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((Short description|None))
((more citations needed|date=August 2020))
((US Revolutionary War))

Several military leaders played a role in the [[American Revolutionary War]]. This is a compilation of some of the most important leaders among the many participants in the war. Militia: a part of the organized armed forces of a country liable to call only in emergency or a body of citizens organized for military service.<ref>((cite web|last1=Webster|first1=Merriam|title=Definition of MILITIA|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/militia|website=www.merriam-webster.com))</ref> In order to be listed here an individual must satisfy one of the following criteria:
* Was a nation's top civilian responsible for directing military affairs
* Held a commission of at least [[brigadier general]] or [[rear admiral]] in an organized military during the conflict
* Was the highest-ranking member of a given nation's force that participated in the conflict (if that rank was not at least [[major general]])
* Was the highest-ranking member of a given state/colonial militia
* Was a provincial or territorial governor who is documented to have directed a military action
* Was a Native American tribal leader who had a documented leadership position in military action
Some individuals held concurrent positions in more than one organization, and a number of [[Continental Army]] generals also held high-ranking positions in their state militia organizations

== United States ==
[[Image:Yorktown-peale.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Detail from ''Washington and his generals at Yorktown'' (c. 1781) by [[Charles Willson Peale]]. [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette|Lafayette]] (far left) is at Washington's right, the [[Comte de Rochambeau]] to his immediate left.]]
When the war began, because the American colonists feared a very strong armed force (also known as a "[[standing army]]"), each colony had traditionally provided its own defense through the use of local [[militia]]. Each of which had their own command hierarchy. Some states, most notably [[Pennsylvania]] and [[Massachusetts]], also had their own navies.

Seeking to coordinate military efforts, the [[Continental Congress]] established (on paper) a regular army—the [[Continental Army]]—in June 1775, and appointed [[George Washington]] as [[commander-in-chief]]. The development of the [[Continental Army]] was always a work in progress, and Washington reluctantly augmented the regular troops with militia throughout the war.

===General and Commander-in-chief===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! align="center" width="100" |
! align="left" width="100" |Name
! align="left" width="300" |Period of service in the rank, promotions and previous military experience. Termination of service
! align="left" width="300" |Commentary
|-
| [[File:Charles Peale Polk (1767-1822) - George Washington at Princeton.jpg|100px]]
| [[George Washington]]
| June 15, 1775 to Dec. 23, 1783.<ref name=Heitman/> Member of the [[Second Continental Congress]]. Former Colonel of the [[Virginia Regiment]] in the [[French and Indian War]].<ref>Fitzpatrick 1936, pp. 511, 514.</ref><br>Resigned at the end of the war.<ref>Chernow 2011, p. 455.</ref>
|[[George Washington]] was the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Continental Army]], reporting to the [[Second Continental Congress]]. His activities, including command of the Main Army, the direction of the overall war effort on behalf of the United States, and administration of the entire army, were overseen by the [[Board of War]], established in June 1776. He held the rank of [[Flag officer#United States|general]] during the war. He was subsequently appointed [[Lieutenant General (United States)|lieutenant general]] in 1798 and was posthumously promoted to [[General of the Armies|General of the Armies of the United States]] in 1976.
|-
|}

===Continental Army===

====Major generals====

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! align="center" width="100" |
! align="left" width="100" |Name
! align="left" width="300" |Period of service in the rank, promotions and previous military experience. Termination of service
! align="left" width="300" |Commentary
|-
| [[File:Raphaelle Peale - Artemas Ward (1727-1800) - H835 - Harvard Art Museums.jpg|100px]]
| [[Artemas Ward]]
| June 17, 1775 to April 23, 1776.<ref name=Heitman>Heitman 1914, pp. 9-10.</ref> General and Commander-in-Chief of the [[Massachusetts]] troops.<ref>Heitman 1914, p. 568.</ref><br>Resigned officially due to "want of health", but really did not want to leave Boston after the British evacuation.<ref>Tarbox 1876, p. 109.</ref>
|The first overall leader of the assembled militia forces outside Boston after the war began, and ranked second in seniority to Washington in the [[Continental Army]]. He commanded the Eastern Department, which was largely responsible for containing the British at Newport, until 1777, when he resigned due to poor health
|-
| [[File:Lee, Charles (1-2 length) - NARA - 532923.jpg|100px]]
| [[Charles Lee (general)|Charles Lee]]
| June 17, 1775 to January 10, 1780.<ref name=Heitman/> [[Half-pay]] [[Lieutenant Colonel]] in the [[British Army]], formerly of the [[103rd Foot]].<ref>Adams 1933, p. 98.</ref><br>[[Military discharge|Dismissed]] by Congress.<ref>Chernow 2011, p. 436.</ref>
|An experienced British military officer, Lee had hoped to be appointed commander-in-chief instead of Washington. He was a somewhat difficult subordinate of Washington's, delaying execution of orders or deliberately flouting them at times. During the retreat across [[New Jersey]] from [[New York (state)|New York]], Lee was captured by the British in a surprise raid. Quickly exchanged, he participated in the Philadelphia campaign. After he was convicted by a court martial for disobeying orders during the [[Battle of Monmouth]], he resigned from the army in 1780.
|-
| [[File:Schuyler.jpg|100px]]
| [[Philip Schuyler]]
| June 19, 1775 to April 19, 1779.<ref name=Heitman/> Member of the [[Second Continental Congress]].<ref>Krout 1934, p. 478.</ref><br>Resigned due to a dispute with [[Horatio Gates]].<ref>Tucker 2018, vol. 4, p. 626.</ref>
|As head of the Northern Department, Schuyler planned the [[Invasion of Canada (1775)|1775 invasion of Quebec]], but was prevented from leading it by an illness. He was active in the defense of [[New York City|New York]] in 1777, but the [[Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)|withdrawal from Ticonderoga]] led Congress to replace him with [[Horatio Gates]]. He was also active in Indian relations, cultivating the neutrality or support of tribes in [[New York (state)|New York]].
|-
| [[File:Israel putnam portrait.jpg|100px]]
| [[Israel Putnam]]
| June 19, 1775 to June 3, 1783.<ref name=Heitman/> Promoted from colonel of the [[3rd Connecticut Regiment (1775)|3rd Connecticut Regiment]].<ref>Heitman 1914, p. 455.</ref><br>Resigned officially at the end of the war. However, his active service ended in December 1779 due to a [[stroke]].<ref>Hubbard 2017, p. 173.</ref>
|Active from the first days of the revolution, Putnam led the forces in the field at the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]]. After performing poorly in the [[Battle of Long Island]], Washington assigned him to do primarily recruiting in the Highlands Department. He suffered a stroke in 1779, which ended his military career.
|-
| [[File:Chappel Montgomery full length.jpg|100px]]
| [[Richard Montgomery]]
| Dec. 9, 1775 to Dec. 31, 1775. ([[Brigadier General]] June 22, 1775).<ref name=Heitman/> Former Captain in the [[17th Foot]].<ref>Adams 1934, p. 98.</ref><br>[[Killed in action]] during the [[Battle of Quebec (1775)|Battle of Quebec]].<ref>Shelton 1994, p. 149.</ref>
|Leading the [[Invasion of Canada (1775)|Invasion of Canada]] in 1775 as a brigadier, Montgomery was killed in the Battle of Quebec, without knowing that he had been promoted to major general following the [[Siege of Fort St. Jean]].
|-
| [[File:Gen. Thomas (NYPL Hades-280241-1253522) (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| [[John Thomas (American general)|John Thomas]]
| March 6, 1776 to June 2, 1776. ([[Brigadier General]] June 22, 1775).<ref name=Heitman/> [[Lieutenant General]] of [[Massachusetts Militia]].<ref>Heitman 1914, p. 548.</ref><br>Died from [[smallpox]] during the retreat from [[Invasion of Quebec (1775)|Canada]].<ref>Kohn 2008, p. 317.</ref>
|Active from the beginning of the war in Boston, Thomas commanded the besieging forces at Roxbury. Sent to take over the forces besieging [[Quebec City]], he died of [[smallpox]] during the army's retreat in June 1776.
|-
| [[File:William E Heath.jpg|100px]]
| [[William Heath]]
| Aug. 9, 1776 to Nov. 3, 1783. ([[Brigadier General]] June 22, 1775).<ref name=Heitman/> [[Major General]] of [[Massachusetts Militia]].<ref>Heitman 1914, p. 284.</ref>
|Having a prominent role training troops in the early days of the war at the [[Siege of Boston]], Heath spent most of the war leading the Highland Department, since Washington was apparently not confident of his ability in the field.((citation needed|date=August 2020))
|-
| [[File:HoratioGatesByStuart crop.jpg|100px]]
| [[Horatio Gates]]
| May 16, 1776 to Nov. 3, 1783. ([[Brigadier General]] June 17, 1775).<ref name=Heitman/><br> [[Half-pay]] Major in the [[British Army]], formerly of the [[Royal American Regiment]].<ref>Adams 1931, p. 185</ref>
|Served at first as Washington's adjutant, and then in the Northern Department. He was in command during the pivotal [[battle of Saratoga]] in 1777, following which he lobbied Congress as a potential replacement for Washington. He was afterward given command of the Southern Department, where his army was [[Battle of Camden|disastrously defeated at Camden]] in 1780, ending his field leadership.
|-
| [[File:Joseph Spencer, major-general of the Continental troops.jpg|100px]]
| [[Joseph Spencer]]
| Aug. 9, 1776 to Jan. 13, 1778. ([[Brigadier General]] June 22, 1775 from Colonel of [[2nd Connecticut Regiment]]).<ref name=Heitman/><ref>Heitman 1914, p. 511.</ref><br>Resigned because Congress had ordered an investigation of his military conduct.<ref>United States Congress 1961, p. 1638.</ref>
|
|-
| [[File:Sullivan, John.jpg|100px]]
| [[John Sullivan (general)|John Sullivan]]
| Aug. 9, 1776 to Nov. 30, 1779. ([[Brigadier General]] June 22, 1775 when member of the [[Second Continental Congress]]).<ref name=Heitman/><ref name=USC1674/><br>Resigned due to ill health.<ref name=USC1674>United States Congress 1961, p. 1674.</ref>
|Active from the first days of the war, he led a relief column and ended up in command of the [[Battle of Quebec (1775)|invasion of Quebec]] during its final weeks in 1776. He then served under Washington in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. He led American forces in the failed [[Battle of Rhode Island]], and then led the 1779 [[Sullivan Expedition]], which destroyed Indian villages in New York.
|-
| [[File:Nathanael Greene engraving.jpg|100px]]
| [[Nathanael Greene]]
| Aug. 9, 1776 to Nov. 3, 1783. ([[Brigadier General]] June 22, 1775).<ref name=Heitman/> Brigadier General of Rhode Island troops.<ref>Heitman 1914, p. 260.</ref>
|One of the best strategists in the Continental Army. He served under Washington in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, and served for a time as the army's [[Quartermaster General]]. He led the ultimately successful campaign in 1780 and 1781 against the British "Southern Strategy" as commander of the Southern Department, effectively becoming the [[Continental Army]]'s number two general.
|-
| [[File:Benedict Arnold 1color.jpg|100px]]
| [[Benedict Arnold]]
| Feb. 17, 1777 to Sept 25, 1780. ([[Brigadier General]] Jan. 10, 1776 from Colonel of [[20th Continental Regiment]]).<ref name=Heitman/><ref>Heitman 1914, p. 75.</ref><br>[[Desertion|Deserted]] to the enemy.<ref>Chernow 2011, p. 382.</ref>
|A leading force in the early days of the war, participating in the 1775 [[capture of Fort Ticonderoga]] and the [[Invasion of Canada (1775)|invasion of Quebec]]. He played a crucial role in the 1777 [[Battles of Saratoga]], in which he was severely wounded. In 1780, he acquired command of the Highlands Department with the intent of surrendering [[West Point]] to the British. The plot was uncovered and he fled to join the British, for whom he served until the end of 1781 as a brigadier general.
|-
| [[File:William Alexander, Lord Stirling.png|100px]]
| [[William Alexander, Lord Stirling|William Alexander]]
| Feb. 19, 1777 to Jan. 15, 1783. ([[Brigadier General]] March 1, 1776 from Colonel of [[1st New Jersey Regiment]]).<ref name=Heitman/><ref>Heitman 1914, p. 66.</ref><br>Died in active service.<ref>Alden 1928, p. 175.</ref>
|Spending most of the war with the Main Army under Washington, he was captured during the [[Battle of Long Island]] in 1776 and not long after that, exchanged for [[Montfort Browne]]. He also served with distinction in numerous battles in [[New Jersey]]. He died in 1783 shortly before the end of the war.
|-
| [[File:Thomas Mifflin by Charles Willson Peale.jpg|100px]]
| [[Thomas Mifflin]]
| Feb. 19, 1777 to Feb. 25, 1779. ([[Brigadier General]] May 16, 1776 from [[Quartermaster General]] with rank of colonel).<ref name=Heitman/><ref>Heitman 1914, p. 3912.</ref><br>Resigned when under investigation by Congress for his actions as [[Quartermaster General (United States)|Quartermaster General]].<ref>Peeling 1933, p. 607.</ref>
|Serving in a variety of roles during and after the [[American Revolution]], several of which qualify him to be counted among the [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]]. He was the [[List of governors of Pennsylvania|first Governor of Pennsylvania]], serving from 1790 to 1799; he was also the last President of [[Pennsylvania]], succeeding [[Benjamin Franklin]] and serving from 1788 until 1790.
|-
| [[File:ArthurStClairOfficialPortrait-restored.jpg|100px]]
| [[Arthur St. Clair]]
| Feb. 19, 1777 to Nov. 3, 1783. ([[Brigadier General]] Aug. 9, 1776 from Colonel of [[3rd Pennsylvania Regiment|2nd Pennsylvania Battalion]]).<ref name=Heitman/><ref>Heitman 1914, p. 516.</ref>
|Leading troops during the [[Invasion of Quebec (1775)|Quebec]], [[New York and New Jersey campaign|New York]], and [[New York and New Jersey campaign|New Jersey]] campaigns, and then put in command of [[Fort Ticonderoga]], where he made the critical decision to retreat [[Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)|before Burgoyne's advancing army]]. Publicly criticized for this step, which saved his army, he held no more field commands, but served as an aide to Washington for the rest of the war.
|-
| [[File:Flag of None (square).svg|100px]]
| [[Adam Stephen]]
| Feb. 19, 1777 to Feb. 25, 1777. ([[Brigadier General]] Sep. 4, 1776 from Colonel of [[4th Virginia Regiment]]).<ref name=Heitman/><ref>Heitman 1914, p. 517.</ref><br>[[Court-martial]]ed and [[Cashiering|cashiered]] for [[drunkenness]] and [[Friendly fire|firing on friendly troops]] at the [[battle of Germantown]].<ref>Hannings 2008, p. 223.</ref>
|Leading forces under Washington in the [[New York and New Jersey campaign|New York, New Jersey]], and [[Philadelphia campaign|Philadelphia]] campaigns. Following a misstep in the [[Battle of Germantown]] in which, against orders, he advanced his troops to a point where they accidentally exchanged [[friendly fire]] with forces of Anthony Wayne, Stephen was court martialed and [[cashiering|cashiered]] out of the army.
|-
| [[File:General Benjamin Lincoln-restored.jpg|100px]]
| [[Benjamin Lincoln]]
| Feb. 19, 1777 to Oct. 29, 1783.<ref name=Heitman/> Commissioned from [[major general]] of [[Massachusetts Militia]].<ref>Robinson 1933, p. 260.</ref>
|Present at three major surrenders during the war. Active in the New York campaign, Washington sent him to assist [[Horatio Gates]] in the Northern Department, where he was wounded after the [[Battle of Bemis Heights]]. Next he was put in command of the Southern Department, he was forced to surrender his army to [[Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)|Sir Henry Clinton]] when they were surrounded in [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] in 1780. Exchanged later that year, he was present at the [[Siege of Yorktown]] where, as second-in-command to Washington, he accepted Cornwallis' sword, which Cornwallis had sent his second-in-command to deliver. From 1781 to 1783 he served as [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary at War]].
|-
| [[File:Marquis de Lafayette 2.jpg|100px]]
| [[Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette]]
| July 31, 1777 to Nov. 3, 1783.<ref name=Heitman/> [[Captain]] in the French [[:fr:Régiment de Noailles dragons|Régiment de Noailles dragons]].<ref>Monaghan 1933, p. 536.</ref>
|Serving with Washington in the Philadelphia campaign, he fought in the [[Battle of Rhode Island]], and successfully resisted significant engagements with British forces in [[Virginia]] before the armies of Washington and Rochambeau arrived. He was a favorite of Washington's, who treated him like a son.
|-
| [[File:Flag of None (square).svg|100px]]
| [[Philip De Coudray]]
| Aug. 11, 1777 to Sept. 15, 1777.<ref name=Heitman/> [[Chef de brigade]] in the French ''Corps-Royal d'artillerie''.<ref name=Tucker>Tucker 2018.</ref><br>Died in a riding accident.<ref name=Tucker/>
|
|-
| [[File:Johann de Kalb.jpg|100px]]
| [[Johann de Kalb]]
| Sept. 15, 1777 to Aug. 19, 1780.<ref name=Heitman/> Former [[Captain]] and [[lieutenant colonel]] by [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] in the French [[:fr:Régiment de Salm-Salm|Régiment d'Anhalt]].<ref>Kapp 1862, p. 34.</ref><br>[[Died of wounds]] received in the [[battle of Camden]].<ref>Monaghan 1933a, p. 253.</ref>
|Serving under Washington at [[Valley Forge]], he was sent to the Southern Department with [[Horatio Gates]] when he took over that department.
|-
| [[File:MajGenRobertHoweOval.jpg|100px]]
| [[Robert Howe (Continental Army officer)|Robert Howe]]
| Oct. 20, 1777 to Nov. 3, 1783. ([[Brigadier General]] March 1, 1776 from Colonel of [[2nd North Carolina Regiment]]).<ref name=Heitman/><ref>Heitman 1914, p. 304.</ref>
|Commanding the Southern Department, he led a campaign against [[East Florida]] that failed due to disagreements with state militia commanders, and was forced to [[Capture of Savannah|surrender Savannah]]. He then served under Anthony Wayne in the Highlands Department, seeing action [[Battle of Stony Point|at Stony Point]], and under Washington in the Main Army, where he put down a mutiny in 1781.
|-
| [[File:AlexanderMcdougall.jpg|100px]]
| [[Alexander McDougall]]
| Oct. 20, 1777 to Nov. 3, 1783. ([[Brigadier General]] Aug. 9, 1776.)<ref name=Heitman/> Former Colonel of [[1st New York Regiment]]).<ref>Heitman 1914, p. 368.</ref>
|Active in the New York and Philadelphia campaigns, he spent most of the war in the Highlands Department under [[William Heath]].
|-
| [[File:Thomas Conway portrait.jpg|100px]]
| [[Thomas Conway]]
| Dec. 13, 1777 to April 28, 1778. ([[Brigadier General]] May 13, 1777).<ref name=Heitman/> Colonel in the French [[:fr:Régiment d'Anjou (1775)|Régiment d'Anjou]].<ref>Rossie 1975, p. 189.</ref><br>Resigned when he lost his command after the [[Conway Cabal]] had been revealed.<ref>Adams 1930, p. 366.</ref>
|[[List of Inspectors General of the United States Army|Inspector General of the Continental Army]]. Involved with the [[Conway Cabal]] together with [[Horatio Gates]], he later served with [[Émigré]] forces during the [[French Revolutionary War]].
|-
| [[File:Baron Steuben by Peale, 1780.jpg|100px]]
| [[Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben]]
| May 15, 1778 to April 15, 1784.<ref name=Heitman/> ([[Volunteer]] [[Inspector General]] March 28, 1778.)<ref>Heitman 1914, p. 518.</ref> Former Captain in the Prussian Infantry Regiment von Salmuth.<ref>Lockhart 2008, p. 20.</ref>
|His military drills and instruction, which included swearing and shouting commands to officers, were especially helpful at [[Valley Forge]], are generally credited with significantly improving the performance of the [[Continental Army]]. He served in active roles in the [[Philadelphia campaign]], and under [[Nathanael Greene]] in his southern campaign, before returning to Washington's army at Yorktown. He authored ''[[Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States]]'', the United States Army's training guide until the [[War of 1812]]. At President Washington's request, he created a blueprint for the future of the U.S. Military, including the establishment, framework, and curriculum for America's service academies, starting with [[West Point]].<ref>Lockhart 2008, p. 301.</ref>
|-
| [[File:General William Smallwood SC-000580.jpg|100px]]
| [[William Smallwood]]
| Sept. 15, 1780 to Nov. 3, 1783. ([[Brigadier General]] Oct. 23, 1776 from Colonel of [[1st Maryland Regiment]]).<ref name=Heitman/><ref>Heitman 1914, p. 500.</ref>
|Served with distinction in the [[New York and New Jersey campaign|New York campaign]] and was twice wounded [[Battle of White Plains|at White Plains]]. He then served in the [[Philadelphia campaign]], and was in the [[Battle of Camden|debacle at Camden]] in 1780. He also commanded the militia of [[North Carolina]] for a few months.
|-
| [[File:Flag of None (square).svg|100px]]
| [[Samuel Holden Parsons]]
| Oct. 23, 1780 to July 22, 1782. ([[Brigadier General]] Aug. 9, 1776 from Colonel of [[10th Continental Regiment]].)<ref name=Heitman/><ref>Heitman 1914, p. 428.</ref><br>Dissatisfied and in poor health, he repeatedly asked leave to resign but it was not granted by Congress until the end of hostilities.<ref>Clark 1934, p. 271.</ref>
|
|-
| [[File:Henry Knox by Peale.jpg|100px]]
| [[Henry Knox]]
| Nov. 15, 1781 to June 20, 1784. ([[Brigadier General]] Dec. 27, 1776 from Colonel of Artillery).<ref name=Heitman/><ref>Heitman 1914, p. 336.</ref>
| Chief [[artillery]] officer of the [[Continental Army]]. Active with Washington throughout most of the war, he [[Noble train of artillery|brought Ticonderoga's cannons to Boston]] in early 1776, and saw the most action from New York to Yorktown. He oversaw the creation of an [[artillery]] training centre that was a precursor to the [[United States Military Academy]], and later served as the first [[United States Secretary of War]]. Knox initiated the concept of The [[Society of the Cincinnati]], formally organizing the society and authoring its founding document as the war ended in 1783.<ref>[https://www.societyofthecincinnati.org/about/history/origins The Origins of The Society of the Cincinnati], retrieved January 27, 2021</ref><ref>Thomas, p. 90.</ref><ref>Metcalf, p. 188.</ref>
|-
| [[File:Duportail exb.jpg|100px]]
| [[Louis Lebègue Duportail]]
| Nov. 15, 1781 to June 20, 1784. ([[Brigadier General]] Nov. 17, 1777 from Colonel of Engineers).<ref name=Heitman/><ref>Heitman 1914, p. 208.</ref> Lieutenant-Colonel in the French [[:fr:Corps royal du genie|Corps royal du genie]].<ref>Ferreiro 2016, p. 139.</ref>
|He oversaw the improvement of defenses throughout the states and directed the engineering efforts at Yorktown.
|-
| [[File:William Moultrie portrait.jpg|100px]]
| [[William Moultrie]]
| Oct. 15, 1782 to Nov. 3, 1783. ([[Brigadier General]] Sept. 16, 1776 from Colonel of [[2nd South Carolina Regiment]]).<ref name=Heitman/><ref>Heitman 1914, p. 54.</ref>
|
|-
|}

====Brigadier generals====
*[[John Armstrong Sr.]]
* [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]]
* [[Elias Dayton]]
* [[Joseph Frye]]
* [[Christopher Gadsden]]
* [[John Glover (general)|John Glover]]
* [[Mordecai Gist]]
* [[John Greaton]]. Continental brigadier general from 7 January 1783 to 3 November 1783.<ref name="Heitman, Francis B 1775">Heitman, Francis B; Historical Register of the Officers of the Continental Army during the War of the Revolution: April, 1775, to December, 1783. New, Revised and Enlarged Edition of 1914. With Addenda by Robert H. Kelby, 1932. Clearfield. Baltimore, MD. 1982. ((ISBN|0-8063-0176-7)). Page 10</ref>
* [[John Philip De Haas]]. Continental brigadier general from 21 February 1777 to 3 November 1783.<ref name="Heitman, Francis B 1775"/>
* [[Moses Hazen]]
* [[James Hogun]]((POW)) ([[North Carolina Line]] 1st Brigade)
* [[Isaac Huger]]
* [[Jedediah Huntington]]
* [[William Irvine (general)|William Irvine]]
* [[Jean Baptiste Joseph, chevalier de Laumoy]]
* [[Tadeusz Kościuszko]]
* [[Ebenezer Learned]]
* [[Andrew Lewis (soldier)|Andrew Lewis]]
* [[Lachlan McIntosh]]
* [[George Mathews (Georgia)|George Mathews]]
* [[William Maxwell (Continental Army general)|William Maxwell]]
* [[Hugh Mercer]]((KIA))
* [[Samuel Meredith (American politician)|Samuel Meredith]] (October 1777 he was commissioned General of the 4th Brigade and took part in the Battles of Brandywine and Germantown.)<ref>Major 3rd Bn of Associators "The Silk Stocking Co 1775</ref>
* [[James Moore (Continental Army officer)|James Moore]] ([[North Carolina Line]] 1st Brigade)
* [[Daniel Morgan]]((POW))
* [[Francis Nash]]((KIA)) ([[North Carolina Line]] NC Brigade)
* [[John Nixon (Continental Army general)|John Nixon]]
* [[Enoch Poor]]
* [[Philippe Hubert Preudhomme de Borre]]
* [[Kazimierz Pułaski]] (Casimir Pulaski)((KIA))
*[[Michael Kovats de Fabriczy|Michael Kovats]] (Kováts Mihály)((KIA))
* [[Rufus Putnam]]
* [[James Reed (soldier)|James Reed]]
* [[Matthias Alexis Roche de Fermoy]]
* [[William Thompson (general)|William Thompson]]
* [[Charles Armand Tuffin, marquis de la Rouërie]]
* [[Charles Scott (governor)|Charles Scott]]((POW)) (brevet to Major General 1791)
* [[John Stark]] (not promoted to major general until 1786)
* [[Jethro Sumner]] ([[North Carolina Line]] 2nd Brigade)
* [[Jacobus Swartwout]]
* [[James Mitchell Varnum]]
* [[Anthony Wayne]]
* [[George Weedon]]
* [[James Wilkinson]] (brevet to brigadier in 1777, promoted to major general in 1812)
* [[Otho Holland Williams]]
* [[Frederick William, Baron de Woedtke]]
* [[William Woodford]] (died as [[POW]])
* [[David Wooster]]((KIA)) participated in the Quebec invasion, serving as military governor of Montreal. He led the Canadian Department after the death of [[Richard Montgomery]]. Following the retreat from Quebec, he returned to his native Connecticut, where he led the state militia. He was killed in the 1777 [[Battle of Ridgefield]].

===Militia===
* Connecticut
** '''[[Gold Selleck Silliman]]'''
* Delaware
**'''[[Thomas Collins (governor)|Thomas Collins]]''' led the Delaware militia following Rodney's resignation, and served as [[List of governors of Delaware|president]] of the state after the war.
** '''[[Caesar Rodney]]''', signed the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], and led the Delaware state militia until 1781, when he resigned due to poor health. He was active in suppressing Loyalist dissent, and raising men and provisions for the national effort.
* Georgia
** '''[[Samuel Elbert]]''' (Major General of the Georgia militia)<ref>((cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvYrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |title=Savannah 1779: The British turn south |first1=Scott |last1=Martin |first2=Bernard F. |last2=Harris Jr. |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |date=24 August 2017 |page=23 |isbn=9781472818669))</ref>
** '''[[James Gunn (senator)|James Gunn]]''' (Brigadier General in the Georgia militia and U.S Congressman)<ref>((cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TVe81_NvVwC&pg=PA482|title=The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, 1788-1790 |volume=2 |first1=Merrill |last1=Jensen |first2=Lucy Trumbull |last2=Brown |first3=Robert A. |last3=Becker |first4=Gordon |last4=DenBoer |first5=Charles D. |last5=Hagermann |publisher=[[Univ of Wisconsin Press]] |year=1976 |page=482 |isbn=9780299095109))</ref>
* Maryland
** '''[[Thomas Johnson (jurist)|Thomas Johnson]]'''
** '''[[John Stricker]]'''
* Massachusetts
** '''[[Oliver Brown (American Revolutionary War Captain)|Oliver Brown]]'''Lead the soldiers who took down the statue of King George III in New York City, 1776<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.nyhistory.org/blogs/horses-tail-new-york-historical-got-legendary-piece-king-george-iii-statue|title=A Horse's Tail: How a Legendary Piece of a King George III Statue Landed at the New York Historical Society))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/biographicalsket00hayd_0|title=A Biographical Sketch of Captain Oliver Brown, Hayden, H.E.))</ref>
** '''[[Samuel McClellan]]'''
** '''[[Joseph Palmer (American Revolutionary War general)|Joseph Palmer]]'''<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.masshist.org/bh/palmer.html|title=June 17, 1775 Letter from Joseph Palmer to John Adams))</ref>
** '''[[Peleg Wadsworth]]'''
** '''[[John Fellows (brigadier general)|John Fellows]]'''
** '''[[Timothy Danielson]]''' Lead the Hampshire County Militia, was a brigadier general in the Massachusetts Militia throughout the Revolutionary War.
** '''[[Jonathan Warner]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43565993.html|title=Mills, Borden H. "TROOP UNITS AT THE BATTLE OF SARATOGA." The Quarterly Journal of the New York State Historical Association, vol. 9, no. 2, New York State Historical Association, 1928, pp. 136–58|jstor=43565993 ))</ref>''' Colonel Jonathan Warner's Regiment of Minute Men, commanded by Captain Jonathan Barns, marched from Brookfield, Massachusetts on April 19, 1775 upon news of the British advance on Lexington and Concord.<ref>((Cite book |last=Temple |first=Josiah Howard |title=History of North Brookfield, Massachusetts: Preceded by an Account of Old Quabaug, Indian and English Occupation, 1647-1676; Brookfield Records, 1686-1783 |publisher=Andesite Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1297743115 |language=English))</ref> 
** '''[[Joseph Warren]]'''((KIA)) an American physician who played a leading role in American Patriot organizations in Boston in the early days of the American Revolution, eventually serving as President of the revolutionary Massachusetts Provincial Congress. Warren enlisted Paul Revere and William Dawes on April 18, 1775, to leave Boston and spread the alarm that the British garrison in Boston was setting out to raid the town of Concord and arrest rebel leaders John Hancock and Samuel Adams. Warren participated in the next day's Battles of Lexington and Concord. Warren had been commissioned a major general in the colony's militia shortly before the June 17, 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill. Rather than exercising his rank, Warren served in the battle as a private soldier, and was killed in combat when British troops stormed the redoubt atop Breed's Hill.
* New Hampshire
** '''[[Nathaniel Folsom]]'''
** '''[[William Whipple]]'''
* New Jersey
**'''[[Philemon Dickinson]]''' (Major General of New Jersey Militia from 1777 to 1782)<ref>((cite dictionary |url=https://bioguideretro.congress.gov/Home/MemberDetails?memIndex=D000324 |title=DICKINSON, Philemon (1739-1809) |access-date=23 June 2020 |dictionary=[[Biographical Directory of the United States Congress]] |publisher=[[United States Congress]]))</ref>
* New York
** '''[[Nathaniel Woodhull]]'''
** '''[[John Morin Scott]]'''
** '''[[Nicholas Herkimer]]'''
* North Carolina<ref name='Lewis'>((cite web|url=http://www.carolana.com/NC/Revolution/nc_patriot_military_generals.html|title=The American Revolution in North Carolina, General Officers|website=carolana.com|author=Lewis, J.D.|access-date=March 8, 2019))</ref>[[File:Allen Jones.jpg|thumb|Brigadier General Allen Jones]][[File:General William Smallwood SC-000580.jpg|thumb|Major General William Smallwood]]
** '''[[John Ashe (general)|John Ashe]]''' (Brigadier General of the [[Wilmington District Brigade]], Major General of [[List of North Carolina militia units in the American Revolution|North Carolina Militia and State Troops]])
** '''[[William Bryan (North Carolina politician)|William Bryan]]''' (Brigadier General of the [[New Bern District Brigade]])
** '''[[John Butler (general)|John Butler]]''' (Brigaier General of the [[Hillsborough District Brigade]]
** '''[[Richard Caswell]]''' (Colonel of the New Bern District Minutemen and later Brigadier General of [[New Bern District Brigade]])
** '''[[William Caswell (politician)|William Caswell]]''' (Brigadier General of the New Bern District Brigade)
** '''[[William Lee Davidson]]''' (Brigaier General Pro Tempore of [[Salisbury District Brigade]])
** '''[[Thomas Eaton (general)|Thomas Eaton]]''' (Brigadier General of the [[Halifax District Brigade]])
** '''[[Isaac Gregory]]''' (Brigadier General of the [[Edenton District Brigade]])
** '''[[Henry William Harrington (North Carolina general)|Henry William Harrington]]''' (Brigadier General Pro Tempore of the Salisbury District Brigade)
** '''[[Allen Jones (Continental Congress)|Allen Jones]]''' (Brigadier General of [[Halifax District Brigade]])
** '''[[James Kenan]]''' (Brigadier General Pro Tempore of the [[Wilmington District Brigade]])
** '''[[Alexander Lillington]]''' (Brigadier General of [[Wilmington District Brigade]])
** '''[[Matthew Locke (U.S. Congress)|Matthew Locke]]''' (Brigadier General Pro Tempore of the Salisbury District Brigade)
** '''[[Alexander Mebane]]''' Brigadier General, Commissary General of the State of North Carolina
** '''[[Charles McDowell (North Carolina militiaman)|Charles McDowell]]''' (Brigadier General of [[Morgan District Brigade]])
** '''[[Thomas Person]]''' (Brigadier General of [[Hillsborough District Brigade]])
** '''[[Andrew Pickens (congressman)|Andrew Pickens]]''' (Brigadier General Pro Tempore of [[Salisbury District Brigade]])
** '''[[Ambrose Ramsey]]''' (Brigadier General Pro Tempore of the [[Salisbury District Brigade]])
** '''[[Griffith Rutherford]]''' (Brigadier General of [[Salisbury District Brigade]])
** '''[[William Skinner (North Carolina general)|William Skinner]]''' (Brigadier General of the Edenton District Brigade)
** '''[[William Smallwood]]''' (Major General of North Carolina Militia, also Continental officer)
** '''[[Edward Vaile]]''' (Brigadier General of [[Edenton District Brigade]])
* Pennsylvania
** '''[[Daniel Brodhead]]'''
** '''[[Samuel Miles]]'''
* Rhode Island
** '''[[Joshua Babcock]]'''
** '''[[William West (Rhode Island politician)|William West]]'''
* South Carolina
** '''[[John Barnwell (senator)|John Barnwell]]''', BG commander of the South Carolina 4th Brigade
** '''Stephen Bull''', BG commander of the South Carolina 1st Brigade
** '''[[Francis Marion]]''', BG commander of the South Carolina 2nd Brigade
** '''Alexander McIntosh''', BG commander of the South Carolina 4th Brigade
** '''[[Andrew Pickens (congressman)|Andrew Pickens]]''', BG commander of the South Carolina 3rd Brigade
** '''[[Richard Richardson (general)|Richard Richardson]]''', BG commander of the South Carolina 2nd Brigade
** '''[[Thomas Sumter]]''', "The Gamecock," was the senior brigadier general appointed in South Carolina, but operated independently of the others. As a result, Sumter rarely commanded more than his own brigade of state troops and militia.
** '''[[Andrew Williamson (soldier)|Andrew Williamson]]''', BG of the South Carolina 3rd Brigade
* Vermont
** '''[[Ethan Allen]]''' (Major General of the Vermont Republic Militia)
** '''[[Seth Warner]]'''
* Virginia
** '''[[George Rogers Clark]]''', led Virginia militia on 1778-79 [[Illinois campaign]], promoted to brigadier general in 1781 by Governor [[Thomas Jefferson]].
** '''[[Robert Lawson (American general)|Robert Lawson]]'''
** '''[[Joseph Martin (general)|Joseph Martin]]''' (Brigadier General of Virginia Militia)
** '''[[Sampson Mathews]]''', lieutenant colonel called on by Thomas Jefferson to resist [[Benedict Arnold]]'s 1781 [[Raid on Richmond|invasion of Virginia]].<ref>"From Thomas Jefferson to Sampson Mathews, 12 January 1781 Founders Online, National Archives," last modified July 11, 2019, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-04-02-0417. [Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 4, 1 October 1780 – 24 February 1781, ed. Julian P. Boyd. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951, p. 343]</ref><ref>((cite news |last= Bryan|first= Charles|date= October 25, 2014|title= Richmond's Benedict Arnold |url= https://www.richmond.com/richmond-s-benedict-arnold/article_2b881762-185f-57c3-919c-548d7a8061e1.html |work= Richmond Times Dispatch |location= Richmond, Virginia|access-date= July 11, 2019 ))</ref>

===Continental Navy===
* [[John Adams]] Famous Bostonian and Son of Liberty member, wrote the Navy's Code of Discipline. Additionally, through the Continental Congress commissioned the first war ships for defending the Colonies and seizing British resources from reaching enemy troops.<ref>A Look at the Birth of the Continental Navy http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=49113</ref>
* [[John Barry (naval officer)|John Barry]] was a captain in the Continental Navy. During his time as a commander he oversaw the commands of four American warships. He is known, along with John Adams and John Paul Jones, as the "Father of the American Navy".
* [[John Hazelwood]] was a commodore in the [[Pennsylvania Navy|Pennsylvania]] and Continental Navies, active in the [[Philadelphia campaign]] and [[siege of Fort Mifflin]].
* [[John Paul Jones]] was a captain in the Continental Navy and famously took captive ((HMS|Serapis|1779|6)) during the [[Battle of Flamborough Head]] after his ship, ''[[USS Bonhomme Richard (1765)|Bonhomme Richard]]'', sank. He, along with John Barry, is known as "The Father of the American Navy".
* [[Esek Hopkins]] was an established Sea Captain and Brigadier General of Militia from Rhode Island who was named commodore and commander in chief of the Continental Navy in 1776. He disregarded his instructions from Congress to take the fleet to cruise the Southern colonies, instead attacking British colonial holdings in the Caribbean in the [[Raid of Nassau|Battle of Nassau]]. This act was Initially hailed as heroic, he was subsequently censured by Congress in August 1776, and was relieved of his command in January 1778.
* [[James Nicholson (naval officer)|James Nicholson]] of Virginia was the designated Senior Captain in the Navy for political reasons in October 1776. He was the senior officer in the navy after Commodore Hopkins's relief in 1778, but never exercised command over the whole navy because it had ceased to operate as an organized fleet.
* [[Abraham Whipple]] was a commodore in the Continental Navy. In one of the first military actions of the revolution in 1772, Whipple led 50 Rhode Islanders in the capture and burning of the British revenue cutter [[Gaspee Affair|''Gaspee'']].

==Great Britain==
At the head of the British forces was the King, George III. From 1772 to 1778 the office of [[Commander-in-Chief of the Forces|Commander-in-Chief]] was vacant, but from 1778 to 1782 Sir [[Jeffery Amherst]] held the post, with the title of general on the Staff. He was succeeded in February 1782 by [[Henry Seymour Conway]].

Next in importance to the Commander-in-Chief was the [[Secretary at War]], who served as head of the [[War Office]], and was bidden "to observe and follow such orders and directions as he should from time to time receive from the King or the general of the forces". Not until 1783 was he a minister responsible to parliament. At the start of part of the war the secretary was [[William Wildman Shute Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington|Lord Barrington]]. He was replaced in 1778 by [[Charles Jenkinson, 1st Earl of Liverpool|Charles Jenkinson]] who held this position until the fall of [[Lord North]]'s government.

===Crown and Government officials===
* [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III of Great Britain]]
* [[Frederick North, Lord North]], Prime Minister (1770–1782)
* [[Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham]], Prime Minister (1782, died in office)
* [[William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne]], Prime Minister (1782–1783)
* [[George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville|George Germain]], [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]] (1775–1782)
* [[John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich]], First Lord of the Admiralty

===Commander-in-Chief of the Forces===
* Office vacant from 1772 to 1778
* [[Jeffery Amherst|Sir Jeffery Amherst]] (1778–1782)
* [[Henry Seymour Conway|The Hon. Henry Seymour Conway]] (1782–1793)

===Secretaries at War===
* [[William Wildman Shute Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington]]
* [[Charles Jenkinson, 1st Earl of Liverpool|Charles Jenkinson]]

===Commander-in-Chief, North America===
[[File:Sirhenryclinton2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Henry Clinton (American War of Independence)|Sir Henry Clinton]]]]
Until the war was widened into a global conflict by France's entry in 1778, the war's military activities were primarily directed by the [[Commander-in-Chief, North America]].
* '''[[General]] [[Thomas Gage]]''' was commander-in-chief of North American forces from 1763 until 1775, and governor of the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]] from 1774 to 1776. He presided over the rising tensions (with his actions sometimes contributing to them, in the opinions of some historians) that led to the outbreak of the war. He was recalled after the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]].
* '''[[General]] [[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe|William Howe]]''' replaced Gage, and personally directed the war effort in 1776 and 1777, including the British captures of New York City and Philadelphia. He failed to gain control over New Jersey, and his actions in taking Philadelphia contributed to the failure of [[John Burgoyne]]'s [[Saratoga campaign]]. He resigned in early 1778.
* '''[[Sir]] [[Henry Clinton (1738–1795)|Henry Clinton]]''' served as commander-in-chief from 1778 to 1782. He oversaw the British army's retreat from Philadelphia, and then directed the [[Siege of Charleston]], the landing of a large body of troops early in the "Southern strategy". He directed most British activities afterward from his base in New York, and played a role in negotiating [[Benedict Arnold]]'s change of allegiance. Following Cornwallis' surrender at Yorktown, he was replaced by Guy Carleton.
* '''[[Sir]] [[Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester|Guy Carleton]]''' was governor of [[Province of Quebec (1763-1791)|Quebec]] from 1768 to 1777, overseeing the province's defense against the [[Invasion of Canada (1775)|1775 invasion]], and its first counterattack. Denied command of what became John Burgoyne's campaign, he resigned in 1777. In 1782, King George appointed him to replace Clinton as commander-in-chief. He directed the withdrawal of British troops from the states and helped to organize the relocation of thousands of Loyalists to other British territories.

===Lieutenant and Major Generals===
* '''[[Mariot Arbuthnot]]''' was [[Vice-Admiral of the Blue]] in the Royal Navy, and commanded its North American station from 1779 until 1781. He led the navy in the [[Siege of Charleston]] and the [[Battle of Cape Henry]]. He was also [[Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia]] from 1776 to 1778, active in suppressing Patriot sentiment in that province.
* '''[[Robert Boyd (British Army officer)|Sir Robert Boyd]]''' was a lieutenant general who served in the garrison at the [[Great Siege of Gibraltar]].
* '''[[John Burgoyne]]''' was a lieutenant general who led a British attempt to gain control of the [[Hudson River]] valley in 1777 that was [[Saratoga campaign|stopped at Saratoga]]. Paroled to England and eventually exchanged, he did not serve further in the war.
* '''[[John Byron|The Hon. John Byron]]''' was the admiral in command of the West Indies naval station in 1778 and 1779. He fought the minor [[Battle of Grenada]] against d'Estaing in 1779, and retired the following year.
* '''[[Archibald Campbell (British Army officer)|Archibald Campbell]]''', while a lieutenant colonel, regained control of [[Georgia (U. S. state)|Georgia]] in 1779 and served as its royal governor. Promoted to major general, he served in [[Jamaica]], becoming its governor in 1782.
* '''[[John Campbell, of Strachur|John Campbell]]''' served in the [[Boston campaign]] and the [[New York and New Jersey campaign]] early in the war, before being given command of the defense of [[West Florida]]. Captured in the 1781 [[Siege of Pensacola]], he ended the war in the New York City garrison.
* '''[[Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)|Henry Clinton]]''', was sent into Massachusetts along with William Howe and John Burgoyne to aid [[Thomas Gage]]. He was one of the men responsible for planning the Battle of Bunker Hill. He would later serve as commander in Chief, America.
* '''[[George Collier|Sir George Collier]]''' was the commander of the Royal Navy's North American station from 1776 to 1779, providing naval support to a variety of operations, and leading the relief of the 1779 [[Penobscot Expedition]]. Thereafter he served in European waters, where he participated in one of the relief convoys to Gibraltar.
* '''[[Eyre Coote (East India Company officer)|Sir Eyre Coote]]''' was the [[Commander-in-Chief, India|commander-in-chief]] of British forces in India. While not personally involved in combat against the French and Dutch there, troops that were part of his command were involved in engagements against French and Dutch targets, while he was preoccupied with the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]].
* '''[[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis]]''' participated in many campaigns in North America. He served under Howe and Clinton in the New York and Philadelphia campaigns and was given control of the southern army by Clinton after the [[Siege of Charleston]]. At first successfully driving the Continentals from South Carolina, he was eventually forced to surrender his army at Yorktown in the last major engagement between American and British forces.
* '''[[Sir John Dalling, 1st Baronet]]''' was a general and governor of [[Jamaica]] until 1781, where he coordinated British military affairs throughout the Caribbean and the West Indies.
* '''[[William Dalrymple (general)|William Dalrymple]]''' commanded British troops in Boston when 3-400 civilians provoked 8 soldiers into firing their muskets without orders, killing five. Patriots subsequently publicized it heavily as the "[[Boston Massacre]]". He served as quartermaster general of the British Army in North America from 1779 to 1783.
* '''[[Sir Charles Douglas, 1st Baronet|Sir Charles Douglas]]''' was an admiral in the Royal Navy. He led the advance fleet that brought relief to Quebec in April 1776, and served under Rodney in the [[Battle of the Saintes]].
* '''[[William Erskine (General)|Sir William Erskine, 1st Baronet]]''' was a general who served under Howe and Clinton in the New York and Philadelphia campaigns. He also served for a time as quartermaster general before leaving active service in 1779.
* '''[[William Fawcett (British Army officer)|Sir William Fawcett]]''' became the army's [[Adjutant-General to the Forces|adjutant general]] in 1781. His most important role in the war was overseeing the embarkation of hired German troops for deployment to the various theaters of war.
* '''[[General Simon Fraser of Lovat|The Hon. Simon Fraser of Lovat]]''' was a general and colonel of the [[71st (Highland) Regiment of Foot]]. While he did not serve in the war, he was responsible for raising the regiment, which saw service throughout much of North America, and was captured at Yorktown.
* '''[[Samuel Graves]]''' was the admiral in charge of the navy's North American station at the outbreak of the war. He directed naval activities for much of the [[Siege of Boston]], and gave orders resulting in the politically and literally inflammatory [[Burning of Falmouth]] in October 1775. He was recalled in January 1776, and saw no more service in the war.
* '''[[Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves]]''' was an admiral and the nephew of Samuel Graves. As a lieutenant, he participated in the [[Battle of Chelsea Creek]] in 1775. By 1781 he had risen to become commander of the North American station. His fleet was driven off in the critical [[Battle of the Chesapeake]] that enabled the French blockade of Yorktown.
* '''[[William Green (general)|Sir William Green]]''' was a general. He was the chief engineer during the [[Great Siege of Gibraltar]], and had risen to major general by the end of the siege, later full general.
* '''[[Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey]]''' was one of the more successful army leaders. He led a brigade at the Battle of Brandywine, led forces in the [[Battle of Paoli]] and in [[Grey's raid|raids]] on New Bedford and Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts.
* '''[[Frederick Haldimand]]''' was responsible for the British troops in the [[Siege of Boston]], although his authority was often superseded by Thomas Gage, who had overall command. Haldimand served as governor of Quebec from 1778 to 1786, with responsibility for the defense of the province and the organization and support of frontier attacks in the [[Ohio Country]].
* '''[[Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood]]''' was an admiral, who served primarily under Rodney in the West Indies. He was also present at the [[Battle of the Chesapeake]] under Thomas Graves.
* '''[[Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe]]''' was chief of the North American naval station from 1776 to 1778, and brother of Sir William Howe. He was given diplomatic authority by King George to conduct negotiations at the unsuccessful [[Staten Island Peace Conference]] with [[John Adams]], [[Benjamin Franklin]] and [[Edward Rutledge]]. Sympathetic to the colonists' cause, he saw no further service until 1782, when he participated in the relief of Gibraltar.
* '''[[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe|William Howe]]''' Before taking over as the commander in chief, North America, [[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe|Howe]], along with [[Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)|Henry Clinton]] were sent into Massachusetts to serve with then commander in chief, North America [[Thomas Gage]]. Howe was the main person in charge of the British forces in the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]].
* '''[[Alexander Leslie (British Army officer)|The Hon. Alexander Leslie]]''' served under Cornwallis in the southern campaigns, but was commanding forces in Charleston at the time of Cornwallis' surrender at Yorktown.
* '''[[William Medows]]''' distinguished himself in the Philadelphia campaign and the [[Battle of St. Lucia]] in 1778. He was then despatched to India, where he was primarily involved in the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]].
* '''[[Hector Munro, 8th of Novar]]''' was a general active in India. He led the forces that [[Siege of Pondicherry (1778)|captured Pondicherry]] in 1778, and led forces against the Mysoreans.
* '''[[William Phillips (British Army officer)|William Phillips]]''' was an artillery general. He served under Burgoyne and was captured at Saratoga in 1777. Exchanged in 1780, he took over leadership of Benedict Arnold's army in Virginia, before becoming ill and dying.
* '''[[William Picton]]''' was a major general who served in the Gibraltar garrison during the siege.
* '''[[George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney]]''' was the commander of the naval station in the West Indies. He also participated in one of the expeditions to relieve Gibraltar, and, after capturing de Grasse in the [[Battle of the Saintes]], famously wrote, "Within two little years I have taken two Spanish, one French and one Dutch admirals."
* '''[[Francis Smith (British Army officer)|Francis Smith]]'''. As a major general, he oversaw the expedition of Concord to find weapons that were being smuggled by rebels. The British troops were halted by rebels on the way in Lexington, causing a skirmish to break out. The first battle of the war.

===Brigadier generals===
* [[James Agnew (British Army officer)|James Agnew]]
* [[Benedict Arnold]] was a leading force for the Continental Army in the early days of the war, changed sides and fled to join the British, for whom he served until the end of 1781 as a brigadier general.
* [[Oliver De Lancey Sr.]]
* [[Simon Fraser of Balnain]]
* [[George Garth]]
* [[Sir John Johnson, 2nd Baronet]]
* [[Francis McLean (British Army officer)|Francis McLean]]
* [[Augustine Prévost]]
* [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings]]

===Other notable officers===
[[File:A soldier called Major John André.png|thumb|Major John André, Head of British Secret Service in America]]
* [[Lieutenant Colonel]] [[James Abercrombie (British Army officer, born 1732)|James Abercrombie]]((KIA)), while leading the retreat at the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]], he was fatally injured in the thigh from being shot by a rebel.
* Lieutenant Colonel [[John Graves Simcoe]], he was a captain who traveled across the Northeast to look for American spies. He was featured in the AMC Series [[Turn: Washington's Spies]], as one of the main antagonists.
* Lieutenant Colonel [[Banastre Tarleton]], a cavalry officer who led the [[British Legion (American Revolution)|British Legion]], a regiment of American loyalist cavalry and light infantry. Though reviled by Americans for alleged atrocities, Tarleton’s successes on the battlefield made him one of the few British heroes of the war.
* [[Major (rank)|Major]] [[John Andre]]((KIA)) had just become head of British intelligence operations across the 13 Colonies, working under [[Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)|General Clinton]]. He negotiated with Benedict Arnold and, after being captured, was ordered hanged by a vengeful George Washington.
* Major [[John Pitcairn]]((KIA)) physically led the British forces in the expedition of Concord, in which it was speculated that rebels were hiding weapons. He died soon after [[The Battle of Bunker Hill]] after sustaining 6 [[gunshot wound]]s, including one to the head.
* Captain [[Thomas Preston (British Army officer)|Thomas Preston]], a couple of years before the war broke out, Preston was in charge of the eight-man squad that shot five angered American colonists during the controversial [[Boston Massacre]].

===Royal governors===
* [[Montfort Browne]]
* [[Henry Hamilton (governor)|Henry Hamilton]]
* [[John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore]]

===Frontier leaders===
* [[Patrick Sinclair]]
* [[John Butler (pioneer)|John Butler]]
* [[William Caldwell (ranger)|William Caldwell]]
* [[Simon Girty]]
* [[Robert Rogers (British Army officer)|Robert Rogers]]

==Native Americans==
[[Image:Cornplanter.jpg|thumb|right|Chief Cornplanter portrait by [[F. Bertoli]], 1796]]
The following [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] leaders from various nations took part in the American Revolution:
((Div col|colwidth=30em))
[[Chickamauga Cherokee]]
* [[Dragging Canoe]]<ref name="TennEn">[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=398 ''Dragging Canoe'']; By Ezzell, Patricia Bernard. (Tennessee Valley Authority); Tennessee Encyclopedia; accessed September 2015</ref>

[[Lenape]]
* [[Buckongahelas]]
* [[Captain Pipe]]
* [[White Eyes]]
* [[Gelelemend]]

[[Miami people|Miami]]
* [[Little Turtle]]

[[Mohawk people]]
* [[Joseph Brant]]
* [[John Deseronto]]
* [[Joseph Louis Cook]]

[[Ojibwe]]
* [[Matchekewis]]

[[Odawa]]
* [[Egushawa]]

[[Seneca people]]
* [[Cornplanter]]
* [[Guyasuta]]
* [[Little Beard]]
* [[Red Jacket]]
* [[Sayenqueraghta]]

[[Cayuga people]]
* [[Fish Carrier (Ojageght)|Fish Carrier]]<ref name="JohansenMann2000">((cite book|author1=Bruce Elliott Johansen|author2=Barbara Alice Mann|title=Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zibNDBchPkMC&pg=PA97|year=2000|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30880-2|pages=97–))</ref><ref>((cite book |title=New York City Guide |page=56 |year=1940 |editor=[[New York State Historical Association]]))</ref>

[[Shawnee people]]
* [[Blue Jacket]]
* [[Blackfish (Shawnee leader)|Black Fish]]
* [[Black Hoof]]
* [[Black Snake (Shawnee)|Black Snake]]
* [[Cornstalk]]
* [[Moluntha]]

[[Sioux]]
* [[Wapasha I|Wapasha]]<ref name=MHS>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_ACuSzf_HwC&pg=PA507|title=Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society|year=1872|volume=5|page=507))</ref>

[[Wyandot people]]
* [[Dunquat]]
((Div col end))

==German principalities==
Great Britain hired the services of military troops from a number of German dominions of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. The largest number arrived in 1776 pursuant to agreements signed in late 1775 or early 1776, but additional forces were recruited in 1778, with only limited success. The single largest contingent came from [[Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel|Hesse-Kassel]], hence the term "Hessians".
* [[Anhalt-Zerbst]]: Colonel '''[[Johann von Rauschenplatt]]''' commanded the single regiment from Anhalt-Zerbst.
* [[Ansbach-Bayreuth]]: Colonel '''[[Friedrich Ludwig Albrecht von Eyb]]''' commanded a regiment of Ansbach infantry, and led the brigade consisting of his regiment and one from Bayreuth that included an artillery company, until May 1778.
* [[Ansbach-Bayreuth]]: Colonel '''[[Friedrich August Valentin Voit von Salzburg]]''' commanded the Ansbach brigade after Eyb's departure.
* [[Braunschweig-Lüneburg]] (Brunswick): Major General '''[[Friedrich Adolf Riedesel]]''' commanded the Brunswick troops in North America. As part of John Burgoyne's army, they were surrendered at the end of the failed [[Saratoga campaign]]. Riedesel was released to Quebec in 1781, where he served in that province's defense until his return to Europe in 1784.
* [[Electorate of Hanover]]: Lieutenant General '''[[August de la Motte]]''' commanded three regiments of Hanoverian troops that King George III, in his capacity as Elector of Hanover, ordered to Gibraltar, where they participated in the [[Great Siege of Gibraltar]].
* [[Electorate of Hanover]]: Colonel '''Carl Ludwig Reinbold''' commanded two regiments of Hanoverian troops that King George III, in his capacity as Elector of Hanover, ordered to India, where they participated in the [[Siege of Cuddalore]] under Hector Munro.
* [[Electorate of Hanover]]: Major General '''[[Heinrich Bernhard von Sydow]]''' commanded two regiments of Hanoverian troops that King George III, in his capacity as Elector of Hanover, ordered to Minorca.
* [[Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel|Hesse-Kassel]]: Lieutenant General '''[[Leopold Philip von Heister]]''' was the first leader of the Hessian troops, and was active in the New York campaign in 1776. Differences with British General William Howe led him to depart after the disastrous [[Battle of Trenton]].
* [[Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel|Hesse-Kassel]]: Lieutenant General '''[[Wilhelm von Knyphausen]]''' replaced von Heister, and continued to lead the Hessian forces under Howe, and later Sir Henry Clinton, in the [[Philadelphia campaign]]. While being senior to all British generals beside the C-I-C he was not listed as a possible replacement for him. He left due to poor health in 1782.
* [[Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel|Hesse-Kassel]]: '''[[Friedrich Wilhelm von Lossberg]]''' succeeded Knyphausen as commander of the Hessians until their departure at the end of the war.
* [[Hesse-Hanau]]: '''[[Wilhelm von Gall]]''' commanded the infantry regiment provided by Hesse-Hanau. He served under Riedesel in the Saratoga campaign, spending most of the war as a prisoner after Burgoyne's surrender.
* [[Hesse-Hanau]]: '''[[Georg Pausch]]''' commanded the Hesse-Hanau artillery. In the [[Battle of Valcour Island]] the Hesse-Hanau artillery participated with two gunboats. In 1777 he served under General [[John Burgoyne]] in the Saratoga campaign and became a prisoner after Burgoyne's surrender.
* [[Waldeck (state)|Waldeck]]: '''[[Johann von Hanxleden]]''' was a colonel who led the single regiment that Waldeck provided. Under his command, the regiment served in Howe's army in New York and New Jersey until 1778, when it was transferred to [[West Florida]]. He was killed in a [[Battle of Mobile (1781)|failed attack on Mobile]] in 1781.
* [[Waldeck (state)|Waldeck]]: '''[[Albrecht von Horn]]''' was the lieutenant colonel of the Waldeck regiment, who assumed command after Hanxleden's death. After the fall of Pensacola, the Waldeck regiment's remnants were paroled to New York.

==France==

===Government leaders===
* '''[[Louis XVI of France|King Louis XVI]]''', the absolute ruler of France, ascended to the throne in 1774. He acted as his own head of government, but depended on a circle of official and unofficial advisors for advice and support. He formally directed France's overall war effort.
* '''[[Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes]]''' was the French foreign minister, and one of King Louis' closest advisors. He was instrumental in bringing both France and Spain into the war.
* '''[[Antoine de Sartine]]''' was France's naval minister from 1774 to 1780. Before the war he took important steps to reorganize the French navy, giving port and fleet commanders more power.
* '''[[Charles Eugène Gabriel de La Croix, marquis de Castries]]''' replaced Sartine as naval minister.
* '''[[Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre]]''' was the admiral of the fleet, a largely ceremonial post usually held by a noble. Penthièvre was a lieutenant general, but had no naval experience.
* '''[[Claude Louis, Comte de Saint-Germain]]''' was France's war minister from 1775 to 1777.
* '''[[Alexandre Marie Léonor de Saint-Mauris de Montbarrey]]''' was France's war minister from 1778 to 1780.
* '''[[Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur]]''' was France's war minister from 1780 to 1787.

===Admirals===
* '''[[Jacques-Melchior Saint-Laurent, Comte de Barras]]''' was an admiral in the French navy. He served under d'Estaing at the [[Battle of Rhode Island]], and under de Grasse in the West Indies in 1782. His decision to remain in Newport in disobedience to orders enabled him to deliver the French siege train to Yorktown.
* '''[[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]]''' was a rear admiral ([[Chef d'escadre]]), explorer and former army officer. He commanded several ships and squadrons off the American coast and in the West Indies.
* '''[[Charles René Dominique Sochet, Chevalier Destouches]]''' was an admiral, who served on the North American station. As commander of the Newport fleet, he fought the 1781 [[Battle of Cape Henry]].
* '''[[Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing]]''' was a vice-admiral in the French Navy. Active off the North American coast, he failed to support the land forces in the [[Battle of Rhode Island]], and led French forces in the failed [[Siege of Savannah]]. He was also active in the West Indies, participating in a number of engagements there.
* '''[[François Joseph Paul de Grasse]], Comte de Grasse''' was a rear admiral of the French Navy, active in the West Indies. His fleet brought French troops to Virginia prior to the siege of Yorktown, then drew off the fleet of [[Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves|Thomas Graves]] in the [[Battle of the Chesapeake]] before providing the naval blockade of Yorktown that trapped Cornwallis in 1781. He was defeated and captured in the [[Battle of the Saintes]] in 1782.
* '''[[Luc Urbain de Bouexic, comte de Guichen]]''' was Lieutenant Général des Armées Navales (roughly equivalent to [[vice-admiral]]) in the French Navy. He was most active in the West Indies, but also saw action in the naval blockade of Gibraltar.
* '''[[François-Aymar de Monteil]]''' was an admiral. He assisted the Spanish during the siege of Pensacola, and then served under de Grasse during the 1782 campaign.
* '''[[Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte]]''' was an admiral who served in the West Indies under d'Estaing and Guichen. His most famous feat was capturing many ships of a convoy that Admiral Rodney had sent toward England bearing loot captured after taking [[St. Eustatius]] in 1781.
* '''[[Thomas d'Estienne d'Orves]]''' was an admiral who served in the Indian Ocean. Already older when the war began, he avoided conflict with Admiral Hughes in 1779, and died in 1782 while en route from [[Isle de France (Mauritius)|Isle de France]] (now [[Mauritius]]) to India with the fleet Suffren took over.
* '''[[Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez|Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez, the Bailli de Suffren]]''', after serving under d'Estaing in the West Indies, led a French fleet from France to India in 1781, and engaged five times with Admiral Edward Hughes in an evenly-matched contest for control of Indian waters in 1782 and 1783.
* '''[[Charles-Henri-Louis d'Arsac de Ternay|Charles-Henri-Louis d'Arsac, Chevalier de Ternay]]''' was a rear admiral who commanded the naval forces of the [[Expédition Particulière]] (Special Expedition) that delivered Rochambeau's army to [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]], [[Rhode Island]]; he died aboard ship in Newport Harbor in 1780.

===Generals===
* '''[[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau|Charles Joseph Patissier, Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau]]''' was a French general. He served for many years in India, and led French ground troops there in the later stages of the war.
* '''[[François-Jean de Chastellux|François-Jean de Beauvoir, Chevalier de Chastellux]]''' was a major general who served under Rochambeau in North America.
* '''[[Marquis de Choisy|Claude Gabriel, marquis de Choisy]]''' was a brigadier general who served under Rochambeau at Yorktown. For his leadership there, he was promoted to major general ([[Maréchal de camp]]).
* '''[[Armand Louis de Gontaut]], Duc de Lauzun''' was briefly the commander of French army forces in North America following Rochambeau's departure in 1783. Lauzun's brigade led the French march from Rhode Island to Virginia in 1781.
* '''[[Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau]]''' was the commander of French army forces in North America for most of the French participation in the war. Arriving in 1779, they were largely inactive due to the successful British blockading of [[Rhode Island]]'s ports. In 1781 Rochambeau led the French forces south to participate in the siege of Yorktown, and then remained to garrison southern states until 1783.
* '''[[Charles du Houx de Vioménil]]''' was a major general. He served as Rochambeau's second in command during the French Army's time in North America.
* '''[[:fr:Antoine Charles du Houx de Viom%C3%A9nil|Antoine Charles du Houx de Vioménil]]''' was a major general, and brother to Charles du Houx. He also served under Rochambeau.
* '''[[Claude-Anne de Rouvroy de Saint Simon]]''' was a major general serving in the [[West Indies]] when France entered the war. His troops sailed north with de Grasse and were present at Yorktown.

==Spain==

* '''[[Antonio Barceló]]''' was the Spanish vice-admiral responsible for the blockade of Gibraltar during its siege.
* '''[[Juan Manuel Cagigal y Monserrat]]''' was an admiral in the Spanish Navy, who provided timely reinforcements to the Spanish forces at Pensacola.
* '''[[Luis de Córdova y Córdova]]''' was an admiral in the Spanish Navy active primarily in European waters. He captured several British supply convoys but was unsuccessful in preventing a British resupply of Gibraltar following the 1782 [[Battle of Cape Spartel]].
* '''[[Louis des Balbes de Berton de Crillon, 1st Duke of Mahón]]''' was a Frenchman who served as a general in the Spanish Army. He led Spanish forces during the [[Great Siege of Gibraltar]] and conducted the successful [[Invasion of Minorca, 1781|Franco-Spanish invasion of Minorca]].
* '''[[Bernardo de Gálvez]]''' was the governor of [[Spanish Louisiana]], and a general of the Spanish Army. He successfully drove the British military entirely from [[West Florida]] from 1779 to 1781, securing much the southern frontier of the United States against British attack. He also led Spanish forces in the seizure of [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]] in [[The Bahamas]] in 1782.
* '''[[Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo]]''' was a Spanish general and [[Captain General]] of [[Captaincy General of Guatemala|Spanish Guatemala]], which included territory that is now [[Honduras]] and [[Nicaragua]]. He was active in fighting British attempts to gain significant footholds in [[Central America]], successfully driving most British influence from the [[Mosquito Coast]] and [[Battle of Roatán|the island of Roatán]] with little assistance beyond the Spanish colonies.
* '''[[Juan de Lángara]]''' was an admiral in the Spanish Navy. He participated in the [[Armada of 1779]] and was captured by the British in the [[Moonlight Battle]] of January 1780.
* '''[[Bonaventura Moreno]]''' was a Spanish rear admiral. He oversaw the blockade of Minorca during the 1781 invasion and commanded the floating batteries at the siege of Gibraltar.
* '''[[Jose Solano y Bote]]''' was an admiral in the Spanish Navy. For his role in assisting Bernardo de Gálvez in the [[Battle of Pensacola (1781)|capture of Pensacola]], he was promoted to vice-admiral.
* '''[[Martín Álvarez de Sotomayor]]''' was a lieutenant general in the Spanish Army. He led the siege of Gibraltar until the arrival of the Duc de Crillon in 1782.

==Dutch Republic==

The [[Dutch Republic]] played a significant economic role in the war, but its military participation was limited, in part due to internal political divisions.
* '''[[Johan Zoutman]]''' was an admiral in the Dutch Navy. The navy's activities were largely ineffective, as many ships were blockaded in their home ports or captured when some of their colonial outposts were taken. Zoutman led the only notable attempt to break a convoy out of Dutch ports; he was thwarted by the British in the [[Battle of Dogger Bank (1781)|Battle of Dogger Bank]].
* '''[[Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen]]''' was [[lieutenant-admiral]] in the Dutch Navy. He fought in the [[Battle of Dogger Bank (1781)|Battle of Dogger Bank]], in which the Dutch claimed victory, and was highly acclaimed by the Dutch as a naval hero.
* '''[[Reynier van Vlissingen]]''' was the governor of [[Negapatam]], the principal outpost of the [[Dutch East India Company]] in [[India]]. He directed the unsuccessful defense of Negapatam [[Siege of Negapatam|against a British-led siege]] in 1781.
* '''[[Iman Willem Falck]]''' was the governor of [[Trincomalee]], the principal outpost of the Dutch East India Company on the island of [[Ceylon]]. He directed the unsuccessful defense of that port [[Capture of Trincomalee|against a British amphibious assault]].
* '''[[Carel Hendrik Ver Huell]]''' was a [[Lieutenant|third lieutenant]] in the Dutch navy. He participated in the "[[Affair of Fielding and Bylandt]]", of 30 December 1779, during which a Dutch convoy, escorted by a squadron under Admiral Bylandt, was attacked in peace time by a British squadron under [[Commodore (Royal Navy)|Commodore]] [[Charles Fielding]], and also fought in the [[Battle of Dogger Bank (1781)]], where he distinguished himself.

==References==
===Notes===
((reflist))

===Cited literature===
* Adams, James Truslow. (1934). "Montgomery, Richard." In: ''Dictionary of American Biography.'' American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 13, pp.&nbsp;98–99. 
* Adams, Randolph G. (1930). "Conway, Thomas." In: ''Dictionary of American Biography.'' American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 3, pp.&nbsp;365–366.
* Adams, Randolph G. (1931). "Gates, Horatio." In: ''Dictionary of American Biography.'' American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 7, pp.&nbsp;184–188.
* Adams, Randolph G. (1933). "Lee, Charles." In: ''Dictionary of American Biography.'' American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 11, pp.&nbsp;98–101.
* Alden, Edmund Kimball (1928). "Alexander, William." In: ''Dictionary of American Biography.'' American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 1, pp.&nbsp;175–176.
* Alden, Edmund Kimball (1928). "Armstrong, John." In: ''Dictionary of American Biography.'' American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 1, pp.&nbsp;353–354. [cited as Kimball 1928a]
* Anonymous (1847). ''Washington And The Generals Of The American Revolution.'' 
* Barnes, Viola F. (1931). "Glover, John." In: ''Dictionary of American Biography.'' American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 7, pp.&nbsp;331–332.
* Broadwater, Robert P. (2012). '' American Generals of the Revolutionary War.'' McFarland & Company.
* Chernow, Ron (2011). ''Washington.'' Penguin Books.
* Clark, Jane (1934). "Parsons, Samuel Holden." In: ''Dictionary of American Biography.'' American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 14, pp.&nbsp;270–271.
* Coburn, Frederick W. (1936). "Varnum, James Mitchell." In: ''Dictionary of American Biography.'' American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 19, pp.&nbsp;227–228.
* Curtis, Edward E. (1933). "Larned, Ebenezer." In: ''Dictionary of American Biography.'' American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 11, pp.&nbsp;77–78.
* Curtis, Edward E. (1934). "Nixon, John." In: ''Dictionary of American Biography.'' American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 13, p.&nbsp;530.
* Ferreiro, Larrie D. (2016). ''Brothers at Arms.'' New York.
* Fitzpatrick, John C. (1936). "Washington, George." In: ''Dictionary of American Biography.'' American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 19, pp.&nbsp;509–527.
* Fredriksen, John C. (2006). ''Revolutionary War Almanac.'' Facts on File.
* Heitman, Francis B. (1914). ''Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army.'' Washington, D.C.
* Hannings, Bud (2008). ''Chronology of the American Revolution.'' McFarland & Company.
* Hubbard, Robert E. (2017). ''Major General Israel Putnam.'' McFarland & Company.
* Kapp, Friedrich (1862). ''Leben des amerikanischen Generals Johann Kalb.'' Stuttgart.
* Kohn, George C. (2008). ''Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence.'' New York.
* Krout John A. (1935). "Schuyler, Philip John." In: ''Dictionary of American Biography.'' American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 16, pp.&nbsp;477–480. 
* Lefkowitz, Arthur S. (2020). ''Colonel Hamilton and Colonel Burr.'' Stackpole Books.
* Lockhart, Paul (2008). ''The Drillmaster of Valley Forge.'' New York.
* Meriwether Robert L. (1931). "Gadsen, Christopher." In: ''Dictionary of American Biography.'' American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 7, pp.&nbsp;82–83.
* Metcalf, Bryce (1938). ''Original Members and Other Officers Eligible to the [[Society of the Cincinnati]], 1783-1938: With the Institution, Rules of Admission, and Lists of the Officers of the General and State Societies''. Strasburg, VA: Shenandoah Publishing House, Inc.
* Monaghan, Frank (1933). "Kalb, Johann." In: ''Dictionary of American Biography.'' American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 10, pp.&nbsp;253–254. [Cited as Monaghan 1933a]
* Monaghan, Frank (1933). "Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier." In: ''Dictionary of American Biography.'' American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 10, pp.&nbsp;535–539.
* Monaghan, Frank (1935). "Pulaski, Casimir." In: ''Dictionary of American Biography.'' American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 15, pp.&nbsp;259–260.
* Moody, Robert E. (1931). "Frye, Joseph." In: ''Dictionary of American Biography.'' American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 7, pp.&nbsp;50–51. 
* Pierpaoli, Paul G. (2018). "Maxweell, William (ca. 1733-1796)" In: ''American Revolution: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection''. ABC-CLIO, vol. 3, p.&nbsp;948-949.
* Peeling, James H. (1933). "Mifflin, Thomas." In: ''Dictionary of American Biography.'' American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 12, pp.&nbsp;606–608.
* Nelson, Paul David (2018). "Lewis, Andrew (1720-1781)." In: ''American Revolution: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection''. ABC-CLIO, vol. 3, p.&nbsp;866.
* Robinson, William A. (1933). "Lincoln, Benjamin." In: ''Dictionary of American Biography.'' American Council of Learned Societies, vol. 11, pp.&nbsp;259–262.
* Rossie, Jonathan Gregory (1975). ''The Politics of Command in the American Revolution.'' Syracuse University Press.
* Shelton, Hal (1994). ''General Richard Montgomery and the American Revolution.'' New York University Press.
* Straubel, Rolf (2012). ''"Er möchte nur wißen, daß die Armée mir gehöret." Friedrich II. und seine Offiziere.'' Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag.
* Taafe, Stephen R. (2019). ''Washington's Revolutionary War Generals.'' University of Oklahoma Press.
* Tarbox, Increase N. (1876). ''Life of Israel Putnam.'' Boston.
* Thomas, William Sturgis (1929). ''Members of the [[Society of the Cincinnati]], Original, Hereditary and Honorary; With a Brief Account of the Society's History and Aims''. New York: T.A. Wright
* Tucker, Spencer C. (2018). "Coudray, Philippe-Charles-Jean-Baptiste Tronson du." In: ''American Revolution: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection.'' ABC-CLIO, vol. 1, p.&nbsp;272.
* United States Congress (1961). ''Biographical Directory of the American Congress, 1774-1961.'' Washington, D.C.

==Literature==
* Black, Jeremy. ''War for America: The Fight for Independence, 1775–1783''. St. Martin's Press (New York) and Sutton Publishing (UK), 1991. ((ISBN|0-312-06713-5)) (1991), ((ISBN|0-312-12346-9)) (1994 paperback), ((ISBN|0-7509-2808-5)) (2001 paperpack).
* Boatner, Mark Mayo, III. ''Encyclopedia of the American Revolution.'' New York: McKay, 1966; revised 1974. ((ISBN|0-8117-0578-1)).

==Further reading==
* Anderson, Troyer Steele. ''The Command of the Howe Brothers During the American Revolution''. New York and London, 1936.
* Buchanan, John. ''The Road to Valley Forge: How Washington Built the Army That Won the Revolution''. Wiley, 2004. ((ISBN|0-471-44156-2)).
* [[David Hackett Fischer|Fischer, David Hackett]]. ''[[Washington's Crossing (book)|Washington's Crossing]]''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. ((ISBN|0-19-517034-2)). Winner of the 2005 [[Pulitzer Prize for History]].
* Lengel, Edward G. ''General George Washington: A Military Life.'' New York: Random House, 2005. ((ISBN|1-4000-6081-8)).
* [[David McCullough|McCullough, David]]. ''[[1776 (book)|1776]]''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005. ((ISBN|0-7432-2671-2)).
* de Wetter, Mardee. ''Incognito. An Affair of Honor.'' Las Cruces: Yucca Tree Press, 2006. ((ISBN|1-881325-82-2)).

==External links==
* [https://www.societyofthecincinnati.org The Society of the Cincinnati]
* [https://www.americanrevolutioninstitute.org The American Revolution Institute]

[[Category:Military personnel of the American Revolutionary War]]
[[Category:Lists of military personnel|American Revolutionary War]]
[[Category:Generals in the American Revolution]]
[[Category:Military leaders|*]]

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