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A hockey rink is set up in the middle of a football field, with thousands of people surrounding the playing surface
The University of Michigan and Michigan State set a world record for attendance on December 11, 2010 at Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor.

Playing hockey games outdoors—in soccer, football and baseball stadiums—is an increasingly popular trend for junior, college, professional and international competitions in the 21st century. The popularity of outdoor games has resulted in attendance records in several leagues, and the current world record total of 104,173 was set at The Big Chill at the Big House, a December 2010 National Collegiate Athletic Association game between the University of Michigan and Michigan State University.[1]

While other indoor sports such as basketball have been able to use outdoor tennis courts and even aircraft carriers for outdoor games, this is rarely possible in ice hockey because a regulation rink is generally much wider and longer than the playing surface available in either of those venues. Ice hockey, however, has been played at Stade Roland Garros, the venue of the French Open in tennis. Staging a Vysshaya liga game on the Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov has been considered as well. To compensate for the varying weather conditions at outdoor ice hockey games, the teams may switch sides after each half of a period.

History

Two teams of many hockey players stand at either end of a rink built on top of a football field as thousands of people look on from the stands.
The University of Michigan and Michigan State's game, known as the Cold War, was first held in 2001 and launched the modern outdoor game phenomenon.

In the early history of hockey, games were played outdoors on rivers, lakes, and other naturally occurring ice surfaces. The first indoor game, held in 1875, was a novelty at the time, and after that the game moved inside. While the first Olympic hockey tournament, held in 1920, was played indoors, games at the first Winter Olympics in 1924 were the first of several such tournaments to be played outdoors.[2] Games at the World Championships were occasionally played outdoors, including the 1957 gold medal game between the Soviet Union and Sweden at the Lenin Stadium in Moscow. The attendance at that game was approximately 55,000, a number that stood as a record for more than 40 years.[3] In 1954, the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL) played an exhibition game on an outdoor ice surface against the inmates of Michigan's Marquette Branch Prison.[4]

While the New York Rangers and the Los Angeles Kings played an NHL exhibition game in 1991 outside Caesars Palace in Las Vegas,[5] the modern trend for outdoor competition began in 2001. That year, Michigan State University and the University of Michigan played to a 3–3 tie in an outdoor game known as the Cold War before 74,554 fans. The game was held at Michigan State's Spartan Stadium, with the hockey rink set up in the middle of the football field.[6]

The NHL's first regular season outdoor game ensued: the 2003 Heritage Classic, hosted by the Edmonton Oilers, who lost by a 4–3 score to the Montreal Canadiens. Though the game was played in frigid temperatures that went as low as −19 °C (−2 °F), it drew over 57,000 fans and was hailed as a success.[7] The league followed it up in 2008 when it inaugurated the NHL Winter Classic as an annual event to be held on New Year's Day. The 2008 NHL Winter Classic, held in Buffalo, set an NHL attendance record of 71,217.[8] The 2014 NHL Winter Classic, held at Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor, Michigan, set a new NHL attendance record of 105,491.[9] In 2011, for the first time the NHL hosted two outdoor games, the Winter Classic in Pittsburgh, and the Heritage Classic in Calgary.

Outdoor games have been held by many leagues around the world. The Swiss league's SCL Tigers hosted SC Bern in an outdoor game to celebrate the 100th Tigers–Bern Derby in 2007.[10] In 2009, Swedish clubs Frölunda HC and Färjestads BK played a game at Ullevi. The game broke the former European league-game record for attendance at that time with a crowd of 31,144 (beaten in February 2011 when Jokerit and HIFK played in front of 36,644 spectators).[11] The game also broke the Swedish record crowd of 23,192, set in the same stadium in 1962.[12] The current world record for attendance at a hockey game was set in December 2010, in an NCAA game between the same two teams that participated in the Cold War. In this game, Michigan hosted Michigan State in an event known as The Big Chill at the Big House. The game had an announced attendance of 113,411 spectators, but Guinness World Records certified the attendance as 104,173 based on tickets scanned.[1][13][14] The record had previously been set at the opening game of the 2010 IIHF World Championship, in which the hosting Germans defeated the United States 2–1 before a then-record 77,803 fans. Although the game was held at Veltins-Arena in Gelsenkirchen, it was not technically an outdoor game, as the stadium's retractable roof was closed due to International Ice Hockey Federation regulations.[15][16][17] In 2010, Färjestad and Frölunda again played an outdoor game against each other, this time in Karlstad. 15,274 spectators saw Färjestad win the game 5–2.[18]

Popularity

Outdoor games have proven to be immensely popular with fans. For the 2003 Heritage Classic, the NHL received over 900,000 requests from all over the world for a chance to buy one of the 57,167 tickets available. CBC's Hockey Night in Canada telecast of the game drew 2.7 million viewers, a record for a regular season game for the half-century old television program.[19] In the United States, the Winter Classics have been a ratings winner; 4.56 million people watched the 2011 Winter Classic, and the game led to a ratings win for NBC in the coveted 18–49 age group despite the fact that poor weather forced the NHL to move the start time of the game back several hours on less than a day's notice.[20] It became the most watched NHL regular season game in the last 36 years.[21] The games have been credited as causing increased interest in hockey in the United States.[22] In Russia, the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) hosted its first All-Star Game in 2009 in Moscow's Red Square. The league used the location to promote the KHL amidst the global financial crisis.[23]

Games

Though games have been held outdoors since the sport's earliest days, this list contains only those held since the 2001 Cold War popularized the trend of holding outdoor games as events.

Date Event Location League Home team Score Visiting team Attendance Notes Ref
October 6, 2001 Cold War United States Spartan Stadium
East Lansing, Michigan		 CCHA Michigan State Spartans
(men)		 3–3 Michigan Wolverines
(men)		 74,554 First outdoor game in NCAA history [6]
November 22, 2003 2003 Heritage Classic Canada Commonwealth Stadium
Edmonton, Alberta		 NHL Edmonton Oilers 3–4 Montreal Canadiens 57,167 First regular season outdoor game in NHL history [24]
April 2, 2005 Our Game to Give Canada Ivor Wynne Stadium
Hamilton, Ontario		 Charity game Team Gilmour 9–8 Team Staios 10,300 Held during 2004–05 NHL lockout [25][26]
February 13, 2006 Frozen Tundra Classic United States Lambeau Field
Green Bay, Wisconsin		 WCHA Wisconsin Badgers
(men)		 4–2 Ohio State Buckeyes
(men)		 40,890 [27]
January 14, 2007 100th Tigers-Bern derby match Switzerland Stade de Suisse
Bern, Switzerland		 NLA SCL Tigers 2–5 SC Bern 30,076 National League A attendance record [10]
January 1, 2008 2008 NHL Winter Classic United States Ralph Wilson Stadium
Orchard Park, New York		 NHL Buffalo Sabres 1–2
(SO)		 Pittsburgh Penguins 71,217 [8]
January 1, 2009 2009 NHL Winter Classic United States Wrigley Field
Chicago, Illinois		 Chicago Blackhawks 4–6 Detroit Red Wings 40,818 [28]
January 10, 2009 2009 KHL All-Star Game Russia Red Square
Moscow, Russia		 KHL Team Yashin 6–7 Team Jágr 2,500 (est.) First outdoor game in KHL history [23]
February 7, 2009 Switzerland Gstaad Skating Rink
Gstaad, Switzerland		 Exhibition Switzerland
(men's)		 4–3
(SO)		 Slovakia
(men's)		 3,000 (est.) [29]
February 14, 2009 Fairbanks Ice Dogs 1st Annual Outdoor Game United States Big Dipper Ice Arena
Fairbanks, Alaska		 NAHL Fairbanks Ice Dogs 3–1 Alaska Avalanche 2,000 (est.) First outdoor game sanctioned by USA Hockey [30]
December 27, 2009 2009 Hungarian Winter Classic Hungary Kisstadion
Budapest, Hungary		 MOL Liga Ferencvárosi TC 2–1 Újpesti TE 4,500 [31][32]
December 28, 2009 2009 SEL Outdoor Classic Sweden Ullevi
Gothenburg, Sweden		 SEL Frölunda HC 4–1 Färjestad BK 31,144 Elitserien/SHL attendance record
Established new attendance record for a league match in Sweden		 [11]
January 1, 2010 2010 NHL Winter Classic United States Fenway Park
Boston, Massachusetts		 NHL Boston Bruins 2–1
(OT)		 Philadelphia Flyers 38,112 [33]
January 8, 2010 Frozen Fenway 2010 Hockey East Northeastern Huskies
(women)		 3–5 New Hampshire Wildcats
(women)		 6,889 [34]
Boston College Eagles
(men)		 2–3 Boston University Terriers
(men)		 38,472 [34]
January 9, 2010 2010 EBEL Winter Classic Austria Hypo-Arena
Klagenfurt, Austria		 EBEL EC KAC 1–3 VSV EC 30,500 Austrian Hockey League attendance record [35]
New Jersey Pond Hockey Classic United States Navesink Country Club
Navesink, New Jersey		 ACHA Rowan University
(men)		 4–4 University of Maryland, Baltimore County
(men)		 100 First ACHA outdoor game [36]
February 6, 2010 Camp Randall Hockey Classic United States Camp Randall Stadium
Madison, Wisconsin		 WCHA Wisconsin Badgers
(women)		 6–1 Bemidji State Beavers
(women)		 8,263 [37]
Wisconsin Badgers
(men)		 3–2 Michigan Wolverines
(men)		 55,031 [37]
February 20, 2010 Mirabito Outdoor Classic United States New York State Fairgrounds
Syracuse, New York		 AHL Syracuse Crunch 2–1 Binghamton Senators 21,508 First AHL outdoor game; American Hockey League attendance record (since broken) [38]
March 13, 2010 Fairbanks Ice Dogs 2nd Annual Outdoor Game United States Big Dipper Ice Arena
Fairbanks, Alaska		 NAHL Fairbanks Ice Dogs 3–2 Wichita Falls Wildcats 2,500 (est.) [39]
November 26, 2010 Northern Classic Canada Fort McMurray, Alberta AJHL Fort McMurray Oil Barons 4–2 Drayton Valley Thunder 5,726 Alberta Junior Hockey League attendance record [40]
December 4, 2010 The Frozen Face-off United States Michigan Stadium
Ann Arbor, Michigan		 MCHA Adrian Bulldogs
(men)		 3–0 Concordia Falcons
(men)		 1,470 1st outdoor D-III game on record [41]
December 11, 2010 The Big Chill at the Big House CCHA Michigan Wolverines
(men)		 5–0 Michigan State Spartans
(men)		 104,173 CCHA attendance record; highest attended game on record [1][13]
December 26, 2010 2010 SEL Outdoor Classic Sweden Karlstad Outdoor Arena
Karlstad, Sweden		 SEL Färjestad BK 5–2 Frölunda HC 15,274 [18]
December 31, 2010 2011 NHL Winter Classic Alumni Game United States Heinz Field
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania		 NHL Alumni Pittsburgh Penguins
alumni		 5–5 Washington Capitals
alumni		 10,000 [a] [42]
January 1, 2011 2011 NHL Winter Classic NHL Pittsburgh Penguins 1–3 Washington Capitals 68,111 [43]
January 2, 2011 Open Air Hockey 2011 Czech Republic Pardubice-Svítkov Speedway
Pardubice, Czech Republic		 ELH HC Eaton Pardubice 4–2 HC Kometa Brno 17,140 Set Extraliga attendance record
(since overtaken)		 [44]
January 9, 2011 2011 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships – Division III Mexico Zócalo
Mexico City, Mexico		 IIHF WJHC Mexico national junior team
(men's)		 8–0 Bulgaria national junior team
(men's)		 3,000 First outdoor ice hockey game in Mexican history [45]
January 15, 2011 Rockstar Outdoor Hockey Classic United States Avista Stadium
Spokane, Washington		 WHL
(CHL)		 Spokane Chiefs 11–2 Kootenay Ice 7,075 First regular season outdoor game in both WHL (& CHL) history [46]
United States Bernick's Outdoor Rink
Sartell, Minnesota		 MIAC Saint Benedict Blazers
(women)		 1–9 Concordia Cobbers
(women)		 100 [47]
January 29, 2011 North Shore Winter Classic Canada Iron Bridge Outdoor Arena
Iron Bridge, Ontario		 GMHL Elliot Lake Bobcats 8–2 Algoma Avalanche 400 (est.) [48]
February 5, 2011 2011 Talviklassikko Finland Helsinki Olympic Stadium
Helsinki, Finland		 SM-liiga Jokerit 3–4 HIFK 36,644 SM-liiga attendance record
Established new attendance record for a European league match (since broken)		 [49]
February 13, 2011 Whalers Hockey Fest United States Rentschler Field
East Hartford, Connecticut		 Atlantic Hockey Connecticut Huskies
(men)		 3–1 Sacred Heart Pioneers
(men)		 1,911 [50]
Hockey East Connecticut Huskies
(women)		 3–4 Providence Friars
(women)		 153 [51]
February 15, 2011 NESCAC Trinity Bantams
(women)		 5–1 Wesleyan Cardinals
(women)		 100 [52]
Wesleyan Cardinals
(men)		 1–3 Trinity Bantams
(men)		 820 [53]
February 19, 2011 Atlantic Hockey American International Yellow Jackets
(men)		 1–4 Army Black Knights
(men)		 1,142 [54]
NHL Alumni Hartford Whalers
alumni		 4–4 Boston Bruins
alumni		 10,000 [55]
Whale Bowl AHL Connecticut Whale 4–5
(SO)		 Providence Bruins 21,673 American Hockey League attendance record (since broken) [55]
Face-Off in the Foothills Canada McMahon Stadium
Calgary, Alberta		 NHL Alumni 1989 Calgary Flames 3–5 Montreal Canadiens alumni 10,000+ [56]
February 20, 2011 2011 Heritage Classic NHL Calgary Flames 4–0 Montreal Canadiens 41,022 [57]
February 21, 2011 Face-Off in the Foothills WHL
(CHL)		 Calgary Hitmen 2–3 Regina Pats 20,888 Western and Canadian Hockey League attendance records; Junior hockey world record [58]
February 26, 2011 Slaget om Siljan Sweden Villa Långbers Arena
Leksand, Sweden		 HockeyAllsvenskan Leksands IF 1–4 Mora IK 17,319 [59]
March 12, 2011 Fairbanks Ice Dogs 3rd Annual Outdoor Game United States Big Dipper Ice Arena
Fairbanks, Alaska		 NAHL Fairbanks Ice Dogs 5–3 Wenatchee Wild 2,000 (est.) [60]
December 10, 2011 2011 SEL Outdoor Classic Sweden Elmia Outdoor Arena
Jönköping, Sweden		 SEL HV71 0–1
(OT)		 Linköpings HC 18,884 New attendance record for a sports event in Jönköping
First road team winner since the yearly tradition from 2009		 [61][62]
December 31, 2011 2012 NHL Winter Classic Alumni Game United States Citizens Bank Park
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania		 NHL Alumni Philadelphia Flyers
alumni		 3–1 New York Rangers
alumni		 45,808 [63]
January 2, 2012 2012 NHL Winter Classic NHL Philadelphia Flyers 2–3 New York Rangers 46,967 [64]
January 6, 2012 2012 AHL Outdoor Game AHL Adirondack Phantoms 4–3
(OT)		 Hershey Bears 45,653 American Hockey League attendance record [65]
January 7, 2012 Frozen Fenway 2012 United States Fenway Park
Boston, Massachusetts		 Hockey East Vermont Catamounts
(men)		 2–3
(OT)		 UMass Minutemen
(men)		 38,456 [66]
New Hampshire Wildcats
(men)		 4–5
(OT)		 Maine Black Bears
(men)		 38,456 [66]
January 10, 2012 Providence Friars
(women)		 2–3 Dartmouth Big Green
(women)		 1,305 [67]
January 13, 2012 ECAC East (D-III) Babson Beavers
(men)		 1–4 Norwich Cadets
(men)		 7,250 [68]
ECAC Hockey Harvard Crimson
(men)		 0–2 Union Dutchmen
(men)		 8,981 [68]
January 14, 2012 Hockey East Boston College Eagles
(men)		 2–1 Northeastern Huskies
(men)		 29,601 [69]
January 15, 2012 The Frozen Diamond Faceoff United States Progressive Field
Cleveland, Ohio		 CCHA Ohio State Buckeyes
(men)		 1–4 Michigan Wolverines
(men)		 25,864 First outdoor hockey game between rivals Ohio State and Michigan [70][71]
January 19, 2012 OUA Outdoor Classic Canada Ivor Wynne Stadium
Hamilton, Ontario		 OUA UOIT Ridgebacks
(women)		 2–3 Brock Badgers
(women)		 102 [72]
January 20, 2012 2012 AHL Outdoor Classic "Steeltown Showdown" NHL Alumni Montreal Canadiens
alumni		 5–6 Toronto Maple Leafs
alumni		 8,000 [73]
January 21, 2012 2012 AHL Outdoor Classic "Steeltown Showdown" AHL Hamilton Bulldogs 2–7 Toronto Marlies 20,565 [26]
January 22, 2012 OUA Outdoor Classic OUA Waterloo Warriors
(men)		 3–1 Brock Badgers
(men)		 500 [72]
February 4, 2012 2012 Talviklassikko Finland Helsinki Olympic Stadium
Helsinki, Finland		 SM-liiga HIFK 3–2
(SO)		 Jokerit 34,264 [74]
February 9, 2012 2012 Oddset Hockey Games Euro Hockey Tour Finland
(men's)		 0–2 Russia
(men's)		 25,036 [75]
February 17, 2012 Russian Classic Russia Central Stadium
Krasnoyarsk, Russia		 VHL Sokol Krasnoyarsk 2–3 Lokomotiv Yaroslavl 16,100 First outdoor game in VHL history [76]
September 14, 2012 2012 Arena Ice Fever Croatia Pula Arena
Pula, Croatia		 EBEL Medveščak Zagreb 2–3 Olimpija Ljubljana 7,022 First hockey game held in an amphitheater [77][78]
September 16, 2012 Medveščak Zagreb 4–1 Vienna Capitals 7,130 [77][78]
December 8, 2012 2012 SEL Outdoor Classic/Brynäs IF 100-year celebration Sweden Gävlebocken Arena
Gävle, Sweden		 SEL Brynäs IF 3–0 Timrå IK 15,009 [79][80]
January 4, 2013 Bežigrad IceFest 2013 Slovenia Bežigrad Stadium
Ljubljana, Slovenia		 EBEL Olimpija Ljubljana 5–4
(OT)		 EC VSV 7,000 [81]
January 5, 2013 2013 DEL Winter Game Germany Frankenstadion
Nürnberg, Germany		 DEL Thomas Sabo Ice Tigers 4–3 Eisbären Berlin 50,000 New attendance record for a European league match [82]
January 6, 2013 City Game United States Penguins Pond at Highmark Stadium
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania		 ACHA Pitt Panthers
(men)		 5–3 Duquesne Dukes
(men)		 N/A Game traditionally held at CONSOL Energy Center; held during the 2012–13 NHL lockout [83]
Bežigrad IceFest 2013 Slovenia Bežigrad Stadium
Ljubljana, Slovenia		 EBEL Olimpija Ljubljana 8–4 Medveščak Zagreb 7,000 [81]
January 8, 2013 Olimpija Ljubljana 2–4 EC KAC 7,000 [81]
January 20, 2013 2013 AHL Outdoor Classic United States Hersheypark Stadium
Hershey, Pennsylvania		 AHL Hershey Bears 1–2
(OT)		 Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins 17,311 [84]
February 9, 2013 Mutual of Omaha Battles on Ice United States TD Ameritrade Park Omaha
Omaha, Nebraska		 USHL Omaha Lancers 4–2 Lincoln Stars 13,523 First outdoor USHL game, Part of a Doubleheader [85]
WCHA Omaha Mavericks
(men)		 2–5 North Dakota
(men)		 13,650 Part of a Doubleheader. [86]
February 17, 2013 OfficeMax Hockey City Classic United States Soldier Field
Chicago, Illinois		 CCHA Notre Dame Fighting Irish
(men)		 2–1 Miami RedHawks
(men)		 52,051 Part of a doubleheader. [87]
WCHA Wisconsin Badgers
(men)		 3–2 Minnesota Golden Gophers
(men)		 52,051 Part of a doubleheader. [87]
December 13, 2013 Frozen Frontier United States Frontier Field
Rochester, New York		 AHL Rochester Americans 5–4
(SO)		 Lake Erie Monsters 11,015 [88]
December 14, 2013 Non-conference
NCAA Div I		 RIT Tigers
(women)		 2–6 Clarkson Golden Knights
(women)		 1,578 First outdoor women's hockey game in the state of New York [88]
Atlantic Hockey RIT Tigers
(men)		 2–2
(OT)		 Niagara Purple Eagles
(men)		 4,760 [88]
2013 SHL Outdoor Classic[b] Sweden Gamla Ullevi
Gothenburg, Sweden		 SHL Frölunda HC 1–4 Skellefteå AIK 13,452 Second SHL outdoor game in Gothenburg [89][90]
Open Ice Winter Classic Tampere Finland Tampere Stadium
Tampere, Finland		 Liiga Tappara 1–0 Ilves 15,062
December 15, 2013 Frozen Frontier United States Frontier Field
Rochester, New York		 Non-conference
NCAA Div III		 Nazareth Golden Flyers
(men)		 2–3 Geneseo Knights
(men)		 1,000 [91]
OJHL Buffalo Jr. Sabres 4–5 St. Michael's Buzzers 1,173 [92]
NHL/AHL Alumni Rochester Americans
alumni		 5–3 Buffalo Sabres
alumni		 N/A Game played in two halves [88]
December 16, 2013 2013 Hockeytown Winter Festival United States Comerica Park
Detroit, Michigan		 OUA Windsor Lancers 2–5 Western Mustangs 1,000 [93]
December 22, 2013 Winter Game 2013 France Stade des Alpes
Grenoble, France		 Ligue Magnus Grenoble Brûleurs de Loups 4–5 Briançon Diables Rouges 19,767 Attendance record for a game between two French teams
December 27, 2013 2013 Hockeytown Winter Festival United States Comerica Park
Detroit, Michigan		 NCAA Michigan Tech Huskies
(men)		 3–2
(SO)		 Michigan State Spartans
(men)		 25,449
Michigan Wolverines
(men)		 2–3
(OT)		 Western Michigan Broncos
(men)		 25,449
December 28, 2013 Frozen Fenway 2014 United States Fenway Park
Boston, Massachusetts		 Atlantic Hockey Bentley Falcons
(men)		 3–2 Holy Cross Crusaders
(men)		 3,898 [94]
2013 Hockeytown Winter Festival United States Comerica Park
Detroit, Michigan		 NCAA Michigan Wolverines
(men)		 0–3 Michigan State Spartans
(men)		 26,052
Western Michigan Broncos
(men)		 1–0
(OT)		 Michigan Tech Huskies
(men)
December 29, 2013 OHL
(CHL)		 Saginaw Spirit 5–6 Windsor Spitfires 25,749 Set OHL and CHL attendance record [95]
Plymouth Whalers 2–1
(SO)		 London Knights 26,384 Reset OHL and CHL attendance record [95]
December 30, 2013 AHL Grand Rapids Griffins 3–4
(SO)		 Toronto Marlies 20,337
December 31, 2013 NHL Alumni Detroit Red Wings
alumni		 5–4 Toronto Maple Leafs
alumni		 33,425 [96]
6–5
(SO)		 [96]
January 1, 2014 2014 NHL Winter Classic United States Michigan Stadium
Ann Arbor, Michigan		 NHL Detroit Red Wings 2–3
(SO)		 Toronto Maple Leafs 105,491 (announced)
< 104,173 (certified)		 National Hockey League attendance record [97][98]
January 4, 2014 Frozen Fenway 2014 United States Fenway Park
Boston, Massachusetts		 Hockey East Merrimack Warriors
(men)		 1–1 Providence Friars
(men)		 31,569 [99]
Boston College Eagles
(men)		 4–3 Notre Dame Fighting Irish
(men)		 31,569 [99]
January 7, 2014 Non-conference
NCAA Div III		 Salem State Vikings
(men)		 2–4 UMass Boston Beacons
(men)		 1,133 [100]
NESCAC Williams Ephs
(men)		 4–2 Trinity Bantams
(men)		 4,132 [101]
January 9, 2014 ECAC East Babson Beavers
(men)		 0–1 Norwich Cadets
(men)		 1,200 [102]
January 11, 2014 Hockey East Northeastern Huskies
(men)		 4–1 UMass Lowell River Hawks
(men)		 25,580 [103]
Boston University Terriers
(men)		 3–7 Maine Black Bears
(men)		 25,580 [104]
2014 NLA Winter Classic Switzerland Stade de Genève
Geneva, Switzerland		 NLA Genève-Servette HC 0–1
(OT)		 Lausanne Hockey Club 29,400 [105]
January 17, 2014 2014 Hockey City Classic United States TCF Bank Stadium
Minneapolis, Minnesota		 WCHA Minnesota Golden Gophers
(women)		 4–0 Minnesota State Mavericks
(women)		 6,623 [106]
Big Ten Minnesota Golden Gophers
(men)		 1–0 Ohio State Buckeyes
(men)		 45,021 [107]
January 19, 2014 Russian Classic Russia Central Stadium
Chelyabinsk, Russia		 VHL Chelmet Chelyabinsk 2–5 Lada Togliatti 9,200 [108]
January 25, 2014 2014 NHL Stadium Series United States Dodger Stadium
Los Angeles, California		 NHL Los Angeles Kings 0–3 Anaheim Ducks 54,099 [109]
January 26, 2014 United States Yankee Stadium
New York, New York		 New Jersey Devils 3–7 New York Rangers[c] 50,105 [110]
January 29, 2014 New York Islanders 1–2 New York Rangers[c] 50,027 [110]
March 1, 2014 2014 NHL Stadium Series United States Soldier Field
Chicago, Illinois		 Chicago Blackhawks 5–1 Pittsburgh Penguins 62,921 [111]
2014 Talviklassikko Finland Helsinki Olympic Stadium
Helsinki, Finland		 Liiga Jokerit 1–2 HIFK 23,485 [112]
March 2, 2014 2014 Heritage Classic Canada BC Place
Vancouver, British Columbia		 NHL Vancouver Canucks 2–4 Ottawa Senators 54,194 BC Place's retractable roof was closed due to weather concerns. [111]
December 18, 2014 2015 Slovenian Winter Classic Slovenia Republic Square Open Ice Rink
Ljubljana, Slovenia		 Slovenian Ice Hockey League HDD Olimpija Ljubljana 2–1 HDD Jesenice 3,500 [113]
December 27, 2014 Toledo Walleye Winterfest United States Fifth Third Field
Toledo, Ohio		 ECHL Toledo Walleye 1–2 Kalamazoo Wings 11,222 First Outdoor game in ECHL history [114]
January 1, 2015 2015 NHL Winter Classic United States Nationals Park
Washington, D.C.		 NHL Washington Capitals 3–2 Chicago Blackhawks 42,832
January 3, 2015 Toledo Walleye Winterfest United States Fifth Third Field
Toledo, Ohio		 NCAA Bowling Green Falcons
(men)		 2–2 Robert Morris Colonials
(men)		 3,806 [115]
ECHL Toledo Walleye 2–3
(SO)		 Fort Wayne Komets 11,081 [114]
2015 EBEL Winter Classic Austria Wörthersee Stadion
Klagenfurt, Austria		 EBEL EC KAC 1–4 EC VSV 29,700
January 10, 2015 2015 DEL Winter Game Germany ESPRIT arena
Düsseldorf, Germany		 DEL DEG 3–2 Kölner Haie 51,125 European league-game attendance record [116]
January 23, 2015 2015 QMJHL Winter Classic Canada Grandes Estrades Coors Banquet
Saint-Tite, Quebec		 QMJHL
(CHL)		 Shawinigan Cataractes 4–2 Victoriaville Tigres 5,996 [117]
January 24, 2015 Shawinigan Cataractes 2–3 Quebec Remparts 7,323 [117]
February 7, 2015 2015 Hockey City Classic United States Soldier Field
Chicago, Illinois		 NCHC Western Michigan Broncos
(men)		 3–4 Miami RedHawks
(men)		 22,751
Big Ten Michigan State Spartans
(men)		 1–4 Michigan Wolverines
(men)		 22,751
February 14, 2015 Russian Classic Russia Sputnik Stadium
Nizhny Tagil, Russia		 VHL Sputnik Nizhny Tagil 0–4 Yuzhny Ural Orsk 9,000 [108]
February 21, 2015 2015 NHL Stadium Series United States Levi's Stadium
Santa Clara, California		 NHL San Jose Sharks 1–2 Los Angeles Kings 70,205 [118]
December 18, 2015 Golden State Hockey Rush United States Raley Field
West Sacramento, California		 AHL Stockton Heat 3–2 Bakersfield Condors 9,357 Postponed from December 17, 2015 due to rain [119]
December 31, 2015 2016 Outdoor Women's Classic United States Gillette Stadium
Foxborough, Massachusetts		 NWHL/CWHL Boston Pride 1–1 Les Canadiennes Unknown First professional women's outdoor game [120]
2016 NHL Winter Classic Alumni Game NHL Alumni Boston Bruins alumni 5–4
(SO)		 Montreal Canadiens alumni
January 1, 2016 2016 NHL Winter Classic NHL Boston Bruins 1–5 Montreal Canadiens 67,246 [121]
January 3, 2016 Brno Hockey Games 2016 Czech Republic Stadium Za Lužánkami
Brno, Czech Republic		 ELH Kometa Brno 5–2 Škoda Plzeň 18,514
January 8, 2016 Kometa Brno 2–4 Sparta Praha 21,502 Set the new ELH attendance record
January 9, 2016 2016 DEL2 Winter Derby Germany Stadion Dresden
Dresden, Germany		 DEL2 Dresdner Eislöwen 4–3
(OT)		 Lausitzer Füchse 31,853 German second league (DEL2) attendance record
February 20, 2016 Battle on Blake United States Coors Field
Denver, Colorado		 NCHC Denver Pioneers
(men)		 4–1 Colorado College Tigers
(men)		 35,144 NCHC attendance record
February 21, 2016 2016 NHL Stadium Series United States TCF Bank Stadium
Minneapolis, Minnesota		 NHL Minnesota Wild 6–1 Chicago Blackhawks 50,426
February 27, 2016 United States Coors Field
Denver, Colorado		 Colorado Avalanche 3–5 Detroit Red Wings 50,095
September 10, 2016 2016 DEL2 Summer Game Germany Commerzbank Arena
Frankfurt, Germany		 DEL2 Löwen Frankfurt 4–5
(OT)		 Kassel Huskies 30,000 [122]
October 23, 2016 2016 NHL Heritage Classic Canada Investors Group Field
Winnipeg, Manitoba		 NHL Winnipeg Jets 0–3 Edmonton Oilers 33,240 [123]
December 16, 2016 Ulkojäät 2016 Finland Tampere, Finland Liiga Ilves 3–4
(OT)		 Tappara 11,000
December 17, 2016 Ilves 3–2
(OT)		 HIFK 8,500
December 28, 2016 Karácsonyi HOKIBULI Winter Game 2016 Hungary Városligeti Műjégpálya
Budapest, Hungary		 EBEL SAPA Fehérvár AV 19 2–8 EC Red Bull Salzburg 4,253 [124]
December 29, 2016 MOL Liga Újpesti TE 4–1 HSC Csíkszereda 2,000
MAC Budapest 6–3 DVTK Jegesmedvék 3,050
December 30, 2016 EBEL SAPA Fehérvár AV 19 5–2 EC KAC 4,242 [125]
Winter Game 2016 France Parc Olympique Lyonnais
Décines-Charpieu, France		 Ligue Magnus Lyon Lions 2–5 Grenoble
Brûleurs de Loups		 25,182 Tickets distributed;
Official French ice hockey attendance record		 [126][127]
January 1, 2017 NHL Centennial Classic Canada BMO Field
Toronto, Ontario		 NHL Toronto Maple Leafs 4–3
(OT)		 Detroit Red Wings 40,148
January 2, 2017 2017 NHL Winter Classic United States Busch Stadium
St. Louis, Missouri		 St. Louis Blues 4–1 Chicago Blackhawks 46,556
January 7, 2017 2017 DEL Winter Game Germany Rhein-Neckar-Arena
Sinsheim, Germany		 DEL Schwenninger Wild Wings 3–7 Adler Mannheim 25,022
2017 AHL Outdoor Classic United States Memorial Stadium
Bakersfield, California		 AHL Bakersfield Condors 3–2
(OT)		 Ontario Reign 12,330
January 8, 2017 Frozen Fenway 2017 United States Fenway Park
Boston, Massachusetts		 Hockey East Boston University Terriers
(men)		 5–3 UMass Minutemen
(men)		 19,547 [128]
Boston College Eagles
(men)		 3–1 Providence Friars
(men)		 19,547
January 14, 2017 New Hampshire Wildcats
(men)		 2–2 Northeastern Huskies
(men)		 37,949
Connecticut Huskies
(men)		 0–4 Maine Black Bears
(men)		 16,432
January 21, 2017 2017 GET-ligaen Winter Classic Norway Fredrikstad Stadion
Fredrikstad, Norway		 GET-ligaen Stjernen Hockey 0–3 Sparta Warriors 12,500
February 25, 2017 2017 NHL Stadium Series United States Heinz Field
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania		 NHL Pittsburgh Penguins 4–2 Philadelphia Flyers 67,318 [129]
December 2, 2017 Helsinki Ice Challenge Finland Kaisaniemi Park
Helsinki, Finland		 KHL/Liiga Jokerit 3–4 SKA Saint Petersburg 17,645 First outdoor regular season game in KHL history
Set the new KHL attendance record		 [130][131]
December 5, 2017 HIFK 3–4
(OT)		 Oulun Kärpät 16,000
December 16, 2017 NHL 100 Classic Canada TD Place Stadium
Ottawa, Ontario		 NHL Ottawa Senators 3–0 Montreal Canadiens 33,959
December 17, 2017 67:50 Outdoor Game OHL/QMJHL
(CHL)		 Ottawa 67's 1–4 Gatineau Olympiques 11,671 First OHL outdoor game to be played in Ontario.
Also the first outdoor game to feature a team from both the OHL and QMJHL		 [132][133]
December 29, 2017 2018 WJHC United States New Era Field
Orchard Park, New York		 IIHF WJHC United States men's national junior ice hockey team 4–3
(SO)		 Canada men's national junior ice hockey team 44,592 First ever outdoor game played during an IIHF Junior World Championship at the Top Division [134][135]
January 1, 2018 2018 NHL Winter Classic United States Citi Field
Queens, New York		 NHL Buffalo Sabres 2–3
(OT)		 New York Rangers[c] 41,821 [136]
January 20, 2018 Winter Ice Break Latvia Riga City Council Sports Complex
Riga, Latvia		 KHL Dinamo Riga 2–3 Dinamo Minsk 10,554 First outdoor hockey game played in Latvia
Second outdoor regular season game in KHL history		 [137]
2018 AHL Outdoor Classic United States Hersheypark Stadium
Hershey, Pennsylvania		 AHL Hershey Bears 2–5 Lehigh Valley Phantoms 13,091
January 28, 2018 Russian Classic Russia Central Stadium
Kurgan, Russia		 VHL Zauralie Kurgan 0–4 Rubin Tyumen 3,000 [138]
February 9, 2018 2018 QMJHL Winter Classic Canada La Patinoire Victor-Pepin
Drummondville, Quebec		 QMJHL
(CHL)		 Drummondville Voltigeurs 4–1 Sherbrooke Phoenix 4,284 [139][140]
February 10, 2018 Drummondville Voltigeurs 0–2 Victoriaville Tigres 5,432 [141][142]
March 3, 2018 2018 NHL Stadium Series United States Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium
Annapolis, Maryland		 NHL Washington Capitals 5–2 Toronto Maple Leafs 29,516 [143]
January 1, 2019 2019 NHL Winter Classic United States Notre Dame Stadium
Notre Dame, Indiana		 NHL Chicago Blackhawks 2–4 Boston Bruins 76,126 [144]
January 2, 2019 2019 Tatzen-Derby Switzerland Stade de Suisse
Bern, Switzerland 		NLA SCL Tigers 1–4 SC Bern Although the game was played at Stade de Suisse in Bern, the SCL Tigers hosted the game as the home team [145][146]
January 5, 2019 Big Ten Hockey United States Notre Dame Stadium
Notre Dame, Indiana		 B1G Ten Notre Dame 2–4 Michigan 23,422 [147]
January 12, 2019 2019 DEL Winter Game Germany RheinEnergieStadion Cologne, Germany DEL Kölner Haie 2–3 (OT) DEG 47,011 [148]
February 3, 2019 2019 Winter Classic Games Slovakia Štadión SNP

Banská Bystrica, Slovakia

Tipsport liga HC Banská Bystrica 2–3 HKM Zvolen 7,500 First outdoor game in Slovakia; a legends game was held at the arena the day before the game. Team Tipsport defeated Team Kaufland 23–21. [149][150][151]
February 8, 2019 2019 QMJHL Winter Classic Canada Grandes Estrades Coors Banquet
Saint-Tite, Quebec		 QMJHL
(CHL)		 Shawinigan Cataractes 0–4 Rimouski Oceanic 4 508 [117]
February 9, 2019 Shawinigan Cataractes 5–1 Quebec Remparts 5,587 [117]
February 23, 2019 2019 NHL Stadium Series United States Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania		 NHL Philadelphia Flyers 4–3
(OT)		 Pittsburgh Penguins 69,620 [152]
October 26, 2019 2019 NHL Heritage Classic Canada Mosaic Stadium
Regina, Saskatchewan		 NHL Winnipeg Jets 2–1
(OT)		 Calgary Flames 33,518 First outdoor NHL game to be played in a neutral site territory that is not formally part of an NHL market [153]
October 27, 2019 2019 WHL Prairie Classic WHL Regina Pats 4–5
(OT)		 Calgary Hitmen 15,401 [154]
December 14, 2019 2019 DEL2 Winter Derby Germany Sparda-Bank-Hessen-Stadion Offenbach, Germany DEL2 EC Bad Nauheim 2–3 (SO) Löwen Frankfurt 15,146 [155]
January 1, 2020 2020 NHL Winter Classic United States Cotton Bowl Stadium
Dallas, Texas		 NHL Dallas Stars 4–2 Nashville Predators 85,630
January 4, 2020 2020 Hockey Open Air Germany Rudolf-Harbig-Stadion Dresden, Germany DEL2 Dresdner Eislöwen 5–3 Lausitzer Füchse 32,009 [156]
ELH Sparta Prague 3–2 HC Verva Litvínov 32,009 [157]
February 15, 2020 2020 NHL Stadium Series United States Falcon Stadium
Air Force Academy, Colorado		 NHL Colorado Avalanche 1–3 Los Angeles Kings 43,574
February 20, 2021 NHL Outdoors at Lake Tahoe United States Edgewood Tahoe Resort
Stateline, Nevada		 NHL Colorado Avalanche 3–2 Vegas Golden Knights N/A Games played without spectators [158]
February 21, 2021 Boston Bruins 7–3 Philadelphia Flyers N/A [158]
December 26, 2021 Toledo Walleye Winterfest Fifth Third Field

Toledo, Ohio

ECHL Kalamazoo Wings 3–2 (SO) Toledo Walleye 11,231
December 31, 2021 Toledo Walleye Winterfest Fifth Third Field

Toledo, Ohio

ECHL Indy Fuel Toledo Walleye
January 1, 2022 2022 NHL Winter Classic United States Target Field
Minneapolis, Minnesota		 NHL Minnesota Wild 4–6 St. Louis Blues 38,519 [159]
January 22, 2022 Hockey Day Minnesota United States Blakeslee Stadium
Mankato, Minnesota		 CCHA Minnesota State Mavericks St. Thomas Tommies [160]
February 26, 2022 2022 NHL Stadium Series United States Nissan Stadium
Nashville, Tennessee		 NHL Nashville Predators 2–3 Tampa Bay Lightning 68,619
March 13, 2022 2022 NHL Heritage Classic Canada Tim Hortons Field
Hamilton, Ontario		 NHL Buffalo Sabres 5–2 Toronto Maple Leafs 26,119
March 14, 2022 2022 OHL Outdoor Showcase OHL Hamilton Bulldogs 3–0 Oshawa Generals 12,587
December 3, 2022 2022 DEL Winter Game Germany RheinEnergie Stadion
Cologne, Germany		 DEL Kölner Haie 4-2 Adler Mannheim [161]
December 10, 2022 Cologne Stadium Series 2. Liga Nord Kölner Haie 2-1 EC Bergisch Land Germanys first woman outdoor games [162][163]
DNL Kölner Haie 7-2 Eisbären Juniors Berlin [164]
December 17, 2022 2022 Eishockey Open Air Germany Heinz-von-Heiden Arena
Hanover, Germany		 Oberliga Nord Hannover Indians 2-5 Hannover Scorpions 35,000 [165][166]
December 22, 2022 Cologne Stadium Series Germany RheinEnergie Stadion
Cologne, Germany 		DEL Kölner Haie 1-2 Fischtown Pinguins [167]
January 2, 2023 2023 NHL Winter Classic United States Fenway Park
Boston, Massachusetts		 NHL Boston Bruins 2–1 Pittsburgh Penguins 39,243 [168]
January 6, 2023 Frozen Fenway 2023 ECAC Hockey Harvard Crimson
(women)		 1–3 Quinnipiac Bobcats
(women)		 391 [169]
Hockey East Boston University Terriers
(women)		 2–3 Holy Cross Crusaders
(women)		 2,800 [170]
January 7, 2023 Northeastern Huskies
(men)		 4–1 Connecticut Huskies
(men)		 22,500 [171]
UMass Minutemen
(men)		 2–4 Boston College Eagles
(men)		 [172]
January 8, 2023 Cologne Stadium Series Germany RheinEnergie Stadion
Cologne, Germany 		DEL Kölner Haie 5-2 Augsburger Panther [167]
January 13, 2023 2023 Kaufland Winter Games Slovakia Tehelné pole
Bratislava, Slovakia		 Czech Extraliga Oceláři Třinec 6–1 Kometa Brno 11,367
January 14, 2023 Tipos Extraliga HK Dukla Trenčín 2–1 HKM Zvolen 7,776
January 15, 2023 HC Slovan Bratislava 3–1 HC Košice 14,244
February 18, 2023 Faceoff on the Lake United States FirstEnergy Stadium
Cleveland, Ohio		 Big Ten Ohio State 4–2 Michigan 45,523 [173]
February 18, 2023 2023 NHL Stadium Series United States Carter–Finley Stadium
Raleigh, North Carolina		 NHL Carolina Hurricanes 4–1 Washington Capitals 56,961 [174]
March 4, 2023 Cleveland Monsters Outdoor Classic United States FirstEnergy Stadium
Cleveland, Ohio		 AHL Cleveland Monsters 3-2 (OT) Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins 22,875 [175]
October 29, 2023 2023 NHL Heritage Classic Canada Commonwealth Stadium
Edmonton, Alberta		 NHL Edmonton Oilers 5-2 Calgary Flames 55,411 [176]
January 1, 2024 2024 NHL Winter Classic United States T-Mobile Park
Seattle, Washington		 NHL Seattle Kraken 3–0 Vegas Golden Knights 47,313 [177]
January 13, 2024 Queen City Outdoor Classic United States Truist Field
Charlotte, North Carolina		 AHL Charlotte Checkers 5-2 Rochester Americans 11,031 [178]
February 16, 2024 Hockey Outdoor Triple GermanyVogtland Arena

Klingenthal, Germany

DEL2 Eispiraten Crimmitschau 7-3 Dresdener Eislöwen 12,400 [179]
February 17, 2024
Czech Extraliga
HC Škoda Plzeň 5-2 HC Energie Karlovy Vary 13,000 [180]
2024 NHL Stadium Series United States MetLife Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey		 NHL New Jersey Devils 6–3 Philadelphia Flyers 70,328 [181]
February 18, 2024 New York Islanders 5-6 (OT) New York Rangers 79,690 [181]
Hockey Outdoor Triple GermanyVogtland Arena

Klingenthal, Germany

DEL2 Lausitzer Füchse 2-3 (OT) Eisbären Regensburg 10,600 [182]
January 1, 2025 2025 NHL Winter Classic United States Wrigley Field
Chicago, Illinois		 NHL Chicago Blackhawks St. Louis Blues [183]
March 1, 2025 2025 NHL Stadium Series United States Ohio Stadium
Columbus, Ohio		 NHL Columbus Blue Jackets Detroit Red Wings [184]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Organizers of the 2011 NHL Winter Classic Alumni Game limited the number of tickets available to far fewer than could be accommodated or were desired, a move that caused controversy.
  2. ^ The SEL Outdoor Classic was renamed the SHL Outdoor Classic due to the league name change in June 2013.
  3. ^ a b c The Rangers were designated as the visiting team for their outdoor games held in New York City as a legal fiction; their home arena, Madison Square Garden, receives tax-exempt status, but only if the Rangers do not "cease playing" home games at MSG, generally interpreted as playing any "home" game outside of MSG.

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