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First page of the magazine Güleryüz, an example of magazines that supported the Turkish National Movement

Media during the Turkish War of Independence refers to the political attitudes of newspapers and magazines that were published in Anatolia and Constantinople during the Turkish War of Independence between the Armistice of Mudros (1919) and the Treaty of Lausanne (1923).

Background

After the World War I, the Ottoman Empire was partitioned by the Entente. The Turkish National Movement in Anatolia culminated in the formation of the Grand National Assembly (GNA; Turkish: Büyük Millet Meclisi [BMM]) by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues. After the end of the Turkish–Armenian, Franco-Turkish and Greco-Turkish fronts (often referred to as the Eastern Front, the Southern Front, and the Western Front of the war, respectively), the Treaty of Sèvres was abandoned and the Treaties of Kars (October 1921) and Lausanne (July 1923) were signed. The Allies left Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (which remains Turkey's primary legislative body today) declared the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923.

During this period, an important amount of newspapers and magazines published in region supported the Turkish National Movement. Initially, because of the occupation of city, the mass media in Istanbul was unable to write subjects such as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Kuva-yi Milliye, War of Independence and Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Some newspapers even openly supported the occupation by trying to convince the people to not resist.[1] There were also many newspapers and magazines owned by minorities who mostly supported a mandate rule over Anatolia and named Kuva-yi Milliye "irresponsible gangs".[2]

List

Media that was in support of the Turkish National Movement

Constantinople

Name Center Type Frequency Notes
Ahvâl Constantinople Newspaper Irregular
Akbaba Constantinople Newspaper Twice per week
Akşam Constantinople Newspaper Daily Formed by Necmettin Sadak and Ali Naci
Alay Constantinople Newspaper Weekly Formed by Ercüment Ekrem Talu and Aka Gündüz
Asildar Constantinople Newspaper Daily
Asker Hocası Constantinople Newspaper Biweekly
Aydede Constantinople Newspaper Weekly
Âyine Constantinople Magazine
Aydınlık Constantinople Newspaper Weekly
Beşer ve Tabiat Constantinople Newspaper Weekly
Bugün Constantinople Newspaper Monthly
Büyük Mecmua Constantinople Magazine Biweekly
Cadı Constantinople Newspaper Twice per week
Ceride-i Havadis Constantinople Newspaper Daily
Ceride-i Şikâyât Constantinople Newspaper Weekly
Dergâh Constantinople Magazine Biweekly
Dersaadet Constantinople Newspaper Daily
Diken Constantinople Newspaper Weekly
Edebî Mecmua Constantinople Magazine Weekly
Efkâr-ı Umumiye Constantinople Newspaper Biweekly
Fırtına Constantinople Newspaper Weekly
Güleryüz Constantinople Newspaper Weekly Launched by Sedat Simavi
Habl-i Metin Constantinople Magazine
Hâdisât Constantinople Newspaper Daily
Halk Sadâsı Constantinople Newspaper Daily
Hukuk-ı Beşer Constantinople Newspaper Daily
İdrâk Constantinople Newspaper Daily
İfhâm Constantinople Newspaper Daily
İkdam Constantinople Newspaper Everyday Established by Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, Hüseyin Cahit (Yalçın) and Hüseyin Rahmi
İleri Constantinople Newspaper Daily Established by Celal Nuri İleri
İstiklâl Constantinople Newspaper Irregular
Karagöz Constantinople Magazine Biweekly It published 4785 issues between the Second Constitutional Era and 1955 and supported the Turkish National Movement.
Memleket Constantinople Newspaper Daily
Millî Mecmua Constantinople Magazine Biweekly
Minber Constantinople Newspaper Daily
Müşterek Newspaper Constantinople Newspaper Daily
Resimli Newspaper Constantinople Newspaper Weekly
Sebilürreşad Istanbul-Kayseri-Ankara Constantinople Irregular Established by Mehmet Akif (Ersoy)
Servet-i Fünun Constantinople Newspaper-Magazine Weekly
Tanin Constantinople Newspaper Daily Formed by Hüseyin Cahit
Tercüman-ı Hakikat Constantinople Newspaper Everyday
Tevhid-i Efkâr (Tasvîr-i Efkâr) Constantinople Newspaper Daily
Türk Dünyası Constantinople Newspaper Weekly
Vakit Constantinople Newspaper Daily Established by Ahmet Emin Yalman and Mehmet Asım Us
Vatan Constantinople Newspaper Daily
Yarın Constantinople Magazine Weekly
Yeni Mecmua Constantinople Magazine Weekly

Anatolia

Name Center Type Frequency Notes
Ferda Adana Newspaper Twice every week
Hayat Adana Newspaper Thrice every week
Millî Mefkure Adana Magazine Once every 15 days
Tok Söz Adana Newspaper Everyday
Adapazarı Adapazarı Newspaper Once every week
Afyon'da Nur Afyonkarahisar Magazine Once every month
İkâz Afyonkarahisar Newspaper Everyday
Söz Birliği Afyonkarahisar Newspaper Irregular
Amasya'da Emel Amasya Newspaper Once every week
Ana Türk Yurdu Ankara Magazine Once every 15 days
Anadolu Duygusu Ankara Magazine Once every 15 days
Anadolu Terbiye Mecmuası Ankara Magazine Once every month
Anadolu'da Peyâm-ı Sabah Ankara Newspaper Once every week
Anadolu'da Yeni Gün Ankara Newspaper Everyday It was later renamed to Cumhuriyet
Anavatan Mecmuası Ankara Magazine Once every 15 days
Bozkurt Ankara Magazine Once every week
Hakimiyet-i Milliye Ankara Newspaper Everyday Established by Atatürk in 1920. It was the semi-official newspaper of TBMM. It was renamed Ulus in 1934. The first editor was Ahmet Ağaoğlu.[3][4][5]
Kavânîn Mecmuası Ankara Magazine Irregular
Mefkure Ankara Magazine Once every week
Millî Ordu Ankara Magazine Once every month
Şark'ın Sesi Ankara Newspaper Everyday
Anadolu'da Kalem Ankara Newspaper Once every week
Yeşil Yuva Ardahan Magazine Once every month
Aydın İli Aydın Newspaper Once every two days
Doğru Söz Balıkesir Newspaper Once every week
İzmir'e Doğru Balıkesir Newspaper Twice every week
Zafer-i Millî Balıkesir Newspaper Thrice every week
Dertli Bolu Newspaper Once every week
Gamlı Bolu Magazine Once every week
Millî Gaye Bolu Magazine Once every 15 days
Türkoğlu Bolu Newspaper Irregular
Arkadaş Bursa Newspaper Irregular
Bursa Mecmuası Bursa Magazine Once every 15 days
Ertuğrul Bursa Newspaper Once every week
Hakikat Bursa Newspaper Thrice every week
İntibah Bursa Newspaper Everyday
Kardeş Bursa Newspaper Once every week
Millet Yolu Bursa Newspaper Twice every week
Peyâm-ı Sabah Bursa Published a single issue
Halk Yolu Çankırı Magazine Once every 15 days
Nazikter Daday Newspaper Once every week
Küçük Mecmua Diyarbakır Magazine Once every week
Arda Edirne Newspaper Twice every week
İtilâf Edirne Newspaper Everyday
Paşaeli-Trakya Edirne Newspaper Once every week
Satvet-i Milliyye Elazığ Newspaper Once every week
Albayrak Erzurum Newspaper Twice every week
Ahrar Eskişehir Newspaper Once every week
Hatif Eskişehir Newspaper Irregular
İmdad Eskişehir Newspaper Irregular
İstiklâl Eskişehir Newspaper Once every week
Metanet Eskişehir Newspaper Irregular
Gedikkaya Giresun Newspaper Once every week
Işık Giresun Magazine Once every 15 days
Karadeniz Giresun Newspaper Once every week
Yeni Giresun Giresun Newspaper Thrice every week
Güzel İnebolu İnebolu Newspaper Once every week
İnebolu
Ahenk İzmir Newspaper Everyday
Akdeniz İzmir Newspaper Once every week
Anadolu İzmir Newspaper Everyday
Antalya'da Anadolu İzmir Newspaper Everyday
Cumartesi İzmir Newspaper Once every week
Efe İzmir Newspaper Irregular
Halka Doğru Mecmuası İzmir Magazine Once every 15 days
Hilâl İzmir Newspaper Everyday
Hukuk-ı Beşer İzmir Newspaper Everyday
Islahat İzmir Newspaper Everyday
Sulh ve Selâmet İzmir Newspaper Everyday
Şark İzmir Newspaper Everyday
Yeni İzmir İzmir Magazine Once every 15 days
Açıksöz Kastamonu Newspaper Everyday
Gençlik Kastamonu Magazine Once every 15 days
Kastamonu Kastamonu Newspaper Once every week
Kayseri Gazetesi Kayseri Newspaper Once every week
Misâk-ı Millî Kayseri Newspaper Everyday
Babalık Konya Newspaper Twice every week
Hak Yolu Konya Magazine Once every 10 days
Halk Konya Newspaper Everyday
İntibah Konya Newspaper 6 times every week
Öğüt Konya Newspaper Everyday
Wilson Manisa Newspaper Irregular
Amâl-i Milliye Kahramanmaraş Newspaper Twice every week
Tecelli Merzifon Newspaper Once every 15 days
Menteşe Muğla Newspaper Twice every week
Azim Ordu Newspaper Twice every week
Güneş Ordu Magazine Once every 15 days
Muvaffakiyet-i Milliyye Ordu Newspaper Twice every week
Ordu Bucak Ordu Newspaper Twice every week
Yeni Adana Pozantı Newspaper Everyday
Ahâli Samsun Newspaper Irregular
Aks-i Sadâ Samsun Newspaper Thrice every week
Fırtına Samsun Newspaper Once every week
Hayat Samsun Newspaper Everyday
Samsun'da Hilâl Samsun Newspaper Twice every week
Varlık Sarıkamış Newspaper Twice every week
Birlik Sivas Newspaper Once every week
Dilek Sivas Newspaper Once every 15 days
Gaye-i Milliye Sivas Newspaper Everyday
İrâde-i Milliye Sivas Newspaper Everyday
Fecir Trabzon Magazine Once every 15 days
Güzel Trabzon Trabzon Newspaper Thrice every week
Hak Trabzon Newspaper Irregular
İkbâl Trabzon Newspaper Twice every week
İstikbal Trabzon Newspaper Twice every week
Zafer Trabzon Magazine Once every week

Other

Name Center Type Frequency Notes
Azerbaycan Baku Newspaper Irregular
Sadâ-i Millet Batumi Newspaper Thrice every week
Kızıl Şark Moscow Magazine Once every month
Nefir Thessaloniki Newspaper Once every week
Ahâli Sofia Newspaper Once every other day

Media that opposed the Turkish National Movement

Constantinople

Name Center Type Frequency Notes
Alemdar Constantinople Newspaper It was published between 1909 and 1922. Supported British occupation. It was formed by Refi Cevat Ulunay and Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı
Peyam-ı Sabah Constantinople Newspaper It was published between 1913 and 1922, when it was abolished by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The main writer of newspaper was Ali Kemal, and the newspaper was known for supporting British occupation.
Istanbul Constantinople Newspaper
Ümit Constantinople Magazine Formed by Refik Halit Karay

Anatolia

Name Center Type Frequency Notes
Ferda Adana It was published between 1918 and 1921. Supported the French occupation.[6]
Adana Postası Adana Newspaper Everyday The newspaper was abolished when the French left the region.[7]
Rehber Adana Newspaper Once every week Financed by the French.[7]
Selamet Trabzon
İrşat Balıkesir
Köylü İzmir Supported the Greek occupation
Zafer Kastamonu Supported the Ottoman Empire in Istanbul

Minorities

Constantinople

Name Center Type Frequency Notes
Pontos Constantinople Newspaper Greek newspaper. Supported an independent Pontus.
Rönesans Constantinople Newspaper Armenian newspaper. Supported the Allied occupation, and it was known for calling the Kuva-yi Milliye "irresponsible gangs"
Journal d'Orient Constantinople Newspaper Jewish newspaper. Did not support a specific occupation, but stated that it would accept any rule, as long as Jews had minority rights.

Anatolia

Name Center Type Frequency Notes
Telgrafos İzmir Newspaper Greek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet.
Patris İzmir Newspaper Greek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet.
Amolthia Kozmoz İzmir Newspaper Greek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet.
Estia İzmir Newspaper Greek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet.
Epota Trabzon Newspaper Greek newspaper.
Pharos İanadolis Trabzon Newspaper Greek newspaper.
Toros Adana Newspaper Armenian newspaper.
Kilikya Adana Newspaper Armenian newspaper.
Hayistan Adana Newspaper Armenian newspaper.
Azadamard Adana Newspaper Armenian newspaper.
Adana Adana Newspaper Armenian owned newspaper. It was written in Turkish with an Armenian alphabet.
Davros Adana Newspaper Armenian newspaper.
Haygagan Tsayn Adana Newspaper Armenian newspaper.
Art Adana Newspaper Armenian newspaper.
Sakank Adana Newspaper Armenian newspaper.
Ararat Adana Newspaper Armenian newspaper.
Nor Aşharn Adana Newspaper Armenian newspaper.
Kilikya Surhantay Adana Newspaper Armenian newspaper.
Nor Serunt Adana Newspaper Armenian newspaper.

References

Citations

  1. ^ "Milli Mücadele Başlangıcında Basın ve Mustafa Kemal Paşa'nın Basınla İlişkileri". İşte Atatürk. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015.
  2. ^ "Azınlıklar Milli Mücadele ve Sonrası Ekonomik, Eğitim-Kültür, Basın Faaliyetleri". www.filozof.net. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  3. ^ Shissler, A. Holly (2003). Between Two Empires: Ahmet Agaoglu and the New Turkey. I.B.Tauris. p. 185. ISBN 9781860648557.
  4. ^ Schumann, Christoph (2008). Liberal Thought in the Eastern Mediterranean: Late 19th Century Until the 1960s. BRILL. p. 192. ISBN 9789004165489.
  5. ^ Shaw, Stanford J. (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808-1975, Volume 11. Cambridge University Press. p. 486. ISBN 9780521291668.
  6. ^ İslam, İbrahim. "Milli Mücadele'ye Muhalif Bir Gazete "Ferdâ" (PDF). www.zgefdergi.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2016.
  7. ^ a b Akalın, Gülseren. "Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda Adana Basını". turkoloji.cu.edu.tr. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012.

Cited bibliography

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