A map of Scotland showing physical features.
Topographic map of Scotland
A stone trigonometric point, composed of individual stones cemented together into a small structure about a metre high and with a small metal object on the top, possibly a sundial, sits at the summit of a high hill. It overlooks an ocean in which there are three distant islands. One is large, green and wedge-shaped. The other two are precipitous stacks.
Boreray and the stacks from the heights of Conachair, Hirta

The outlying islands of Scotland are not part of the larger archipelagos and island groups of Scotland—the Hebrides, the Northern Isles or the Islands of the Forth and Clyde estuaries. None of these islands are currently inhabited and few of them ever were, although Hirta was occupied from the Neolithic age until 1930 and Stroma was permanently occupied until the 1970s and thereafter by lighthouse keepers and their families until 1996.[1][2] Several other outlying islands have lighthouses, none of which is still staffed.

In this list, an island is defined as "land that is surrounded by seawater on a daily basis, but not necessarily at all stages of the tide, excluding human devices such as bridges and causeways".[Note 1] A complication relating to membership of this list is that there are various descriptions of the scope of the Hebrides, the large group of islands that lie off Scotland's west coast. The Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland describes the Inner Hebrides as lying "east of The Minch", which would include any and all offshore islands. There are various islands that lie in the sea lochs such as Eilean Bàn and Eilean Donan that might not ordinarily be described as "Hebridean" but no formal definitions exist and for simplicity they are included in the List of Inner Hebrides rather than here.[5]

Main islands

A children's play area sits amid leafless trees in the foreground. Beyond is a still body of water reflecting a cloudless sky. In the middle distance is a brown-coloured marshland, with green fields and woodlands beyond that, illuminated by a sun that is low in the sky.
Mugdrum seen from Newburgh
A precipitous and cliff-girt green island is mist-shrouded near its summit but with blue skies above.
Soay, St Kilda, the westernmost island of Scotland (excluding Rockall, the status of which is a matter of dispute)
A back and white aerial image of an isolated and steep-sided rock in the midst of a stormy sea. A large wave has broken on the rock and sent fountains of white water high into the air.
Winter waves breaking over Rockall in 1943
A grey and rocky islet sits in a dark sea. Waves lash the shores and innumerable white birds sit on its upper surfaces above black cliffs. The top of a small lighthouse can be seen near the highest point.
Sula Sgeir
A rocky peninsula, whose surface is covered in white birds sits in a grey sea. The rock is heavily eroded in places and there are two large gaps in the rock with a third making an oblong window right through the structure. More birds wheel around in the air and the summit of a precipitous island lies beyond under grey skies.
The westernmost of the Flannan Isles: Eilean a' Ghobha and Roareim with Brona Cleit in the distance
Two green sun-lit islets connected by a sandy tombolo sit offshore from a beach. The skies are grey and the sea all but flat calm.
The Rabbit Islands
White birds wheel around a tall and precipitous grey sea stack that is partly covered in guano. Cliffs on the left are shrouded in mist and another stack lies further away at right.
Stac an Armin with Boreray to the left and Stac Lee beyond at right
A tall grey rocky cliff towers over dark waters. The edge of the cliff is silhouetted against a leaden sky and topped with grass, creating a shape resembling a man's face.
Stac Levenish cliff's face silhouette
A brown stack composed of a sedimentary rocks sits in dark blue seas close to a grassy island. A white bird glides between the two.
Castle Mestag, Stroma
A series of dark black rocky shapes traverse from left to right in a dark blue sea under pale blue skies. The four main structures are tall and cliff-girt and set at odd angles to one another – the shapes are suggestive of a gathering of living creatures taken from a bestiary.
Stac Biorach (at left) and Stac Soay between Hirta and Soay

There are several small groupings of outlying islands involved. The most significant of these is the St Kilda archipelago[Note 2] which lies 64 kilometres (40 mi) west-northwest of North Uist and is now a World Heritage Site. It is one of the few to hold joint status for its natural and cultural qualities.[8][Note 3] At 196 metres (643 ft) Stac an Armin is the highest sea stack in the British Isles[10][11][12] and in July 1840, the last great auk seen in the British Isles was captured there.[13]

East of St Kilda are the Flannan Isles, where all three lighthouse keepers mysteriously vanished without trace in December 1900.[14] Further north and east are the two outliers of Sula Sgeir and North Rona, which have strong cultural links to the Outer Hebrides. North Rona is 71 kilometres (44 mi) north north east of Butt of Lewis and 18 kilometres (11 mi) east of Sula Sgeir. It is the remotest island in the British Isles ever to have been inhabited on a long-term basis. It is also closer than any other part of Scotland to the Faroe Islands. Sule Skerry and Sule Stack lie further east and are administratively part of Orkney.

The islands of the north coast are remote from the main centres of population, although they mostly lie close to the mainland. There is a small group of larger islands near Tongue Bay, but the largest on this coast is Stroma in the Pentland Firth, between Caithness and Orkney. Innis Mhòr in the Dornoch Firth is the largest of a handful of small islets off the coast of Easter Ross. Further south are Inchcape off the coast of Angus, and Mugdrum, the only substantial island in the Firth of Tay. There is a cluster of islands in the Solway Firth that marks the south western border of Scotland, including the Islands of Fleet, in Wigtown Bay.

Most of the smaller islets that surround those in the main list are obscure and none have been permanently inhabited in modern times. Nonetheless, some have a degree of historical significance. Castle Mestag off Stroma is the ruins of a once fortified stack accessible only via a drawbridge.[15][Note 4] Some islets are identified as "storm washed", meaning that although they are partly above mean sea level, large waves wash over the top of them during storms, rendering them uninhabitable.

Finally, there is remote Rockall, which is 367 kilometres (228 mi) to the west of North Uist. It is a small rocky islet in the North Atlantic which could be, in James Fisher's words, "the most isolated small rock in the oceans of the world"[17][Note 5] and which was declared part of Scotland by the Island of Rockall Act 1972.[19][20] However, the legality of the claim is disputed by the Republic of Ireland, Denmark and Iceland and it is probably unenforceable in international law.[21][22] [Note 6]

Island Group Area (ha)[24] Height (m)
[25] [Note 7] 		Light
[Note 8] 		Last inhabited[Note 9] Surrounding islets
Ardwall Isle Islands of Fleet 22 34 No 18th century?[Note 10] Old Man of Fleet
Barlocco Isle Islands of Fleet 10 10 No Inhabitation unlikely The Three Brethren
Big Scare Solway Firth[28] <1 21[29] No Inhabitation very unlikely Little Scares (3)
Boreray St Kilda 77 384 No Iron Age?[Note 11] An t-Sail, Sgarbhstac
Bròna Cleit Flannan Isles 1 c. 20 No Inhabitation very unlikely None
Dùn St Kilda 32[32] 178 No Unknown[Note 12] Hamalan, Giasgeir, Sgeir Cul an Rubha, Sgeir Mhòr
Eilean a' Ghobha Flannan Isles 8 57 No Inhabitation very unlikely None
Eilean Choraidh Loch Eriboll 26[34] 26 No 1930s A' chlèit
Eilean Hoan Loch Eriboll 28[34] 25 No Early 1800s[35] A' Ghoil-sgeir, An Cruachan, An Dubh-sgeir, Eilean Clùimhrig, Pocan Smoo
Eilean Mòr Flannan Isles 17.5[36][Note 13] 88 Yes 1971[38] Deirc na Sgeir, Làmh à Sgeir Beag, Làmh an Sgeir Mòire
Eilean nan Ròn Tongue Bay 138 76 No 1930s or 40s[Note 14] An Innis, Eilean Iosal, Meall Thailm
Eilean Taighe Flannan Isles 11 59 No Unknown[Note 15] Gealtaire Beag, Gealtaire Mòr, Hamasgeir
Hestan Island Solway Firth c.11 54 Yes Unknown[Note 16] None
Hirta St Kilda 670 430 No 1930 An Torc, Bradastac, Mina Stac, Sgeir Domhnuill, Sgeir Mhòr, Sgeir nan Sgarbh
Inchcape Angus coast 0.61[41] 0[Note 17] Yes 1988[Note 18] None
Innis Mhòr Easter Ross 26 <5 No Shifting sands None[Note 19]
Little Ross Solway Firth 7 35 Yes Inhabitation unlikely Sugarloaf
Mugdrum Firth of Tay 32[44] 4 No Inhabitation unlikely None
Murray's Isles Islands of Fleet 1[Note 20] c.5 No Inhabitation unlikely[Note 21] Horse Mark
Neave Island Tongue Bay 30[34] 70 No Unknown[Note 22] Stac an Fhamhair
North Rona North west 109 108 No 1885 Gealldraig Mhòr, Lòba Sgeir
Rabbit Islands Tongue Bay 32 45 No Unknown[Note 23] Dubh Sgeir-Mhòr, Eilean á Chaoil, Eilean Creagach, Sgeir an Òir, Talmine Island
Roaireim Flannan Isles 5 52 No Inhabitation very unlikely None[Note 24]
Rockall North Atlantic 0.0624[Note 25] 21.4[48] No Storm washed Hasselwood Rock, Helen's Reef
Rough Island Solway Firth 8[49] 24[49] No Inhabitation unlikely Craig Roan, Spring Stones
Sgeir Toman Flannan Isles 4 43 No Inhabitation very unlikely Sgeir Righinn
Soay St Kilda 99 378 No Inhabitation unlikely[Note 26] Am Plastair, Sgeir Mac Righ Lochlainn, Stac Biorach, Stac Dona, Stac Soay.
Soraigh Flannan Isles 6 41 No Inhabitation very unlikely None
Stac an Armin St Kilda 9 196 No Never inhabited[Note 27] None
Stac Lee St Kilda 2.3 172 No Never inhabited None
Stac Levenish St Kilda 2.42 62 No Never inhabited Na Bodhan
Stroma Caithness 375 53 Yes 1996 Castle Mestag
Sula Sgeir North west 15[Note 28] 70 Yes Storm washed[54] Bogha Córr, Grallsgeir
Sule Skerry Orkney 16[55] 12[56] Yes 1982[54] None
Sule Stack Orkney 2.9[55] 36[56] No Storm washed None

Smaller islets off the mainland

An Garbh-eilean off the north coast near Durness
A large brown rock with a striking shape lies just beyond a rock coast in a blue sea under a pale blue sky. The left hand and foreground part of the rock is wedge shaped and the sedimentary rocks it is made off are set at a 45 degree angle to the horizontal. A second part of the rock is in the shape of an arch with a thick top section and a thin downward leg. The whole structure has a strangely contrived air, suggestive of a wrecked ship.
Bow Fiddle Rock
A low-lying skerry made of dark rocks and covered with seabird droppings sits in a blue sea.
The skerry of Craiglethy – one of the few east coast islands

Other than Mugdrum in the Firth of Tay and the Islands of the Forth there are no genuine islands on the east coast of Scotland south of Buddon Ness.[citation needed]

Tidally exposed islets and skerries

There are various smaller islets and skerries in the seas surrounding the mainland of Scotland that are only exposed at lower stages of the tide. Craiglethy is part of the Fowlsheugh nature reserve. The Three Kings, off the coast of Easter Ross near Balintore, is also known as Creag Harail or Harold's Rock and called The King's Sons in the New Statistical Account of Scotland. According to legend, three sons of a Danish prince, sailing to avenge their sister's wrongs, were wrecked here and gave these rocks their collective name. Their graves were marked by the sculptured stones of Nigg, Shandwick and Hilton of Cadboll. Another story has their burial at Nigg Rocks below the North Sutor.[59]

See also

References and footnotes

General references
Notes
  1. ^ Various other definitions are used in the Scottish context. For example, the General Register Office for Scotland define an island as "a mass of land surrounded by water, separate from the Scottish mainland" but although they include islands linked by bridges etc., this is not clear from this definition.[3] Haswell-Smith (2004) uses "an Island is a piece of land or group of pieces of land which is entirely surrounded by water at Lowest Astronomical Tide and to which there is no permanent means of dry access". This consciously excludes bridged islands, which most other sources include.[4]
  2. ^ In addition to World Heritage Status, which none of the other outlying islands share, Hirta is by far the largest individual island (Soay and Boreray are fourth and fifth largest), and at its maximum of 180 its population was by far the largest, only Stroma coming close.[6] Numerous books have been written about these islands, their history and wildlife, which at one time included three unique sub-species – two mice and the St Kilda wren.[7]
  3. ^ When inhabited, these islands had strong cultural ties to the Hebrides, but they are quite distinct from the Outer Hebrides geologically and Haswell-Smith (2004) lists St Kilda in "Section 9: The Atlantic Outliers".[9]
  4. ^ Possibly also known as "The Robber's Castle" and said to have been a hideout of the 12th-century pirate Sweyn Asleifsson.[16]
  5. ^ There are numerous islands that are more remote from a mainland, but not from other islands. Rockall lies "the furthest distance from any other outcrop or land of any description".[18]
  6. ^ Aird an Runair, North Uist NF686705 is the nearest place on an inhabited British island to Rockall, about 367 km (228 mi) (198 nmi) away. Gob a' Ghaill, on uninhabited Soay, St Kilda and the nearest point of undisputed British soil at NA055014 is about 301 km (187 mi) (162 nmi) away.[23]
  7. ^ Note that the Ordnance Survey maps mark the height above sea level of a high point on most islands, but in a small number of cases, this may not be the highest point.
  8. ^ Indicates the presence of a lighthouse on Ordnance Survey maps.
  9. ^ Indicates the last known date of permanent, year round settlement.[26]
  10. ^ The Ordnance Survey indicate the remains of an 8th-century chapel, which is also the site of an 18th-century "tavern" and there is an uninhabited cottage facing the sea.[27]
  11. ^ Fleming identifies a wheelhouse on the island.[30] Various tales told by the St Kildans hint at occupation in the historic period, although no concrete evidence of this has been found. There is nowhere to store a boat and any permanent residents would have been marooned there and dependent on outside assistance to leave. As a result of a smallpox outbreak on Hirta in 1724, three men and eight boys were marooned on Boreray until the following May.[31]
  12. ^ The island's name means "fort" but there is only a single ruined wall of a structure said to have been built in the far-distant past by the mythical Fir Bolg.[33]
  13. ^ According to the Joint Nature Conservation Committee the total land area of the Flannan Isles is 58.87 hectares (145.5 acres).[37]
  14. ^ There was a population of 63 in 1891 and 30 in 1931. Uninhabited by 1951.[39]
  15. ^ The name is Gaelic for "island of the house" and there is a tiny ruined structure.[36]
  16. ^ There is a holiday cottage, an unmanned lighthouse and the remains of a 14th-century "Manor House".[40]
  17. ^ The reef is covered by seawater at high tide and only 1.3 metres (4.3 ft) lies above water at low tides.[41]
  18. ^ The lighthouse was manned from 1810 until 1988.[42]
  19. ^ The nearby Innis Bheag or "Paterson Island" is now a sand spit joined to the Morrich More.[43]
  20. ^ As the name implies there are two small islets separated at higher stages of the tide. The smaller islet is circa 0.25 hectares (0.62 acres).
  21. ^ The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS) indicate the existence of a "structure" or "wall".[45]
  22. ^ The Ordnance Survey indicate the presence of a ruined chapel.
  23. ^ The two islands are connected to one another and the mainland at low tides and were probably inhabited at some point in the past. The Gaelic name is Eilean nan Gall meaning "islands of the strangers", which is thought to refer to their usage by Danish Vikings.[46]
  24. ^ None of the very small islets are named by the Ordnance Survey.
  25. ^ An area estimate of 624 square metres (6,720 sq ft). The height is circa 20 metres (66 ft).[47]
  26. ^ Like nearby Boreray there is nowhere to store a boat and any permanent residents would have been marooned there and dependent on outside assistance to leave. There is a primitive hut known as Taigh Dugan (Dugan's house). This is little more than an excavated hole under a huge stone with two rude walls on the sides. The story of its creation relates to two sheep-stealing brothers from Lewis who came to St Kilda only to cause further trouble. Dugan was exiled to Soay, where he died; the other, called Fearchar Mòr, was sent to Stac an Armin, where he found life so intolerable he cast himself into the sea.[50]
  27. ^ It would be impossible to maintain life for long on this precipitous crag although there are 78 storage cleitean and a small bothy used by the native St Kildan fowlers in the summer.[51]
  28. ^ A figure of 124.4 hectares (307 acres) for Rona and Sula Sgeir is provided by Wood.[52] Haswell Smith gives 109 hectares (270 acres) for North Rona. Sula Sgeir is therefore c. 15.4 hectares (38 acres).[53]
Citations
  1. ^ Fleming (2005) "Men of Stone" pp. 37–59.
  2. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 336.
  3. ^ General Register Office for Scotland (2003) "Appendix".
  4. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) "Preface" p. xi.
  5. ^ Keay & Keay (1994) p. 507.
  6. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 315, 336.
  7. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 318.
  8. ^ "Dual World Heritage Status For Unique Scottish Islands" Archived 2006-10-02 at the Wayback Machine (14 July 2005) National Trust for Scotland. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
  9. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) pp. 313–331.
  10. ^ "Corrections and clarifications". The Guardian. London. 16 April 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
  11. ^ Dawson, Alan (1992). Relative Hills of Britain. Cicerone Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-85284-068-6.
  12. ^ The National Trust for Scotland has 191 m. "St Kilda – National Trust for Scotland World Heritage Site". National Trust for Scotland. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
  13. ^ Rackwitz p. 347.
  14. ^ See for example, Nicholson (1995) pp. 168–79.
  15. ^ "Stroma, Castle Mestag" RCAHMS. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
  16. ^ "Mestag Castle, Island of Stroma, Caithness" caithness.org. Retrieved 2 September 2009.
  17. ^ Fisher (1956) pp. 12–13.
  18. ^ Oates, John (8 April 2005) "More North Atlantic charity madness" The Register. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
  19. ^ "On This Day: 21 September". BBC. 21 September 1955. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
  20. ^ "House of Lords Hansard". 24 June 1997. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
  21. ^ "Oral Questions to the Minister of Foreign Affairs". Dáil Éireann. 1 November 1973. Archived from the original on 22 August 2006. Retrieved 17 January 2007. ((cite journal)): Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  22. ^ MacDonald, Fraser (2006). "The last outpost of Empire: Rockall and the Cold War". Journal of Historical Geography. 32 (3): 627–647. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2005.10.009. Archived from the original (pdf) on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  23. ^ "2.2.1.1. Location" Archived 2009-07-05 at the Wayback Machine www.rockall.name Retrieved 30 July 2010.
  24. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) for islands >40 ha (100 acres) and Ordnance Survey maps for islands <40 ha unless otherwise stated.
  25. ^ Ordnance Survey maps.
  26. ^ Information is from Haswell-Smith (2004) unless otherwise stated.
  27. ^ "Island prehistory" onesmallisland.org.uk. Retrieved 2 September 2009.
  28. ^ A remote rock located at grid reference NX256333.
  29. ^ "St Bees Head to Mull of Galloway – pilot info" ukriversguidebook.co.uk. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
  30. ^ Fleming (2005) p. 58.
  31. ^ Maclean (1977) pp. 48–9.
  32. ^ "St Kilda" Archived 2007-07-05 at archive.today (pdf) United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  33. ^ Maclean (1977) page 29.
  34. ^ a b c Rick Livingstone’s Tables of the Islands of Scotland (pdf) Argyll Yacht Charters. Retrieved 12 Dec 2011.
  35. ^ "Place Names in Durness" Archived 2008-05-15 at the Wayback Machine countysutherland.co.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
  36. ^ a b Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 330.
  37. ^ "SPA description:Flannan Isles". JNCC. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  38. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 331.
  39. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 201.
  40. ^ "A History of Auchencairn and District". www.Auchencairn.org.uk. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 29 April 2007.
  41. ^ a b Nicholson (1995) p. 86.
  42. ^ Nicholson (1995) p. 200.
  43. ^ Hansom, JD and Black, SDL (1996) "The Geomorphology of Morrich More: Management Prescription Review" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (pdf) SNH. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
  44. ^ "Historical perspective for Mugdrum Island". Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
  45. ^ "Murray's Isles" Retrieved 2 September 2009
  46. ^ "Rabbit Islands" www.electricscotland.com, quoting the Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland, which itself refers to a survey of 1880. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
  47. ^ "Rockall" Full version" Archived 2009-07-05 at the Wayback Machine www.rockall.name. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
  48. ^ Haswell-Smith (2004) p. 314.
  49. ^ a b "Rough Island" Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
  50. ^ See Maclean (1977) pp. 49–50 for a version of this tale.
  51. ^ Quine (2000) pp. 142 and 146.
  52. ^ Wood, L. J. (2007). MPA Global "Rona and Sula Sgeir" Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine mpaglobal.org. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
  53. ^ Haswell Smith (2004) p. 326.
  54. ^ a b See "Lighthouses" Geograph. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
  55. ^ a b "SPA description" JNCC. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
  56. ^ a b "Sailing Directions (Enroute), Pub. 141, Scotland" Archived 2009-06-18 at the Wayback Machine (pdf) National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. p. 109. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
  57. ^ Located at grid reference NH577954 in the inner Dornoch Firth by Carbisdale Castle.
  58. ^ The Three Kings are skerries located at grid reference NH856725 and named on the 1992 revision of the Admiralty Chart "Dunrobin Point to Buckie".
  59. ^ Watson (1976) p. 54.

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