dimini 300 [68]
Durrington Walls 4,000 [69][70][71]
Fedorovka 6,000 [67]
Gournia 4,000 [72][73]
Heuneburg 10,000 [74][75][76][77]
Ischia 5,000 – 10,000 [78][79][80]
Knossos 100 1,000 1,300 – 2,000 18,000 20,000 – 40,000 – 100,000 30,000 5,000 – 10,000 [3][14][27][81][82][83][84][85][86][87]
Lepenski Vir 150 – 1,000 [88][89][90][91][92][93]
Mycenae 20,000[94] 30,000 – 35,000 [87][95]
Manika (Greece) 6000 – 15,000 [96][97][98][99][100][101]
Malia 700 – 1,000 5,000 – 10,000 – 12.500 [27]
Maydanets 10,000 – 29,000 – 46,000 [66][102][103]
Nea Nikomedeia 500 – 700 [104]
Okolište 1000 – 3000 [102]
Palaikastro 18,000 [27][105]
Populonia 25,000 – 40,000 [45][46][106][107]
Tarquinia 20,000 – 25,000 – 40,000 [45][46][106][107]
Vinča-Belo Brdo 2000 – 2500 [108][109]
Veii 25,000 – 40,000 – 100,000 [45][46][106][107][110][111][112]
Volsinii 13,000 – 25,000 – 40,000 [45][46][106][107]
Vulci 15,000 – 25,000 – 40,000 [45][46][106][107]
Sesklo 300 1000 – 5000 [113][114][115][116][117]
Sparta 40,000 – 50,000 [2][118]
Syracuse, Sicily 200,000 – 800,000 – 1,200,000 200,000 – 400,000 [40][119][120][121][122][123][124][125]
Sybaris 100,000 – 300,000 [126][65][127][128][129][130]
Solnitsata 350 [131][132]
Tiryns 1,200 – 1,800 10,000 15,000 [133][134][62]
Nebelivka 17,000 [67]
Taranto 100,000 – 300,000 [53][135][136]
Talianki 15,000 – 30,000 [67][137][138][139]
Thebes, Greece 4,000 – 6,000 8,000 30,000 – 60,000 [140]

[141][142][143][144]

Los Millares 1,000 – 2,300 [145][146][147]
Pavlopetri 500 2,000 [148][149]
Rome 3,145 – 7,400 24,240 – 60,600 80,000 130,000 250,000 – 300,000 350,000 500,000 – 1,000,000 [53][150][151][152][153]

[154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161]

Rhodes 100,000 – 200,000 100,000 [20][21][162]

Timeline: Roman Empire–Modern Age (1–1800 A.D.)

City 1 – 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
Agrigento 50,000 [163]
Athens 30,000 – 90,000 110,000 25,000 35,000 – 50,000 40,000 [164][165][166][167]
Aquileia 12,000 – 100,000 100,000 [168][169][170]
Augsburg 25,000 – 50,000 25,000 – 50,000 12,000 50,000 30,000 – 50,000 45,000 – 50,000 – 100,000 26,000 28,000 – 32,000 [171][172][173][174][175][176][177]
Amalfi 80,000 [178]
Antwerp 5,000 20,000 100,000 – 200,000 46,000 – 90,000 75,000 [179][180][181][182][183]
Arles 75,000 – 100,000 [184][185][186]
Autun 40,000 – 100,000 [187][188][189]
Amsterdam 30,000 65,000 – 100,000 – 175,000 175,000 – 200,000 – 210,000 195,000 – 201,000 [182][190][191][192]
Barcelona 50,000 60,000 – 70,000 100,000 [192][193][194][195]
Bruges 50,000 125,000 – 200,000 [196][197]
Bucharest 60,000 50,000 [198]
Brussels 30,000 100,000 100,000 70,000 [181][191][199]
Bordeaux 15,000 30,000 – 40,000 50,000 100,000 [200][201][202][166][170]
Berlin 6,000 12,000 20,000 172,000 [191][203]
Bologna 35,000 50,000 – 70,000 [166][204][205]
Bolgar 25,000 – 30,000 50,000 [198]
Capua 30,000 [170]
Carnuntum 12,000 – 50,000 50,000 50,000 [206][207][208]
Cádiz 100,000 87,000 [189][209]
Corinth 100,000 – 200,000 – 700,000 45,000 + in 856 AD.[210] [62][211][212][213][214]
Constantinople 12,000 400,000 400,000 – 800,000 100,000 – 800,000 100,000 – 800,000 100,000 – 250,000 500,000 – 1,000,000 500,000 300,000 400,000 70,000 100,000 400,000 – 660,000 700,000 300,000 – 700,000 400,000 – 570,000 [215][216][217][218][219][220][221][222][223][224][166][167]
Córdoba 45,000 350,000 60,000 [189][204][225]
Cologne 40,000 40,000 15,000 – 20,000 21,000 20,000 21,000 – 50,000 50,000 – 60,000 50,000 – 60,000 40,000 45,000 40,000 50,000 [205][226][227][228][229][230]
Danzig 30,000 60,000 – 80,000 [171][231]
Dublin 1,000 – 2,000 4,000 – 5,000 10,000 20,000 75,000 200,000 [232][233][234][235]
Edirne (Adrianople) 10,000 28,000 125,000 160,000 – 183,000 93,000 100,000 [198]
Feodosia 40,000 85,000 – 88,000 50,000 40,000 36,000 – 44,000 [198]
Florence 15,000 50,000 – 60,000 80,000 – 120,000 70,000 70,000 [236][182][205][226][237][238]
Gela 30,000 [163]
Genoa 80,000 50,000 100,000 100,000 60,000 70,000 90,000 [236][182][205][239][240][241]
Ghent 5,000 10,000 60,000 – 80,000 70,000 – 80,000 80,000 – 150,000 – 175,000 – 200,000 [180][196][242][243][244][245][246][247][193]
Gortyna 22,500 [248]
Granada 26,000 150,000 100,000 70,000 [249][250][200]
Hamburg 8,000 15,000 – 20,000 40,000 – 60,000 – 100,000 63,000 – 75,000 117,000 – 130,000 [171][173][177][231][191][251]
Kyiv 45,000 100,000 [252][253]
Lisbon 35,000 50,000 – 60,000 60,000 – 70,000 – 120,000 120,000 – 140,000 200,000 237,000 [209][254][255][256]
London 30,000 45,000 – 50,000 – 60,000 10,000 – 12,000 20,000 – 25,000 10,000 – 20,000 20,000 – 25,000 50,000 – 100,000 50,000 – 100,000 – 120,000 225,000 – 410,000 550,000 – 700,000 861,000 – 1,000,000 [224][257][258][259][260][261][262][263][264]
Lugdunum (Lyon) 50,000 – 100,000 – 200,000 50,000 – 100,000 – 200,000 12,000 20,000 40,000 – 70,000 40,000 – 70,000 100,000 150,000 [231][265][205][266][267][268][269][270]
Leuven 45,000 [271]
Lublin 40,000 – 70,000 [198]
Lübeck 6,000 24,000 30,000 – 37,000 32,000 24,000 [198]
Madrid 60,000 105,000 182,000 [231][191][251]
Magdeburg 30,000 40,000 – 45,000 [171][230]
Marseille 15,000 80,000 – 100,000 80,000 83,000 – 100,000 [231][191][192][251][166][170]
Mainz 15,000 20,000 30,000 25,000 24,000 20,000 20,000 – 42,000 [272][166][170]
Messina 100,000 [190][251][273]
Milan 30,000 – 40,000 40,000 100,000 90,000 200,000 125,000 100,000 180,000 113,000 122,000 – 250,000 [50][236][274][189][191][240][251][275][276][277][278][170]
Metz 40,000 25,000 40,000 [265][269][279]
Montpellier 30,000 – 40,000 15,000 40,000 [265][280]
Moscow 20,000 – 30,000 30,000 – 40,000 100,000 200,000 200,000 270,000 [281][282]
Narbonne 20,000 30,000 – 50,000 31,000 [187][205][166][170]
Naples 30,000 50,000 30,000 30,000 50,000 – 60,000 200,000 350,000 207,000 500,000 [236][191][205][283][284][285][286][287][288][289]
Nimes 40,000 – 60,000 40,000 [265][290][291][292][293]
Nuremberg 10,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 – 52,000 40,000 – 50,000 – 100,000 27,000 [173][175][177][251][294][295][296]
Ostia Antica 20,000 – 50,000 – 100,000 50,000 – 100,000 [297][298][299][300][301][302]
Ohrid 40,000 [198]
Palermo 60,000 – 350,000 150,000 150,000 50,000 100,000 124,000 135,000 [303][190][191][304][256]
Paris 8,000 30,000 20,000 – 30,000 20,000 – 30,000 20,000 50,000 110,000 – 160,000 228,000 – 275,000 – 300,000 280,000 225,000 245,000 – 420,000 515,000 546,000 – 830,000 [205][224][305][306][307][265][308][309][166][310]
Padua 25,000 – 40,000 25,000 – 40,000 25,000 – 40,000 40,000 [166][311]
Philippi 10,000 – 100,000 [312][167]
Pliska 44,000 [198]
Plovdiv 20,000 20,000 30,000 [198]
Pozzuoli 30,000 – 100,000 [50][313][174][170]
Pskov 35,000 52,000 – 60,000 [198]
Preslav 60,000 60,000 [314]
Prague 10,000[315] 22,000 40,000 – 77,000 95,000 – 100,000 70,000 100,000 48,000 77,000 – 100,000 [316][191][317]
Regensburg 25,000 40,000 [274][269]
Reims 30,000 – 50,000 30,000 [187][265]
Rome 1,000,000 – 1,650,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,100,000 100,000 90,000 40,000 – 50,000 50,000 30,000 20,000 50,000 – 55,000 90,000 – 110,000 120,000 – 150,000 150,000 [150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][182][215][318][319][320][321][322][323][166][170]
Ravenna 50,000 50,000 [184]
Rhodes 40,000 [167]
Rouen 10,000 30,000 40,000 70,000 40,000 – 70,000 40,000 – 70,000 63,000 80,000 – 90,000 [191][265][269][270][317][324][325]
Saint Petersburg 100,000+ 220,000 – 425,000 [192][326]
Salerno 50,000 50,000 30,000 4,000 [205][304]
Smolensk 20,000 – 30,000 – 40,000 25,000 50,000 64,000 40,000 [327][328]
Sarai 100,00 – 600,000 [329]
Speyer 30,000+ 30,000 20,000 [198]
Seville 90,000 150,000 25,000 100,000 – 300,000 80,000 96,000 [330][190][191][200]
Siena 50,000 – 120,000[331] 25,000 [332]
Stara Zagora 35,000 30,000 40,000 38,000 [198]
Syracuse, Sicily 80,000 – 90,000 [189][163]
Thessaloniki 30,000 – 200,000 50,000 40,000 150,000 150,000 100,000 – 150,000 100,000 – 150,000 [252][333][334][335][336][337][166][167]
Trakai 50,000 [198]
Trnovo 48,000 35,000 [198]
Targoviste 25,000 – 40,000 50,000 – 60,000 45,000 – 60,000 [198]
Trier 70,000 – 80,000 – 100,000 70,000 – 80,000 – 100,000 15,000 20,000 [205][269][338][339][340][184]
Toulouse 20,000 40,000 50,000 30,000 40,000 24,000 50,000 43,000 50,000 [341][271][265][342][343][344][345]
Venice 60,000 80,000 110,000 – 180,000 110,000 – 150,000 100,000 – 170,000 200,000 140,000 140,000 [236][274][238][239][346]
Verona 20,000 – 25,000 40,000 [347][348]
Veliky Novgorod 10,000 – 15,000 – 18,000 20,000 – 30,000 – 40,000 50,000 – 60,000 – 400,000 50,000 [349][350][351][352]
Vienna 15,000 – 20,000 15,000 – 20,000 12,000 20,000 24,000 45,000 30,000 – 50,000 – 60,000 100,000 – 113,000 250,000 [171][177][231][191][296][208][353][354]
Worms 28,000 – 60,000 20,000 [198]
Ypres 40,000 – 80,000 – 200,000 40,000 – 80,000 – 200,000 [205][201][355][356][357][358][359][360]
Zadar 30,000 [361]

Data from Hohenberg and Lees (1985)

Data from Chandler (1987)

City Country 430 B.C. 200 B.C. A.D. 100 A.D. 361 A.D. 500 A.D. 622
Seville Spain 37–40,000 40,000
London United Kingdom 30,000
Syracuse Italy 125,000 100,000 51–60,000 45–50,000
Rome Italy 35,000 150,000 450,000 150,000 100,000 50,000
Milan Italy 30,000 40,000
Athens Greece 155,000 75,000 75,000 50–60,000
Corinth Greece 70,000 70,000 50,000
Byzantium/
Constantinople		 Turkey 36,000 300,000 400,000 350,000
City Country 800 900 1000 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1575 1600 1650
London United Kingdom 15,000 25,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 60,000 50,000 74,000 112,000 187,000 410,000
Lisbon Portugal 15,000 15,000 15,000 35,000 45,000 55,000 60,000 55,000 62,000 85,000 100,000 170,000
Córdoba Spain 160,000 200,000 450,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 40,000 36,000 30,000 32,000
Seville Spain 35,000 40,000 90,000 125,000 125,000 150,000 75,000 90,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 46,000 70,000 100,000 126,000 60,000
Granada Spain 60,000 60,000 60,000 75,000 90,000 60,000 90,000 165,000 70,000 70,000 60,000 68,000
Madrid Spain 80,000 125,000
Paris France 25,000 20,000 30,000 50,000 110,000 160,000 228,000 215,000 280,000 150,000 185,000 210,000 220,000 245,000 455,000
Amsterdam Netherlands 48,000 165,000
Rome Italy 50,000 40,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 30,000 33,000 38,000 58,000 70,000 102,000 110,000
Turin Italy 25,000 30,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 75,000 114,000 209,000 215,000 224,000 265,000
Milan Italy 25,000 20,000 30,000 42,000 45,000 60,000 65,000 60,000 50,000 80,000 83,000 89,000 75,000 98,000 107,000 105,000
Palermo Italy 35,000 75,000 90,000 125,000 150,000 75,000 35,000 25,000 39,000 60,000 70,000 105,000 132,000
Venice Italy 35,000 45,000 55,000 60,000 70,000 90,000 110,000 85,000 110,000 100,000 115,000 171,000 157,000 151,000 134,000
Copenhagen Denmark 15,000 22,000 30,000 40,000 55,000 76,000 80,000 84,000 90,000 110,000
Prague Czech Republic 25,000 35,000 35,000 33,000
Constantinople/
Istanbul		 Turkey 250,000 300,000 300,000 200,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 100,000 80,000 75,000 45,000 200,000 660,000 680,000 700,000 700,000
Smolensk Russia 80,000 100,000 120,000
Moscow Russia 30,000 80,000 75,000 60,000 80,000 100,000
City Country 1675 1700 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1862 1875 1900 1914 1925 1936 1950 1975
London United Kingdom 485,000 550,000 676,000 710,000 861,000 1,335,000 2,320,000 2,803,000 4,241,000 6,480,000 7,419,000 7,742,000 9,710,000 8,860,000 10,500,000
Lisbon Portugal 178,000 188,000 213,000 219,000 237,000 258,000 262,000 280,000 243,000 363,000 455,000 567,000 875,000 1,600,000
Córdoba Spain 27,000 28,000 34,000 52,000
Seville Spain 80,000 68,000 96,000 83,000 117,000 148,000 212,000 383,000 685,000
Granada Spain 35,000 45,000 53,000 58,000 75,000
Madrid Spain 115,000 105,000 110,000 132,000 182,000 201,000 216,000 303,000 373,000 539,000 623,000 791,000 1,220,000 1,527,000 4,150,000
Paris France 540,000 530,000 556,000 600,000 547,000 855,000 1,314,000 1,800,000 2,250,000 3,330,000 4,000,000 4,800,000 5,950,000 5,900,000 9,400,000
Amsterdam Netherlands 195,000 210,000 219,000 209,000 195,000 196,000 225,000 268,000 289,000 510,000 601,000 718,000 859,000 1,800,000
Rome Italy 105,000 138,000 146,000 148,000 142,000 125,000 158,000 194,000 251,000 438,000 570,000 758,000 1,155,000 1,665,000 3,600,000
Naples Italy 170,000 207,000 310,000 355,000 430,000 350,000 413,000 447,000 450,000 563,000 691,000 852,000 1,210,000 1,900,000
Milan Italy 114,000 113,000 110,000 117,000 122,000 156,000 182,000 226,000 267,000 491,000 655,000 917,000 1,103,000 1,400,000 3,800,000
Palermo Italy 128,000 125,000 111,000 127,000 135,000 154,000 170,000 175,000 188,000 255,000 370,000 470,000 672,000
Venice Italy 138,000 143,000 158,000 151,000 146,000 99,000 141,000 171,000 226,000 354,000
Berlin Germany 26,000 113,000 136,000 172,000 222,000 446,000 582,000 1,045,000 2,707,000 3,500,000 4,013,000 4,226,000 3,707,000 2,000,000
Budapest Hungary - - - - - - - - 309,208 733,385 880,371 960,995 1,060,431 1,629,000 2,026,543
Prague Czech Republic 48,000 58,000 77,000 98,000 117,000 474,000 670,000 745,000 951,000 1,275,000
Copenhagen Denmark 30,000 181,000 571,000 1,140,000 3,300,000
Constantinople/
Istanbul		 Turkey 750,000 700,000 625,000 600,000 570,000 675,000 785,000 820,000 873,000 900,000 1,125,000 817,000 1,035,000 3,200,000
Edirne Turkey 100,000 85,000 82,000 80,000 88,000 85,000
Moscow Russia 105,000 114,000 146,000 177,000 248,000 257,000 373,000 346,000 600,000 1,120,000 1,805,000 1,764,000 4,050,000 5,100,000 10,700,000
Saint Petersburg Russia 74,000 164,000 220,000 438,000 502,000 565,000 764,000 1,439,000 2,133,000 1,430,000 2,983,000 2,700,000 4,280,000

See also

Notes and references

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