The first papal election following In Nomine Domini (1059) took place in San Pietro in Vincoli ("Saint Peter in Chains") rather than Old St. Peter's Basilica due to intense secular opposition to the new papal selection process.

There have been 110 papal elections that have produced popes currently recognized by the Catholic Church as legitimate. There was no fixed process for papal succession before 1059 and popes were often selected with substantial secular involvement, if not outright appointment. Since the promulgation of In nomine Domini (1059), however, suffrage has been limited to the College of Cardinals.[1]

Papal elections since 1276 have taken the form of papal conclaves, which are elections that follow a set of rules and procedures developed in Ubi periculum (1274) and later papal bulls; observance of the conclave varied until 1294, but all papal elections since have followed relatively similar conclave procedures.

Although the cardinals have historically gathered at a handful of other locations within Rome and beyond, only five elections since 1455 have been held outside the Apostolic Palace.[2] Twenty-eight papal elections have been held outside Rome, in: Terracina (1088), Cluny (1119), Velletri (1181), Verona (1185), Ferrara (October 1187), Pisa (December 1187), Perugia (1216, 1264–1265, 1285, 1292–1294, 1304–1305), Anagni (1243), Naples (1254, 1294), Viterbo (1261, 1268–1271, July 1276, August–September 1276, 1277, 1281–1282), Arezzo (January 1276), Carpentras/Lyon (1314–1316), Avignon (1334, 1342, 1352, 1362, 1370), Konstanz (1417) and Venice (1799–1800). Three elections moved between locations while in progress: the elections of 1268–71, 1292–94, and 1314–16.

Papal elections

Elections that elected papal claimants currently regarded by the Catholic Church as antipopes are italicized.
SS. Pietro e Cesareo in Terracina, the site of the first papal election outside Rome
The 1119 papal election took place in Cluny Abbey as a result of the expulsion of Pope Gelasius II from Rome by Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor following the Investiture Controversy.
Senator Matteo Rosso Orsini confined the cardinals to the Septizodium during the 1241 election.
The Magistrates of Viterbo removed the roof of the Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo during the 1268–71 election and removed two cardinal electors from the Palace during the 1280–81 election.
The Palais des Papes, the site of most papal conclaves during the Avignon Papacy
The Konstanz Minster, the site of the Council of Constance, the last papal election outside Italy
The 1492 conclave was the first held in the Sistine Chapel of the Apostolic Palace, the site of all conclaves since 1878.
All but five papal conclaves since 1455 have been held in the Apostolic Palace.
The 1799–1800 papal conclave was held in San Giorgio Monastery in Venice, the last papal election site outside of Rome.
The Quirinal Palace was the site of the four conclaves prior to the seizure of Rome by the forces of the Italian unification.
Election Elected Pope Location Ref(s)
1061 papal election Pope Alexander II San Pietro in Vincoli (Rome) [3]
1073 papal election Pope Gregory VII San Pietro in Vincoli (Rome) [4]
1086 papal election Pope Victor III S. Lucia in Sepitisolio (Septizodium) (Rome) [5]
1088 papal election Pope Urban II SS. Pietro e Cesareo (Terracina) [6]
1099 papal election Pope Paschal II Basilica di San Clemente (Rome) [6]
1118 papal election Pope Gelasius II Benedictine monastery on Palatine Hill (Rome) [7]
1119 papal election Pope Callixtus II Cluny Abbey (France) [8]
1124 papal election Pope Honorius II San Pancrazio (Rome) [9]
1130 papal election Pope Innocent II SS. Andrea e Gregorio in clivo scauri (Rome) [10]
1130 papal election Antipope Anacletus II San Marco (Rome) [10]
1143 papal election Pope Celestine II Basilica of St. John Lateran (Rome) [11]
1144 papal election Pope Lucius II (Rome) [11]
1145 papal election Pope Eugene III San Cesareo in Palatio (Rome) [11]
1153 papal election Pope Anastasius IV (Rome) [11]
1154 papal election Pope Adrian IV Old St. Peter's Basilica (Rome) [12]
1159 papal election Pope Alexander III Old St. Peter's Basilica (Rome) [13]
1159 papal election Antipope Victor IV Old St. Peter's Basilica (Rome) [13]
1181 papal election Pope Lucius III (Rome) [14]
1185 papal election Pope Urban III (Verona) [14]
October 1187 papal election Pope Gregory VIII (Ferrara) [15]
December 1187 papal election Pope Clement III (Pisa) [16]
1191 papal election Pope Celestine III (Rome) [16]
1198 papal election Pope Innocent III Septizodium (Rome) [16]
1216 papal election Pope Honorius III Palazzo delle Canoniche (Perugia) [16]
1227 papal election Pope Gregory IX Septizodium (Rome) [17]
1241 papal election Pope Celestine IV Septizodium (Rome) [18]
1243 papal election Pope Innocent IV (Anagni) [19]
1254 papal election Pope Alexander IV (Naples) [20]
1261 papal election Pope Urban IV Viterbo Cathedral [20]
1264–65 papal election Pope Clement IV Palazzo delle Canoniche (Perugia) [21]
1268–71 papal election Pope Gregory X Viterbo Cathedral
Palace of the Popes in Viterbo 		[22]
January 1276 papal conclave Pope Innocent V Arezzo Cathedral [23]
July 1276 papal conclave Pope Adrian V Basilica of St. John Lateran (Rome) [24][25]
September 1276 papal election Pope John XXI Palace of the Popes in Viterbo [26]
1277 papal election Pope Nicholas III Palace of the Popes in Viterbo [26]
1280–81 papal election Pope Martin IV Palace of the Popes in Viterbo [27]
1285 papal election Pope Honorius IV Palazzo delle Canoniche (Perugia) [28]
1287–88 papal election Pope Nicholas IV Corte Savella, near Santa Sabina (Rome) [29]
1292–94 papal election Pope Celestine V Basilica of St. Mary Major (Rome)
Santa Maria sopra Minerva (Rome)
Palazzo delle Canoniche (Perugia) 		[30]
1294 papal conclave Pope Boniface VIII Castel Nuovo (Naples) [31]
1303 papal conclave Pope Benedict XI Basilica of St. John Lateran (Rome) [32]
1304–05 papal conclave Pope Clement V Perugia Cathedral [33]
1314–16 papal conclave Pope John XXII Carpentras Cathedral
Dominican house in Lyon 		[34]
1334 papal conclave Pope Benedict XII Palais des Papes (Avignon) [35]
1342 papal conclave Pope Clement VI Palais des Papes (Avignon) [36]
1352 papal conclave Pope Innocent VI Palais des Papes (Avignon) [37]
1362 papal conclave Pope Urban V Palais des Papes (Avignon) [38]
1370 papal conclave Pope Gregory XI Palais des Papes (Avignon) [39]
1378 papal conclave Pope Urban VI Old St. Peter's Basilica (Rome) [40]
1378 Avignon papal conclave Antipope Clement VII (Fondi) [40]
1389 papal conclave Pope Boniface IX Apostolic Palace (Rome) [41]
1394 Avignon papal conclave Antipope Benedict XIII Palais des Papes (Avignon) [42]
1404 papal conclave Pope Innocent VII (Rome) [43]
1406 papal conclave Pope Gregory XII (Rome) [44]
1409 Council of Pisa Antipope Alexander V (Pisa) [45]
1410 Pisan papal conclave Antipope John XXIII San Petronio Basilica (Bologna) [46]
1417 Council of Constance Pope Martin V Konstanz Minster [47]
1423 Avignon papal conclave Antipope Clement VIII (Peñíscola) [48]
1431 papal conclave Pope Eugene IV Santa Maria sopra Minerva (Rome) [49][50]
1439 Council of Florence Antipope Felix V Basel Münster [51]
1447 papal conclave Pope Nicholas V Santa Maria sopra Minerva (Rome) [50][52]
1455 papal conclave Pope Callixtus III Apostolic Palace (Rome) [50][53]
1458 papal conclave Pope Pius II Apostolic Palace (Rome) [2][54]
1464 papal conclave Pope Paul II Apostolic Palace (Rome), Capella Parva (voting) and Capella Magna (cardinals' cells) [50][55]
1471 papal conclave Pope Sixtus IV Apostolic Palace (Rome) [56]
1484 papal conclave Pope Innocent VIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [57]
1492 papal conclave Pope Alexander VI Apostolic Palace (Rome), Sistine Chapel [58]
September 1503 papal conclave Pope Pius III Apostolic Palace (Rome) [59]
October 1503 papal conclave Pope Julius II Apostolic Palace (Rome) [60]
1513 papal conclave Pope Leo X Apostolic Palace (Rome), Sistine Chapel [50][61]
1521–22 papal conclave Pope Adrian VI Apostolic Palace (Rome) [62]
1523 papal conclave Pope Clement VII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [63]
1534 papal conclave Pope Paul III Apostolic Palace (Rome), Cappella Parva [50][64]
1549–50 papal conclave Pope Julius III Apostolic Palace (Rome), Cappella Paolina [65]
April 1555 papal conclave Pope Marcellus II Apostolic Palace (Rome) [66]
May 1555 papal conclave Pope Paul IV Apostolic Palace (Rome) [67]
1559 papal conclave Pope Pius IV Apostolic Palace (Rome), Cappella Paolina [50][68]
1565–66 papal conclave Pope Pius V Apostolic Palace (Rome) [69]
1572 papal conclave Pope Gregory XIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [70]
1585 papal conclave Pope Sixtus V Apostolic Palace (Rome) [71]
September 1590 papal conclave Pope Urban VII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [72]
Oct–Dec 1590 papal conclave Pope Gregory XIV Apostolic Palace (Rome) [73]
1591 papal conclave Pope Innocent IX Apostolic Palace (Rome) [74]
1592 papal conclave Pope Clement VIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [75]
March–April 1605 papal conclave Pope Leo XI Apostolic Palace (Rome) [76]
May 1605 papal conclave Pope Paul V Apostolic Palace (Rome) [77]
1621 papal conclave Pope Gregory XV Apostolic Palace (Rome) [78]
1623 papal conclave Pope Urban VIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [79]
1644 papal conclave Pope Innocent X Apostolic Palace (Rome) [80]
1655 papal conclave Pope Alexander VII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [81]
1667 papal conclave Pope Clement IX Apostolic Palace (Rome) [82]
1669–1670 papal conclave Pope Clement X Apostolic Palace (Rome) [83]
1676 papal conclave Pope Innocent XI Apostolic Palace (Rome) [84]
1689 papal conclave Pope Alexander VIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [85]
1691 papal conclave Pope Innocent XII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [86]
1700 papal conclave Pope Clement XI Apostolic Palace (Rome) [87]
1721 papal conclave Pope Innocent XIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [88]
1724 papal conclave Pope Benedict XIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [89]
1730 papal conclave Pope Clement XII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [90]
1740 papal conclave Pope Benedict XIV Apostolic Palace (Rome) [91]
1758 papal conclave Pope Clement XIII Apostolic Palace (Rome) [92]
1769 papal conclave Pope Clement XIV Apostolic Palace (Rome) [93]
1774–75 papal conclave Pope Pius VI Apostolic Palace (Rome) [94]
1799–1800 papal conclave Pope Pius VII San Giorgio Monastery (Venice) [95]
1823 papal conclave Pope Leo XII Quirinal Palace (Rome) [96]
1829 papal conclave Pope Pius VIII Quirinal Palace (Rome) [97]
1830–31 papal conclave Pope Gregory XVI Quirinal Palace (Rome) [98]
1846 papal conclave Pope Pius IX Quirinal Palace (Rome) [99]
1878 papal conclave Pope Leo XIII Apostolic Palace (Rome), Sistine Chapel [100]
1903 papal conclave Pope Pius X Apostolic Palace (Rome), Sistine Chapel [101]
1914 papal conclave Pope Benedict XV Apostolic Palace (Rome), Sistine Chapel [102]
1922 papal conclave Pope Pius XI Apostolic Palace (Rome), Sistine Chapel [103]
1939 papal conclave Pope Pius XII Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine Chapel [104]
1958 papal conclave Pope John XXIII Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine Chapel [105]
1963 papal conclave Pope Paul VI Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine Chapel [106]
August 1978 papal conclave Pope John Paul I Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine Chapel [107]
October 1978 papal conclave Pope John Paul II Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine Chapel [107]
2005 papal conclave Pope Benedict XVI Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine Chapel [108]
2013 papal conclave Pope Francis Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine Chapel [109][110]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Johannes Baptist Sägmüller, "Cardinal" in Catholic Encyclopedia (1913).
  2. ^ a b Baumgartner, Frederic J. (2003). ""I Will Observe Absolute and Perpetual Secrecy:" The Historical Background of the Rigid Secrecy Found in Papal Elections". Catholic Historical Review. Vol. 89, Issue 2. pp. 165–181.
  3. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 19–24.
  4. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 24–25.
  5. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 25–26.
  6. ^ a b Baumgartner, 2003, p. 26.
  7. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 26–27.
  8. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 27–28.
  9. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 28–29.
  10. ^ a b Baumgartner, 2003, p. 29–31.
  11. ^ a b c d Baumgartner, 2003, p. 31.
  12. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 31–32.
  13. ^ a b Baumgartner, 2003, p. 32–33.
  14. ^ a b Baumgartner, 2003, p. 33.
  15. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 33–34.
  16. ^ a b c d Baumgartner, 2003, p. 34.
  17. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 34–35.
  18. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 35.
  19. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 35–36.
  20. ^ a b Baumgartner, 2003, p. 36.
  21. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 36–37.
  22. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 37–39.
  23. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 40.
  24. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 40–41.
  25. ^ Walsh, Michael J. (2003). The Conclave. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 8. ISBN 1-58051-135-X.
  26. ^ a b Baumgartner, 2003, p. 41.
  27. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 42.
  28. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 42–43.
  29. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 43.
  30. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 43–45.
  31. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 45–46.
  32. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 47–48.
  33. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 48–49.
  34. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 49–50.
  35. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 50–51.
  36. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 51.
  37. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 52–53.
  38. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 54.
  39. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 54–55.
  40. ^ a b Baumgartner, 2003, p. 55-60.
  41. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 60–61.
  42. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 61.
  43. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 62.
  44. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 62–63.
  45. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 63.
  46. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 63–64.
  47. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 64–66.
  48. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 67.
  49. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 68–69.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g Chambers, DS. 1978. "Papal Conclaves and Prophetic Mystery in the Sistine Chapel". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol. 41: pp. 322–326
  51. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 69.
  52. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 70.
  53. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 71–73.
  54. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 73–77.
  55. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 77–79.
  56. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 79–81.
  57. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 81–83.
  58. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 84–85.
  59. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 86–89.
  60. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 89.
  61. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 91–93.
  62. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 95–98.
  63. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 98-101.
  64. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 102–103.
  65. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 104–110.
  66. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 111–112.
  67. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 112–113.
  68. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 116–120.
  69. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 121–123.
  70. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 125–126.
  71. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 127–130.
  72. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 132–134.
  73. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 134–135.
  74. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 136.
  75. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 136–138.
  76. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 139–142.
  77. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 142.
  78. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 143–145.
  79. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 147–149.
  80. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 153–154.
  81. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 155–157.
  82. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 157–159.
  83. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 159–161.
  84. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 161–162.
  85. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 163–164.
  86. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 164–166.
  87. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 167.
  88. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 168–170.
  89. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 170–171.
  90. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 171–173.
  91. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 173–175.
  92. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 175–176.
  93. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 176–178.
  94. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 179–180.
  95. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 182–184.
  96. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 186–187.
  97. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 188–189.
  98. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 189–190.
  99. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 191–193.
  100. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 195–199.
  101. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 201–204.
  102. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 206–208.
  103. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 209–210.
  104. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 212–213.
  105. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 215–218.
  106. ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 219–222.
  107. ^ a b Baumgartner, 2003, p. 223–227.
  108. ^ Greeley, Andrew M. 2005. The Making of the Pope: 2005. Brown, Little. ISBN 0-316-86149-9.
  109. ^ Lyman, Eric J. (1 March 2013). "Vatican summons cardinals for conclave". USA Today. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  110. ^ "Argentine Cardinal Bergoglio elected pope, takes name Francis". 13 March 2013.

References

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