This is a list of members of the Malaysian Parliament who have served in both the Dewan Negara and the Dewan Rakyat during their federal parliamentary career.

Most people in the list represented different states in the Dewan Rakyat. Nobody has ever represented different states in the Dewan Negara, although various attempts have been made.

This list includes MPs who served in the past and who continue to serve in the present.[1][2]

This is a list of members of the Malaysian Parliament who have served in both the Dewan Negara and the Dewan Rakyat during their federal parliamentary career.

Most people in the list represented different states in the Dewan Rakyat. Nobody has ever represented different states in the Dewan Negara, although various attempts have been made.

This list includes MPs who served in the past and who continue to serve in the present.[3][4]

List of people who have served in both houses

Party Name State House Constituency Year elected Year left Reason Highest office held Refs
Alliance (MCA) Lim Joo Kong KED DR Alor Star 1959 1964 Not Contested MP
BN (MCA) DN Elected by the State Assembly 1955 1957 Not Be Reappointed
Alliance (UMNO) Mohamed Zahir Ismail KED DN Elected by the State Assembly 1959 1964 Resigned Speaker of Dewan Rakyat
DR Sungei Patani 1964 1969 Defeated
BN (UMNO) At-large DR Elected by members of the Dewan Rakyat 1982 2004 Died
Alliance (UMNO) Mohamed Noah Omar JOH DR Johore Bahru Timor 1959 1964 Not Contested President of the Senate
Speaker
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1964 1970 Resigned
Alliance (UMNO) Syed Ahmad Shahabuddin KED DN Elected by the State Assembly 1959 1965 Not Be Reappointed Yang di-Pertua Negeri
BN (UMNO) DR Padang Terap 1978 1984 Resigned
Alliance (MCA) Ong Yoke Lin SEL DR Ulu Selangor 1959 1964 Not Contested President of the Senate
BN (MCA) At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1964 1980 Not Be Reappointed
Alliance (UMNO) Abdul Hamid Khan PRK DR Batang Padang 1959 1969 Not Contested President of the Dewan Negara
BN (UMNO) At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1971 1977 Not Be Reappointed
Alliance (UMNO) Aishah Ghani At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1962 1974 Resigned Cabinet Minister
BN (UMNO) SEL DR Kuala Langat 1974 1986 Not Contested
Alliance (UMNO) Mahathir Mohamad KED DR Kota Star Selatan 1964 1969 Defeated Prime Minister [5]
DN Elected by the State Assembly 1973 1974 Resigned
BN (UMNO) DR Kubang Pasu 1974 2004 Not Contested
PH (BERSATU) Langkawi 2018 2022 Defeated
PEJUANG
Alliance (UMNO) Bibi Aishah Hamid Don At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1964 1969 Resigned MP
KED DR Kulim Utara 1971 1974 Not Contested
BN (MCA) Michael Chen Wing Sum SEL DR Damansara 1964 1969 Defeated President of the Dewan Negara
Ulu Selangor 1972 1982 Transferred
PRK Bruas 1982 1986 Not Contested
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1997 2003 Not Be Reappointed
Alliance (UMNO) Ghafar Baba At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1968 1969 Resigned Deputy Prime Minister [6]
MEL DR Malacca Utara 1971 1974 Transferred
BN (UMNO) Alor Gajah 1974 1978 Transferred
Jasin 1978 1999 Transferred
Batu Berendam 1999 2004 Not Contested
Alliance (UMNO) Abdul Kadir Yusuf At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1971 1974 Resigned Cabinet Minister
BN (UMNO) JOH DR Tenggaroh 1974 1982 Not Contested
Alliance (UMNO) Ghazali Shafie At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1971 1972 Resigned Cabinet Minister
BN (UMNO) PAH DR Lipis 1972 1986 Not Contested
BN (UMNO) Mohamed Yaacob KEL DR Tanah Merah 1971 1978 Not Contested President of the Dewan Negara
Rantau Panjang 1986 1990 Not Contested
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1996 2000 Not Be Reappointed
SCA Yeh Pao Tzu SAB DR Tawau 1971 1984 Not Contested MP
DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1977 1980 Not Be Reappointed
BN (Gerakan) Lim Keng Yaik At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1972 1978 Resigned Cabinet Minister
PRK DR Beruas 1986 2008 Not Contested
Alliance (MCA) Lew Sip Hon At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1973 1974 Resigned Deputy Minister
BN (MCA) SEL DR Shah Alam 1955 1957 Not Be Reappointed
BN (SUPP) Law Hieng Ding At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1974 1980 Resigned Minister
SAR DR Sarikei 1982 2004 Retired
BN (UMNO) Rais Yatim NSE DR Jelebu 1974 1990 Defected Speaker of the Dewan Negara
1999 2013 Not Contested
PN (BERSATU) At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2020 2023 Not Be Reappointed
BN (MIC) Subramaniam Sinniah KUL DR Damansara 1974 1978 Defeated Deputy Minister
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1979 1982 Resigned
JOH DR Segamat 1982 2004 Not Contested
BN Stephen R. Evans SAB DR Keningau 1974 1977 Resigned MP
DN Elected by the State Assembly 1977 1978 Resigned
DR Keningau 1978 1982 Not Contested
BN (UMNO) Rafidah Aziz At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1975 1978 Resigned Cabinet Minister
SEL DR Selayang 1978 1982 Transferred
PRK Kuala Kangsar 1982 2013 Not Contested
BN (SUPP) Law Hieng Ding At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1979 1982 Not Be Reappointed Cabinet Minister
SAR DR Sarikei 1982 2008 Not Contested
BN (UMNO) Daim Zainuddin At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1980 1982 Resigned Cabinet Minister
KED DR Kuala Muda 1982 1986 Transferred
Merbok 1986 2004 Not Contested
BN (UMNO) Mohd Radzi Sheikh Ahmad PER DR Kangar 1982 1995 Defected Cabinet Minister
2004 2013 Not Contested
PN (BERSATU) At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2020 2022 Resigned
BN (UMNO) Abdul Hamid Pawanteh PER DR Arau 1982 1986 Not Contested President of the Dewan Negara
Kangar 1999 2003 Resigned
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2003 2009 Not Be Reappointed
BN (UMNO) Rahmah Othman SEL DR Selayang 1982 1986 Transferred Deputy Minister
Shah Alam 1986 1990 Defeated
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1994 1999 Resigned
BN (UMNO) Mohd Khalil Yaakob PAH DR Maran 1982 1986 Not Contested Cabinet Minister
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1999 1999 Resigned
PAH DR Kuantan 1999 2004 Not Contested
BN (MIC) D. P. Vijandran At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1982 1986 Resigned Deputy Speaker
SEL DR Kapar 1986 1990 Not Contested
BN (PBB) Mutang Tagal At-large DR Bukit Mas 1982 1990 Not Contested Speaker of Dewan Negara
GPS (PBB) At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2024 Serving
BN (UMNO) Abdul Ghani Othman At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1984 1986 Resigned Cabinet Minister
JOH DR Ledang 1986 1995 Not Contested
BN (MIC) K. S. Nijhar At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1985 1991 Not Be Reappointed Parliamentary Secretary
SEL DR Subang 1999 2008 Not Contested
BN (MIC) M. G. Pandithan PRK DR Tapah 1986 1990 Defeated MP
IPF At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1995 1998 Not Be Reappointed
BN (UMNO) Ibrahim Ali KEL DR Pasir Mas 1986 1995 Defeated Deputy Minister
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1995 1999 Resigned
PAS KEL DR Pasir Mas 2008 2013 Defeated
BN (USNO) Kasitah Gaddam SAB DR Kinabalu 1986 1990 Not Contested Cabinet Minister
BN (UMNO) At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong Not Be Reappointed
BN (MCA) Tan Chai Ho At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1987 1990 Resigned Deputy Minister
KUL DR Bandar Tun Razak 1995 2008 Defeated
BN (UMNO) Pandikar Amin Mulia SAB DN Elected by the State Assembly 1988 1991 Not Be Reappointed Speaker
At-large Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1999 2002
DR Elected by members of the Dewan Rakyat 2008 2018 Resigned
BN (MIC) Palanivel Govindasamy SEL DR Hulu Selangor 1990 2008 Defeated Cabinet Minister
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2010 2013 Resigned
PAH DR Cameron Highlands 2013 2018 Not Contested
BN (UMNO) Annuar Musa At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1990 1995 Resigned Cabinet Minister
KEL DR Peringat 1995 1999 Defeated
Ketereh 2013 2022 Not Contested
BN (UMNO) Abdul Hamid Othman KED DR Sik 1990 1999 Defeated Cabinet Minister
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1999 2002 Not Be Reappointed
PAS Mohd Apandi Mohamad KEL DR Jeli 1990 1995 Defeated MP
PN (PAS) DN Elected by the State Assembly 2020 2023 Not Be Reappointed
BN (PBB) Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar SAR DR Batang Lupar 1990 1999 Transferred Speaker of Dewan Negara
SAR DR Santubong 1999 2022 Not Contested
GPS (PBB) At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2023 Serving
BN (UMNO) Ahmad Zahid Hamidi At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1991 1994 Not Be Reappointed Deputy Prime Minister
PRK DR Bagan Datok 1995 Serving
BN (UMNO) Mohamed Nazri Abdul Aziz At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1991 1994 Not Be Reappointed Cabinet Minister
PRK DR Chenderoh 1995 2004 Transferred
Padang Rengas 2004 2022 Not Contested
BN (UMNO) Mustapa Mohamed At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1991 1995 Resigned Cabinet Minister
KEL DR Jeli 1995 1999 Defeated
2004 2022 Not Contested
BN (SUPP) Tiong Thai King At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1991 1994 Not Be Reappointed MP
SAR DR Lanang 1995 2013 Defeated
PAS Kalthom Othman KEL DN Elected by the State Assembly 1991 1997 Not Be Reappointed MP
DR Pasir Puteh 2004 2004 Not Contested
BN (MCA) Ng Yen Yen PAH DN Elected by the State Assembly 1993 1996 Not Be Reappointed Cabinet Minister
DR Raub 1999 2013 Not Contested
BN (PBS) Jeffrey Kitingan At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1994 1997 Not Be Reappointed Deputy Minister
STAR SAB DR Keningau 2018 Serving
BN (UMNO) Mastika Junaidah Husin At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1994 1999 Resigned Parliamentary Secretary
PER DR Arau 1999 2004 Not Contested
BN (UMNO) Shahrizat Abdul Jalil KUL DR Lembah Pantai 1995 2008 Defeated Cabinet Minister
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2009 2012 Not Be Reappointed
BN (UMNO) Abu Zahar Ujang NSE DR Kuala Pilah 1995 1999 Not Contested President of the Dewan Negara
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2010 2016 Not Be Reappointed
BN (UMNO) Salleh Said Keruak SAB DR Kota Belud 1995 2008 Not Contested Cabinet Minister
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2015 2018 Not Be Reappointed
BN (UMNO) Mohd Ali Rustam MEL DR Batu Berendam 1995 1999 Not Contested MP
MEL DN Elected by the State Assembly 2013 2016 Not Be Reappointed
BN (MCA) Tan Ah Eng JOH DN Elected by the State Assembly 1997 2000 Not Be Reappointed MP
DR Gelang Patah 2004 2013 Not Contested
BN (UMNO) Zainuddin Maidin At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1998 2004 Not Be Reappointed Cabinet Minister
KED DR Merbok 2004 2008 Defeated
BN (MCA) Chew Mei Fun SEL DR Petaling Jaya Utara 1999 2008 Defeated Deputy Minister
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2009 2012 Not Be Reappointed
2014 2017
BN (UMNO) Abdul Aziz Shamsuddin At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1999 2002 Not Be Reappointed Cabinet Minister
SEL DR Shah Alam 2004 2008 Defeated
BN (PBB) Mohd Effendi Norwawi SAR DR Kuala Rajang 1999 2004 Not Contested Cabinet Minister
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2006 2012 Not Be Reappointed
PAS Husam Musa KEL DR Kubang Kerian 1999 2004 Not Contested MP
PH (AMANAH) At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2018 2021 Not Be Reappointed
BN (UMNO) Anifah Aman SAB DR Beaufort 1999 2004 Transferred Cabinet Minister
Kimanis 2004 2020 Not Contested
PCS At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2023 Serving
BN (MIC) Saravanan Murugan At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2000 2003 Not Be Reappointed Deputy Minister
PRK DR Tapah 2008 Serving
BN (UMNO) Tengku Adnan At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2000 2003 Not Be Reappointed Cabinet Minister
PUT DR Putrajaya 2004 2022 Defeated
PAS Siti Zailah Mohd Yusoff KEL DN Elected by the State Assembly 2000 2006 Not Be Reappointed MP
DR Rantau Panjang 2008 Serving
PN (PAS)
BN (UMNO) Hamzah Zainudin PRK DN Elected by the State Assembly 2000 2006 Not Be Reappointed Cabinet Minister
DR Larut 2008 Serving
PH (BERSATU)
PN (BERSATU)
BN (UMNO) Azizah Mohd Dun At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2000 2004 Resigned Deputy Minister
SAB DR Beaufort 2004 2008 Not Contested
2013 2022 Not Contested
BN (PPP) M. Kayveas At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2000 2003 Not Be Reappointed Deputy Minister
PRK DR Taiping 2004 2008 Defeated
BN (UMNO) Abdul Hamid Zainal Abidin At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2001 2004 Not Be Reappointed Cabinet Minister
PRK DR Parit Buntar 2004 2008 Not Contested
BN (UMNO) Mashitah Ibrahim KED DR Baling 2004 2008 Not Contested Deputy Minister
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2008 2014 Not Be Reappointed
BN (UMNO) Nor Mohamed Yakcop At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2004 2008 Resigned Cabinet Minister
PEN DR Tasek Gelugor 2008 2013 Not Contested
BN (UMNO) Awang Adek Hussin KEL DR Bachok 2004 2008 Defeated Deputy Minister
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2009 2015 Not Be Reappointed
BN (UMNO) Mohd Puad Zarkashi JOH DN Elected by the State Assembly 2004 2007 Not Be Reappointed Deputy Minister
DR Batu Pahat 2008 2013 Defeated
BN (MIC) Vigneswaran Sanasee SEL DR Kota Raja 2004 2008 Defeated Speaker of Dewan Negara
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2014 2020 Resigned
BN (UMNO) Zaid Ibrahim KEL DR Kota Bharu 2004 2008 Not Contested Cabinet Minister
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2008 2008 Resigned
BN (MIC) Devamany S. Krishnasamy PAH DR Cameron Highlands 2004 2013 Defeated Deputy Minister
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2016 2018 Resigned
BN (UMNO) Nur Jazlan Mohamed JOH DR Pulai 2004 2018 Defeated Deputy President of Dewan Negara
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2023 Serving
BN (UMNO) Ismail Kassim PER DN Elected by the State Assembly 2006 2008 Resigned MP
DR Arau 2008 2013 Not Contested
PKR Saifuddin Nasution Ismail KEL DR Machang 2008 2013 Defeated Cabinet Minister
PH (PKR) KDH Kulim-Bandar Baharu 2018 2022 Defeated
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2022 Serving
DAP Liew Chin Tong PEN DR Bukit Bendera 2008 2013 Transferred Deputy Minister
JOH Kluang 2013 2018 Defeated
PH (DAP) At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2018 2021 Not Be Reappointed
JOH DR Iskandar Puteri 2022 Serving
BN (MCA) Hou Kok Chung JOH DR Kluang 2008 2013 Defeated Deputy Minister
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2014 2018 Resigned
BN (MCA) Lee Chee Leong PRK DR Kampar 2008 2013 Defeated Deputy Minister
DN Elected by the State Assembly 2014 2018 Resigned
PKR Yusmadi Yusoff PEN DR Balik Pulau 2008 2013 Not Contested MP
PH (PKR) DN Elected by the State Assembly 2018 2021 Not Be Reappointed
PAS Mohd Hatta Ramli KEL DR Kuala Krai 2008 2018 Transferred Deputy Minister
AMANAH
PH (AMANAH) PRK DR Lumut 2018 2022 Defeated
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2023 Serving
PAS Mujahid Yusof Rawa PRK DR Parit Buntar 2008 2022 Defeated Minister
AMANAH
PH (AMANAH) DN Elected by the State Assembly 2023 Serving
PKR Fuziah Salleh PAH DR Kuantan 2008 2022 Defeated Deputy Minister
PH (PKR) At-large DB Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2022 Serving
BN (UMNO) Jamil Khir Baharom At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2009 2013 Resigned Cabinet Minister
KED DR Jerai 2013 2018 Defeated
PAS Mumtaz Md Nawi KEL DN Elected by the State Assembly 2009 2012 Not Be Reappointed MP
PN (PAS) DR Tumpat 2022 Serving
BN (MCA) Khoo Soo Seang JOH DN Elected by the State Assembly 2010 2013 Resigned MP
DR Tebrau 2013 2018 Not Contested
BN (PRS) Doris Sophia Brodi At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2010 2016 Not Be Reappointed Deputy Speaker of Dewan Negara
GPS (PRS) SAR DR Sri Aman 2022 Serving
BN (UMNO) Othman Aziz KED DR Jerlun 2013 2018 Defeated Deputy Minister
DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2020 2022 Resigned
PAS Nik Mohamed Abduh Nik Abdul Aziz KEL DR Pasir Mas 2013 2018 Transferred MP
DN Bachok 2018 2022 Not Contested
PN (PAS) DR Elected by the State Assembly 2023 Serving
PAS Idris Ahmad PRK DR Bukit Gantang 2013 2018 Defeated Minister
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2020 2022 Resigned
PN (PAS) PRK DR Bagan Serai 2022 Serving
PKR Mohamad Imran Abdul Hamid PRK DR Lumut 2013 2018 Not Contested MP
PH (PKR) At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2018 2021 Not Be Reappointed
PAS Raja Kamarul Bahrin TRG DR Kuala Terengganu 2013 2018 Defeated Deputy Minister
AMANAH
PH (AMANAH) At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2018 2021 Not Be Reappointed
BN (MCA) Koh Nai Kwong MEL DR Alor Gajah 2013 2018 Not Contested MP
DN Elected by the State Assembly 2021 2023 Not Be Reappointed
BN (UMNO) Mohd Salim Mohd Sharif NSE DN Elected by the State Assembly 2014 2018 Resigned MP
DR Jempol 2018 2022 Not Contested
BN (UMNO) Mohd Suhaimi Abdullah At-large DR Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2014 2022 Not Be Reappointed MP
PH (BERSATU)
PN (BERSATU) KED DN Langkawi 2022 Serving
BN (MIC) Sivarraajh Chandran PAH DR Cameron Highlands 2018 2018 Not Contested MP
At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2023 Serving
PH (DAP) Noorita Sual SAB DN Tenom 2018 2022 Defeated MP
At-large DR Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2023 Serving
PH (AMANAH) Raj Munni Sabu @ Aiman Athirah Al Jundi At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2018 2020 Not Be Reappointed Deputy Minister
SEL DR Sepang 2022 Serving
PN (BERSATU) Radzi Jidin At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2018 2022 Resigned Cabinet Minister
PUT DR Putrajaya 2022 Serving
PN (PAS) Ahmad Yahya KED DN Elected by the State Assembly 2020 2022 Resigned MP
DR Pokok Sena 2022 Serving
PN (BERSATU) Wan Ahmad Fayhsal Wan Ahmad Kamal At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2020 2022 Resigned Deputy Minister
KEL DR Machang 2022 Serving
PN (PAS) Khairil Nizam Khiruddin At-large DN Appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong 2020 2022 Resigned MP
PAH DR Jerantut 2022 Serving
PH (PKR) Fadhlina Sidek PEN DN Elected by the State Assembly 2021 2022 Resigned Cabinet Minister
DR Nibong Tebal 2022 Serving
PH (DAP) Lim Hui Ying PEN DN Elected by the State Assembly 2018 2022 Resigned Deputy Minister
DR Tanjong 2022 Serving
PN (BERSATU) Iskandar Dzulkarnain Abdul Khalid PRK DN Elected by the State Assembly 2021 2022 Resigned MP
DR Kuala Kangsar 2022 Serving

References

  1. ^ "Representatives List of Members". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
  2. ^ "Representatives Archive List of Members". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
  3. ^ "Representatives List of Members". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
  4. ^ "Representatives Archive List of Members". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
  5. ^ "The rise and rise of Dr Mahathir Mohamad" (PDF). The Star Online. 12 May 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  6. ^ "Ghafar mampu catat rekod pilihan raya". Utusan Online. 20 November 1999. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
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