Map of national parks in 2018
National parks (green), nature reserves (purple), geotope protection areas (orange) and bird sanctuaries of Svalbard

Norway has 48 national parks, of which 41 are on the mainland and 7 on Svalbard. National parks in Norway are stricter than many other countries, and nearly all motorized vehicles are prohibited. The Right to roam applies, thus hiking, skiing and camping throughout the park are permitted, given that consideration to nature is taken. Roads, accommodation and national park centers are located outside the national parks. The parks are under the management of the Norwegian Environment Agency and the local county governor.[1]

Ytre Hvaler is a marine park and all parks in Svalbard also contain marine areas. Sør-Spitsbergen is the largest park, covering an area of 13,286 km2 (5,130 sq mi), although only 5,141 km2 (1,985 sq mi) is land.[2] The newest national park assigned in Norway is Østmarka established in 2023. The largest park on the mainland is Hardangervidda, which covers an area of 3,422 km2 (1,321 sq mi). Gutulia is the smallest, covering 23 km2 (8.9 sq mi).[1]

Geography and history

At least 60% of Norway's area is mountainous, lakes or bogs (non-arable land, some of it is used as pastures); 37% is forest of various kinds; and only 3% arable land. It is estimated that between 1900 and 2003 areas more than 5 km from intense construction activity have decreased from 48% to 12% in Norway.

Until about one hundred years ago there was relatively little threat to ecosystems in Norway. The first initiatives to protect land were voiced in 1904, by Yngvar Nielsen, leader of the Norwegian Mountain Touring Association (DNT). The association continued to lobby cases in 1923 and 1938. The natural protection act of 1954 prepared a legal basis for establishing protection areas, and the two first national parks were established in 1962 and 1963. The act of 1954 also established Statens naturvernråd ("Governmental Natural protection council") as an advisory body for the government. The council presented a draft for further natural protecting in 1964, suggesting 16 national parks. These suggestions were approved by Stortinget. It took 25 years, until 1989, before 15 of their suggestions were fulfilled. The 16th suggestion became a naturreservat. The council presented another suggestion in 1986,[3] and this was approved by Stortinget in April 1993. Following this approval, a "second generation" of national parks, as well as expanding borders for the elder, were established from 2001.

The post-industrial era that started in the last 1960s saw areas being protected as national parks or other protected status as a means to regulate the construction of vacation homes, roads, fishing, hunting, and gathering plants. This trend has accelerated in the last 10 years. In addition to preserving rare plant and animal life, areas are protected to maintain reference points for environmental research, recreational resources for Norwegians, and as an inheritance for future generations. The Directorate for Nature Management maintains indicators for the health of nature in Norway, including such measures as biological diversity, erosion, signs of pollution.

For the most part, national parks are open to hiking, cross-country skiing and camping. Most have a limited number of overnight cabins.

In addition to national parks, the Norwegian government has designated larger areas for protection. Included in these areas are 153 landscapes covering 14071 km2; 1,701 nature reserves covering 3,418 km2; 24 national parks covering 21,650 km2; 102 natural memorials, and 98 smaller protected areas. This accounts for 12.1% of Norway's mainland area.

The Norwegian government's goal is to increase this area over time to at least 15%. They have signalled an interest in preserving marine ecosystems, including the fjords of the western parts of Norway, and the archipelago southwest from Oslo.

Current

Image Name County(s) Est. Area Description Ref
Anárjohka Finnmark 1975 1,390 km2 (540 sq mi) [1]
Ånderdalen Troms 1970 134 km2 (52 sq mi) [1]
Blåfjella–Skjækerfjella Nord-Trøndelag 2004 1,924 km2 (743 sq mi) [1]
Breheimen Oppland, Sogn og Fjordane 2009 1,671 km2 (645 sq mi)
Børgefjell Nord-Trøndelag, Nordland 1963 1,447 km2 (559 sq mi) [1]
Dovre Oppland 2003 289 km2 (112 sq mi) [1]
Dovrefjell–Sunndalsfjella Møre og Romsdal, Oppland, Sør-Trøndelag 1974 1,693 km2 (654 sq mi) [1]
Færder Vestfold 2013 350 km2 (140 sq mi) [1]
Femundsmarka Hedmark, Sør-Trøndelag 1971 573 km2 (221 sq mi) [1]
Folgefonna Hordaland 2005 545 km2 (210 sq mi) [1]
Forlandet Svalbard 1973 4,647 km2 (1,794 sq mi) The park covers the uninhabited island of Prins Karls Forland and the surrounding waters. Forlandet is long and narrow with tall peaks, separated in two by the low Forlandsletta. It is the northernmost habitat of harbor seal and a nesting place for common guillemot. Wetland birds nest at Plankeholmane and Forlandsøyane, and the west coast is an overwintering site for seabirds. [2]
Forollhogna Sør-Trøndelag, Hedmark 2001 1,062 km2 (410 sq mi) [1]
Fulufjellet Hedmark 2012 83 km2 (32 sq mi) [4]
Gutulia Hedmark 1968 23 km2 (8.9 sq mi) [1]
Hallingskarvet Buskerud, Hordaland 2006 450 km2 (170 sq mi)
Hardangervidda Buskerud, Hordaland, Telemark 1981 3,422 km2 (1,321 sq mi) [1]
Indre Wijdefjorden Svalbard 2005 1,127 km2 (435 sq mi) Located in a steep fjord landscape in northern Spitsbergen, the park covers the inner part of Wijdefjorden—the longest fjord on Svalbard. On both sides of Wijdefjorden there is High Arctic steppe vegetation, dominated by grasses and extremely dry, basic earth. Along with vegetation found on nesting cliffs, it is the most exclusive flora in Svalbard. Of the larger fjords on Svalbard, Wijdefjorden is the least affected by humans. [2]
Jomfruland Telemark 2016 117 km2 (45 sq mi)
Jostedalsbreen Sogn og Fjordane 1991 1,310 km2 (510 sq mi) [1]
Jotunheimen Oppland, Sogn og Fjordane 1980 1,151 km2 (444 sq mi) [1]
Junkerdal Nordland 2004 682 km2 (263 sq mi) [1]
Làhku Nordland 2012 188 km2 (73 sq mi)
Langsua Oppland 2011 537 km2 (207 sq mi)
— Lierne Nordland 2004 333 km2 (129 sq mi) [1]
Lofotodden Nordland 2018 99 km2 (38 sq mi)
Lomsdal–Visten Nordland 2009 682 km2 (263 sq mi)
Møysalen Nordland 2003 51 km2 (20 sq mi)
Nordre Isfjorden Svalbard 2003 2,954 km2 (1,141 sq mi) Protecting the northern shore of Isfjorden on Spitsbergen, the park consists of a long shoreline with lush vegetation serving as breeding grounds for birds. The landscape varies from the barren and lunar-like to sandy plains and several meter-thick layers of deposits. [2]
Nordvest-Spitsbergen Svalbard 1973 9,914 km2 (3,828 sq mi) The northwestern part of Spitsbergen has the archipelago's most varied nature and features some of the most important cultural heritage sites from whaling and Arctic exploration, such as Smeerenburg and Virgohamna. The park is habitat for Arctic fox, reindeer and Arctic char. Moffen Nature Reserve and three bird sanctuaries (Guissezholmen, Moseøya and Skorpa) are important breeding grounds for birds, especially eider and geese. The warm springs of Bockfjorden give a unique local flora. [2]
Østmarka Oslo, Viken 2023 54 km2 (21 sq mi)
Øvre Dividal Troms 1971 750 km2 (290 sq mi) [1]
Øvre Pasvik Finnmark 1970 119 km2 (46 sq mi) Part of Pasvik–Inari Trilateral Park, the area is dominated by Siberian-like taiga consisting of old-growth Scots pine, shallow lakes and bog. The traditional Skolts area is still used for reindeer husbandry. The park located in Pasvikdalen and is a habitat for brown bear and moose. [5]
Raet Aust-Agder 2016 607 km2 (234 sq mi)
Rago Nordland 1971 171 km2 (66 sq mi) [1]
Reinheimen Oppland, Møre og Romsdal 2006 1,969 km2 (760 sq mi)
Reisa Troms 1986 803 km2 (310 sq mi) [1]
Rohkunborri Troms 2011 571 km2 (220 sq mi)
Rondane Hedmark, Oppland 1962 963 km2 (372 sq mi) [1]
Saltfjellet–Svartisen Nordland 1989 2,192 km2 (846 sq mi) [1]
Sassen–Bünsow Land Svalbard 2003 1,230 km2 (470 sq mi) The park covers Tempelfjorden, Bünsow Land and the vast fluvial plain of Sassendalen, located at the head of Isfjorden. Tempelfjorden is an important breeding ground for ringed seals, while Sassendalen and Gipsdalen are important breeding grounds for geese. Bünsow Land has the only European occurrence of polar mouse-ear (Cerastium regelii) and broad-sepal saxifrage (Saxifraga platysepala). [2]
Seiland Finnmark 2006 316 km2 (122 sq mi)
Sjunkhatten Nordland 2010 417 km2 (161 sq mi)
Skarvan and Roltdalen Nord-Trøndelag, Sør-Trøndelag 2004 441 km2 (170 sq mi) [1]
Sør-Spitsbergen Svalbard 1973 13,286 km2 (5,130 sq mi) Covering the southern part of Spitsbergen (Wedel Jarlsberg Land, Torell Land and Sørkapp Land), the western part has jagged mountains while the eastern part is more rounded. Hornsund is an important migration area for polar bears, while four bird sanctuaries (Olsholmen, Isøyane, Dunøyane and Sørkapp) are vital nesting grounds for migratory seabirds. [2]
Stabbursdalen Finnmark 1970 747 km2 (288 sq mi) [1]
Van Mijenfjorden Svalbard 2021 4,251 km2 (1,641 sq mi) [2]
Varangerhalvøya Finnmark 2006 1,804 km2 (697 sq mi)
Ytre Hvaler Østfold 2009 354 km2 (137 sq mi)

Former

Name County Established Disestablished Area
(land, km2) 		Area
(land, sq mi) 		Replaced by Ref
Gressåmoen Nord-Trøndelag 1970 2004 182 70 Blåfjella–Skjækerfjella
Ormtjernkampen Oppland 1968 2011 9 3 Langsua [1]
Nordenskiöld Land Svalbard 2003 2021 1,362 526 Van Mijenfjorden

Planned

National park County Size km2 Outdoor recreational facilities provided Status
Dåapma[6] Nord-Trøndelag 261 Cancelled in 2013 after municipalities and reindeer herders pulled out of the process.
Muvrrešáhpi[7] Finnmark 291 No Cancelled in 2015 after strong local opposition.
Preikestolen[8] Rogaland 215 Marked trails Under consideration in 2019.
Treriksrøysa[9] Troms ? Unmarked trails and a hut. Cancelled in 2015 after strong local opposition. Reproposed in 2019.
Tysfjord–Hellemobotn[10] Nordland ~1000 Boat to Hellemobotn Cancelled in 2015 after strong local opposition.

There are also several national park proposals by many different parties: Solværøyene, Storheia;[11] Melkevatn–Hjertvatn–Børsvatn, Okstindan;[12] Frafjordheiene;[13] Oksøy-Ryvingen;[14] Setesdal Vesthei, Trollheimen, Lyngsalpan;[15] Mølen.[16]

Storheia has since been covered in a wind farm and would no longer qualify for protection as a national park, and parts of Melkevatn–Hjertvatn–Børsvatn were protected as a nature reserve rather than a national park.

After being tasked by the Ministry of Climate and Environment in 2018 to find areas that should be protected, in 2019 the Environment Agency made a number of suggestions for new national parks as well as expansions of existing ones, after looking through suggestions from the county governors.[17] In 2021, after meetings with the affected municipalities, they made a final list of suggestions for national parks that should get further consideration. The proposed new protections are: Sunnmørsalpane, Hornelen, Masfjordfjella and Øystesefjella. Additionally, they proposed some protected areas to be changed to national park: Lyngsalpan, Sylan, Trollheimen and Innerdalen, Ålfotbreen, Oksøy-Ryvingen, and Flekkefjord and Listastrendene. Many other proposals were cancelled due to local opposition: Kvænangsvidda-Nabar, Treriksrøysa, Preikestolen, Kvitladalen-Bjordalen, Viglesdalen; as well as some proposed changes of type of protection: Naustdal-Gjengedal and Setesdal Vesthei Ryfylkeheiane.[18]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "Maps and information" (PDF). Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "Protected Areas in Svalbard". Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
  3. ^ Ny landsplan for nasjonalparker / fra en arbeidsgruppe oppnevnt 3. September 1982 ; utredningen avgitt til Miljøverndepartementet April 1986. Oslo, 1986 (Norges offentlige utredninger ; NOU 1986: 13). ISBN 82-00-71038-6
  4. ^ "Fulufjellet nasjonalpark er oppretta" (Norwegian). Miljøverndepartementet. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
  5. ^ "Øvre Pasvik nasjonalpark" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  6. ^ "Utredning Dåapma nasjonalpark". Fylkesmannen i Nord-Trøndelag. Archived from the original (Norwegian) on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
  7. ^ "DN tilrår nasjonalpark og landskapsvernområde i Goahteluoppal". Fylkesmannen i Finnmark. Archived from the original (Norwegian) on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  8. ^ "Preikestolen nasjonalpark". Fylkesmannen i Rogaland. Archived from the original (Norwegian) on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
  9. ^ "Knapt med tid for Treriksrøysa". lokalavisa.no. 2008. Archived from the original (Norwegian) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2009.
  10. ^ "Milepæl for sikring av samiske- og miljøinteresser". Fylkesmannen i Nordland. Archived from the original (Norwegian) on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2009.
  11. ^ "Vindmølle- eller kystnasjonalpark?" (Norwegian). Naturvernforbundet. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  12. ^ "VERNEPLAN FOR SKOG PÅ STATSKOG OG OPPLYSNIGSVESENETS FONDS GRUNN" (Norwegian). DIREKTORATET FOR NATURFORVALTNING. Retrieved 30 May 2012.[permanent dead link]
  13. ^ "Frafjordheiene: nasjonalpark i Rogaland" (Norwegian). Stavanger turistforening and Kjell Helle Olsen. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  14. ^ "Skrinla nasjonalpark-utredning" (Norwegian). Agder Flekkefjords Tidende. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  15. ^ "Nasjonalparkplanen ++" (Norwegian). Dirnat. Retrieved 27 November 2012.[permanent dead link]
  16. ^ "Vil at Mølen blir nasjonalpark" (Norwegian). NRK. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  17. ^ "Supplerende vern – fase 1 Miljødirektoratets oversendelse til Klima- og miljødepartementet" (Norwegian). Miljødirektoratet. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  18. ^ "Nye nasjonalparker foreslås utredet" (Norwegian). Miljødirektoratet. Retrieved 10 April 2021.

External links

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