The Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador has 175 unincorporated communities[1] that are designated as local service districts (LSDs) for the purpose of providing water, sewer, fire, garbage, street lighting, animal control, and/or road maintenance services to ratepayers within a defined area.[2] The services in an LSD are overseen by a committee of five to seven elected officials and delivered by hired staff.[2] The costs are recovered by the LSD committee through taxes levied upon residents and other benefitting parties in the defined area.[2]

The Local Service District Regulations of the province's Municipalities Act is the legislation that provides the authority to designate an LSD.[2] Upon receiving a petition led by a permanent resident of a certain area that is signed by the majority of permanent residents of that area, the provincial minister responsible for the Municipalities Act may issue an order to incorporate an LSD for the area.[3] The order assigns the official name of the LSD, defines its boundaries, and sets out a process to elect a committee to represent the defined area.[3]

List

List of local service districts in Newfoundland and Labrador
Name[1] Region[1] Census subdivision[4] Population
(2016)[5] 		Population
(2011)[5] 		Change[5] Land area
(km2)[5] 		Population
density[5]
Aspen Cove Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision L 178 220 −19.1% 3.06 58.2/km2
Barachois Brook Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivision C 167 124 +34.7% 6.32 26.4/km2
Bartletts Harbour Western Newfoundland Division No. 9, Subdivision C 129 130 −0.8% 7.07 18.2/km2
Bay St. George South Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivision B 1,103 1,229 −10.3% 120.64 9.1/km2
Beaches Western Newfoundland Division No. 5, Subdivision E 54 42 +28.6% 1.89 28.6/km2
Bear Cove, Northern Peninsula Western Newfoundland Division No. 9, Subdivision C 91 115 −20.9% 5.48 16.6/km2
Beau Bois Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 2, Subdivision D 41 55 −25.5% 1.05 39.0/km2
Bellevue Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision A 165 150 +10.0% 10.37 15.9/km2
Bellevue Beach Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision A 69 72 −4.2% 6.7 10.3/km2
Benoits Siding Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivision A 32 5 +540.0% 6.23 5.1/km2
Benton Central Newfoundland Division No. 6, Subdivision E 154 171 −9.9% 4.71 32.7/km2
Birchy Cove Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivision G 20 30 −33.3% 4 5.0/km2
Biscay Bay Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision V[6] data not available from Statistics Canada
Black Duck Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivisions C and D 110 99 +11.1% 19.75 5.6/km2
Black Duck Brook and Winterhouse Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivision E 172 116 +48.3% 12.58 13.7/km2
Black Duck Cove, Northern Peninsula Western Newfoundland Division No. 9, Subdivision C 155 179 −13.4% 1.4 110.7/km2
Black Tickle-Domino Labrador Division No. 10, Subdivision B 150 168 −10.7% 9.43 15.9/km2
Blaketown Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision Y 605 511 +18.4% 19.94 30.3/km2
Boyd's Cove Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision G 183 190 −3.7% 6.46 28.3/km2
Bridgeport Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision H 104 140 −25.7% 3.11 33.4/km2
Brig Bay Western Newfoundland Division No. 9, Subdivision C 117 117 0.0% 1.68 69.6/km2
Brigus South Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision U 83 86 −3.5% 6.36 13.1/km2
Brown's Arm Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision F 395 304 +29.9% 18.12 21.8/km2
Buchans Junction Central Newfoundland Division No. 6, Subdivision A 72 79 −8.9% 8.07 8.9/km2
Bunyan's Cove Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivision E 457 467 −2.1% 10.33 44.2/km2
Burgoynes Cove Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivision K 126 128 −1.6% 12.17 10.4/km2
Burnside-St. Chads Central Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivision D 95 91 +4.4% 15.94 6.0/km2
Burnt Cove, St. Michael's, Bauline South Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision U 316 308 +2.6% 8.64 36.6/km2
Burnt Point-Gull Island-Northern Bay Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision G 546 631 −13.5% 12.81 42.6/km2
Calvert Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision U 219 255 −14.1% 5.45 40.2/km2
Campbells Creek Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivisions D and E 113 92 +22.8% 2.44 46.3/km2
Canning's Cove Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivision E 231 264 −12.5% 4.25 54.4/km2
Cape Freels North Central Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivision A 118 123 −4.1% 2.67 44.2/km2
Cape Ray Western Newfoundland Division No. 3, Subdivision H 352 356 −1.1% 21.32 16.5/km2
Caplin Cove-Southport Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivision M 687 786 −12.6% 26.46 26.0/km2
Castor River North Western Newfoundland Division No. 9, Subdivision C 141 153 −7.8% 2.34 60.3/km2
Castor River South Western Newfoundland Division No. 9, Subdivision C 136 141 −3.5% 6.81 20.0/km2
Cavendish Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision E 301 363 −17.1% 2.69 111.9/km2
Chanceport Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision H 38 37 +2.7% 1.51 25.2/km2
Charlottetown, Bonavista Bay Central Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivision E 227 264 −14.0% 2.9 78.3/km2
Cobbs Arm Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision H 119 135 −11.9% 5.14 23.2/km2
Cottrell's Cove Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision E 123 144 −14.6% 37.18 3.3/km2
Deadman's Bay Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision M 130 155 −16.1% 12.57 10.3/km2
Deep Bight Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivision M 186 176 +5.7% 15.35 12.1/km2
Deer Park/Vineland Road Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision W data not available from Statistics Canada
Diamond Cove Western Newfoundland Division No. 3, Subdivision J 46 51 −9.8% 2.42 19.0/km2
Dildo Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision E 1,234 1,198 +3.0% 8.12 152.0/km2
Dunfield Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivision J 78 83 −6.0% 1.83 42.6/km2
Eddies Cove West Western Newfoundland Division No. 9, Subdivision G 36 49 −26.5% 18.1 2.0/km2
Epworth-Great Salmonier Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 2, Subdivision E 177 211 −16.1% 8.42 21.0/km2
Fairbanks-Hillgrade Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision H 253 254 −0.4% 9.27 27.3/km2
Fairhaven Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision A 85 85 0.0% 5.89 14.4/km2
Flat Bay Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivision C 210 229 −8.3% 4.43 47.4/km2
Forest Field-New Bridge Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision W 52 70 −25.7% 10.95 4.7/km2
Forresters Point Western Newfoundland Division No. 9, Subdivision C 208 204 +2.0% 3.12 66.7/km2
Fox Island River-Point au Mal Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivision D 173 194 −10.8% 17.86 9.7/km2
Fox Roost-Margaree Western Newfoundland Division No. 3, Subdivision H 327 334 −2.1% 17.69 18.5/km2
François Central Newfoundland Division No. 3, Subdivision E 89 114 −21.9% 5.09 17.5/km2
Freshwater, Conception Bay Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision H 228 220 +3.6% 6.93 32.9/km2
Gander Bay North Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision L 853 849 +0.5% 37.84 22.5/km2
Gander Bay South Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision L 325 311 +4.5% 5.31 61.2/km2
Garden Cove Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 2, Subdivision K 71 86 −17.4% 5.28 13.4/km2
Georgetown Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision N 229 169 +35.5% 3.32 69.0/km2
Glovers Harbour Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision E 92 78 +17.9% 8.85 10.4/km2
Goobies Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision A,
Division No. 2, Subdivision K, and
Division No. 7, Subdivision M		 142 139 +2.2% 12.95 11.0/km2
Grates Cove Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision G 127 152 −16.4% 3.94 32.2/km2
Great Brehat Western Newfoundland Division No. 9, Subdivision D 88 95 −7.4% 0.8 110.0/km2
Great Codroy Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivision A 69 65 +6.2% 3.61 19.1/km2
Green Island Brook Western Newfoundland Division No. 9, Subdivision C 143 161 −11.2% 2.87 49.8/km2
Green's Harbour Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision E 642 534 +20.2% 6.13 104.7/km2
Grey River Western Newfoundland Division No. 3, Subdivision F 104 124 −16.1% 2.44 42.6/km2
Harbour Mille-Little Harbour East Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 2, Subdivision I 126 136 −7.4% 3.56 35.4/km2
Harry's Harbour Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision P 73 69 +5.8% 2.47 29.6/km2
Hay Cove Western Newfoundland Division No. 9, Subdivision D[7] data not available from Statistics Canada
Herring Neck Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision H 20 22 −9.1% 0.15 133.3/km2
Hickman's Harbour-Robinson Bight Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivision L 379 402 −5.7% 20.73 18.3/km2
Hodges Cove Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivision M 261 275 −5.1% 6.03 43.3/km2
Hopeall Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision E 242 349 −30.7% 5.58 43.4/km2
Horwood Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision L 260 235 +10.6% 8.8 29.5/km2
Indian Cove Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision H 65 65 0.0% 2.13 30.5/km2
Jackson's Cove-Langdon's Cove-Silverdale Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision P 129 150 −14.0% 15.08 8.6/km2
Jean de Baie Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 2, Subdivision C 171 173 −1.2% 1.96 87.2/km2
La Poile Western Newfoundland Division No. 3, Subdivision I 87 103 −15.5% 1.46 59.6/km2
Lance Cove, Bell Island Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision R 322 344 −6.4% 14.69 21.9/km2
L'Anse aux Meadows to Quirpon Western Newfoundland Division No. 9, Subdivision D 224 282 −20.6% 9.59 23.4/km2
Laurenceton Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision F 183 178 +2.8% 11.64 15.7/km2
Lethbridge to Sweet Bay Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivisions E and F[7] data not available from Statistics Canada
Little Harbour (East), Placentia Bay Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision A 91 111 −18.0% 1.81 50.3/km2
Little Rapids Western Newfoundland Division No. 5, Subdivision F 225 233 −3.4% 5.83 38.6/km2
Little St. Lawrence Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 2, Subdivision F 117 125 −6.4% 4.85 24.1/km2
Lodge Bay Labrador Division No. 10, Subdivision B 65 78 −16.7% 6.19 10.5/km2
Loon Bay Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision G 177 144 +22.9% 11.9 14.9/km2
Lower Lance Cove Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivision L 85 97 −12.4% 0.85 100.0/km2
Main Point-Davidsville Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision L 302 323 −6.5% 28.61 10.6/km2
Mainland Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivision E 314 341 −7.9% 11.28 27.8/km2
Makinsons Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision M 436 438 −0.5% 22.49 19.4/km2
Markland Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision X 223 196 +13.8% 20.74 10.8/km2
Marysvale Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision O 562 619 −9.2% 10.43 53.9/km2
Mattis Point Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivision C 132 129 +2.3% 6.49 20.3/km2
McCallum Central Newfoundland Division No. 3, Subdivision D 73 92 −20.7% 1.82 40.1/km2
Merritt's Harbour Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision H 38 36 +5.6% 2.33 16.3/km2
Mobile Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision U 435 201 +116.4% 6.5 66.9/km2
Moreton's Harbour Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision H 103 136 −24.3% 4.09 25.2/km2
Nameless Cove Western Newfoundland Division No. 9, Subdivision C 69 69 0.0% 0.64 107.8/km2
New Chelsea-New Melbourne-Brownsdale-Sibley's Cove-Lead Cove Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision F 494 503 −1.8% 14.6 33.8/km2
New Harbour, Trinity Bay Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision E 491 501 −2.0% 11.83 41.5/km2
Newman's Cove Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivision G 150 156 −3.8% 3.55 42.3/km2
Newville Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision H 110 131 −16.0% 1.79 61.5/km2
Noddy Bay Western Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision P[7] data not available from Statistics Canada
Noggin Cove Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision L 258 262 −1.5% 2.31 111.7/km2
Norman's Bay Labrador Division No. 10, Subdivision B 25 34 −26.5% 9 2.8/km2
Norris Arm North Central Newfoundland Division No. 6, Subdivision D 202 188 +7.4% 11.72 17.2/km2
North Harbour, St. Mary's Bay Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision X 69 92 −25.0% 8.44 8.2/km2
O'Donnells Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision W 125 157 −20.4% 3.44 36.3/km2
Old Shop Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision Y 209 220 −5.0% 2.87 72.8/km2
Open Hall-Red Cliffe Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivision F 60 90 −33.3% 4.19 14.3/km2
O'Regan's Central Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivision A 107 107 0.0% 23.63 4.5/km2
Patrick's Cove-Angels Cove Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision C 56 58 −3.4% 11.63 4.8/km2
Pensons Arm Labrador Division No. 10, Subdivision B 61 53 +15.1% 3.23 18.9/km2
Petit Forte Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 2, Subdivision C 57 85 −32.9% 5.56 10.3/km2
Petley Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivision L 88 80 +10.0% 1.18 74.6/km2
Phillips Head Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision E 151 162 −6.8% 3.58 42.2/km2
Piccadilly Head Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivision E 124 139 −10.8% 2.99 41.5/km2
Piccadilly Slant-Abraham's Cove Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivision E 372 380 −2.1% 16.45 22.6/km2
Pidgeon Cove-St. Barbe Western Newfoundland Division No. 9, Subdivision C 135 138 −2.2% 2.13 63.4/km2
Pleasantview Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision E 43 49 −12.2% 4.8 9.0/km2
Plum Point Western Newfoundland Division No. 9, Subdivision C 112 128 −12.5% 2.45 45.7/km2
Pollard's Point Western Newfoundland Division No. 5, Subdivision G 306 252 +21.4% 16.85 18.2/km2
Port Albert Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision L 66 69 −4.3% 3.16 20.9/km2
Portland Creek Western Newfoundland Division No. 9, Subdivision H 77 84 −8.3% 10.73 7.2/km2
Purcell's Harbour Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision I 59 49 +20.4% 1.43 41.3/km2
Pynns Brook Western Newfoundland Division No. 5, Subdivision F 96 107 −10.3% 8.06 11.9/km2
Quirpon Western Newfoundland Division No. 9, Subdivision D[7] data not available from Statistics Canada
Random Island West Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivision L 535 530 +0.9% 75.59 7.1/km2
Random Sound West (previously Hillview-Adeytown-Hatchet Cove-St. Jones Within)[8] Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivision M 436 438 −0.5% 29.96 14.6/km2
Rattling Brook Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision P 90 101 −10.9% 6.98 12.9/km2
Reefs Harbour-Shoal Cove West-New Ferolle Western Newfoundland Division No. 9, Subdivision C 100 230 −56.5% 11.94 8.4/km2
Roaches Line Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision M 276 279 −1.1% 26.57 10.4/km2
Rock Harbour Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 2, Subdivision D 54 66 −18.2% 7.36 7.3/km2
Searston Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivision A 128 120 +6.7% 13.94 9.2/km2
Sheaves Cove Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivision E 66 117 −43.6% 3.15 21.0/km2
Sheppardville Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision C 85 77 +10.4% 18.52 4.6/km2
Ship Cove, Northern Peninsula Western Newfoundland Division No. 9, Subdivision D 75 88 −14.8% 2.66 28.2/km2
Ship Cove-Lower Cove-Jerry's Nose Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivision E 382 356 +7.3% 17.93 21.3/km2
Shoe Cove (Notre Dame Bay) Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision O[7] data not available from Statistics Canada
Smith's Harbour Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision O 131 146 −10.3% 2.41 54.4/km2
Smith's Sound Central Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivision K 366 317 +15.5% 26.27 13.9/km2
Sop's Arm Western Newfoundland Division No. 5, Subdivision G 157 197 −20.3% 7.42 21.2/km2
South Dildo Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision Y 249 314 −20.7% 4.93 50.5/km2
Southeast Bight Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 2, Subdivision C 92 92 0.0% 0.81 113.6/km2
Spanish Room Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 2, Subdivision D 131 134 −2.2% 5.63 23.3/km2
Spillars Cove Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivision I 71 87 −18.4% 2.2 32.3/km2
St. Andrews Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivision A 284 303 −6.3% 28.47 10.0/km2
St. Anthony Bight Western Newfoundland Division No. 9, Subdivision D 120 128 −6.2% 2.33 51.5/km2
St. Joseph's Cove-St. Veronica's Central Newfoundland Division No. 3, Subdivision D 117 135 −13.3% 25.71 4.6/km2
St. Judes Western Newfoundland Division No. 5, Subdivision A 214 201 +6.5% 13.64 15.7/km2
St. Patricks Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision C 31 45 −31.1% 1.38 22.5/km2
St. Teresa Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivision C 82 156 −47.4% 9.16 9.0/km2
Stanhope Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision F 280 268 +4.5% 4.53 61.8/km2
Stoneville Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision L 298 317 −6.0% 7.87 37.9/km2
Straitsview Western Newfoundland Division No. 9, Subdivision D[9] data not available from Statistics Canada
Summerville-Princeton-Southern Bay Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivision F 310 367 −15.5% 29.12 10.6/km2
Swift Current Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 2, Subdivision K 207 208 −0.5% 10.62 19.5/km2
Thornlea Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision A 115 101 +13.9% 1.76 65.3/km2
Three Rock Cove Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivision E 188 189 −0.5% 10.6 17.7/km2
Tizzard's Harbour Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision H 55 53 +3.8% 1.83 30.1/km2
Tompkins Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivision A 114 135 −15.6% 6.25 18.2/km2
Tors Cove Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 1, Subdivision U 300 449 −33.2% 9.17 32.7/km2
Upper Amherst Cove Eastern Newfoundland Division No. 7, Subdivision G 41 36 +13.9% 1.59 25.8/km2
Upper Ferry Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivision A 175 181 −3.3% 11.36 15.4/km2
Valley Pond Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision H 101 130 −22.3% 3.77 26.8/km2
Virgin Arm-Carter's Cove Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision H 615 622 −1.1% 15.24 40.4/km2
West Bay Western Newfoundland Division No. 4, Subdivision E 235 273 −13.9% 10.58 22.2/km2
Wild Cove, White Bay Central Newfoundland Division No. 8, Subdivision A 49 66 −25.8% 2.76 17.8/km2
William's Harbour Labrador Division No. 10, Subdivision B 15 18 −16.7% 1.26 11.9/km2

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Directory of Local Service Districts" (PDF). Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. October 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d "Local Service Districts – Frequently Asked Questions". Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Local Service District Regulations under the Municipalities Act". Government of Newfoundland and Labrador: Queen's Printer. 2011. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
  4. ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions, census subdivisions (municipalities) and designated places, 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Newfoundland and Labrador)". Statistics Canada. February 7, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and designated places, 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Newfoundland and Labrador)". Statistics Canada. February 7, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
  6. ^ "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Search results (Biscay Bay)". Statistics Canada. June 17, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d e 91 Census (PDF). Population and Dwelling Counts. Vol. Unincorporated Places. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. June 1993. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  8. ^ "Search the Canadian Geographical Names Database (CGNDB): Random Sound West (Formerly Hillview-Adeytown-Hatchet Cove-St. Jones Within)". Natural Resources Canada. February 16, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
  9. ^ "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Search results (Straitsview)". Statistics Canada. June 17, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
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