This page lists properties of several commonly used piezoelectric materials.

Piezoelectric materials (PMs) can be broadly classified as either crystalline, ceramic, or polymeric.[1] The most commonly produced piezoelectric ceramics are lead zirconate titanate (PZT), barium titanate, and lead titanate. Gallium nitride and zinc oxide can also be regarded as a ceramic due to their relatively wide band gaps. Semiconducting PMs offer features such as compatibility with integrated circuits and semiconductor devices. Inorganic ceramic PMs offer advantages over single crystals, including ease of fabrication into a variety of shapes and sizes not constrained crystallographic directions. Organic polymer PMs, such as PVDF, have low Young's modulus compared to inorganic PMs. Piezoelectric polymers (PVDF, 240 mV-m/N) possess higher piezoelectric stress constants (g33), an important parameter in sensors, than ceramics (PZT, 11 mV-m/N), which show that they can be better sensors than ceramics. Moreover, piezoelectric polymeric sensors and actuators, due to their processing flexibility, can be readily manufactured into large areas, and cut into a variety of shapes. In addition polymers also exhibit high strength, high impact resistance, low dielectric constant, low elastic stiffness, and low density, thereby a high voltage sensitivity which is a desirable characteristic along with low acoustic and mechanical impedance useful for medical and underwater applications.

Among PMs, PZT ceramics are popular as they have a high sensitivity, a high g33 value. They are however brittle. Furthermore, they show low Curie temperature, leading to constraints in terms of applications in harsh environmental conditions. However, promising is the integration of ceramic disks into industrial appliances moulded from plastic. This resulted in the development of PZT-polymer composites, and the feasible integration of functional PM composites on large scale, by simple thermal welding or by conforming processes. Several approaches towards lead-free ceramic PM have been reported, such as piezoelectric single crystals (langasite), and ferroelectric ceramics with a perovskite structure and bismuth layer-structured ferroelectrics (BLSF), which have been extensively researched. Also, several ferroelectrics with perovskite-structure (BaTiO3 [BT], (Bi1/2Na1/2) TiO3 [BNT], (Bi1/2K1/2) TiO3 [BKT], KNbO3 [KN], (K, Na) NbO3 [KNN]) have been investigated for their piezoelectric properties.

Key piezoelectric properties

The following table lists the following properties for piezoelectric materials

Table

Single crystals
Reference Material & heterostructure used for the characterization (electrodes/material, electrode/substrate) Orientation Piezoelectric coefficients, d (pC/N) Relative permittivity, εr Electromechanical coupling factor, k Quality factor
Hutson 1963[2] AlN d15 = -4.07per ε33 = 11.4
d31 = -2
d33 = 5
Cook et al. 1963[3] BaTiO3 d15 = 392 ε11 = 2920 k15 = 0.57
d31 = -34.5 ε33 = 168 k31 = 0.315
d33 = 85.6 k33 = 0.56
Warner et al. 1967[4] LiNbO3 (Au-Au) <001> d15 = 68 ε11 = 84
d22 = 21 ε33 = 30
d31 = -1 k31 = 0.02
d33 = 6 kt = 0.17
Smith et al. 1971[5] LiNbO3 <001> d15 = 69.2 ε11 = 85.2
d22 = 20.8 ε33 = 28.2
d31 = -0.85
d33 = 6
Yamada et al. 1967[6] LiNbO3 (Au-Au) <001> d15 = 74 ε11 = 84.6
d22 = 21 ε33 = 28.6 k22 = 0.32
d31 = -0.87 k31 = 0.023
d33 = 16 k33 = 0.47
Yamada et al. 1969[7] LiTaO3 d15 = 26 ε11 = 53
d22 = 8.5 ε33 = 44
d31 = -3
d33 = 9.2
Cao et al. 2002[8] PMN-PT (33%) d15 = 146 ε11 = 1660 k15 = 0.32
d31 = -1330 ε33 = 8200 k31 = 0.59
d33 = 2820 k33 = 0.94
kt = 0.64
Badel et al. 2006[9] PMN-25PT <110> d31 = -643 ε33 = 2560 k31 = -0.73 362
Kobiakov 1980[10] ZnO d15 = -8.3 ε11 = 8.67 k15 = 0.199
d31 = -5.12 ε33 = 11.26 k31 = 0.181
d33 = 12.3 k33 = 0.466
Zgonik et al. 1994[11] ZnO (pure with lithium dopant) d15 = -13.3 kr = 8.2
d31 = -4.67
d33 = 12.0
Zgonik et al. 1994[12] BaTiO3 single crystals [001] (single domain) d33 = 90
Zgonik et al. 1994[12] BaTiO3 single crystals [111] (single domain) d33 = 224
Zgonik et al. 1994[12] BaTiO3 single crystals [111] neutral (domain size of 100 ľm) d33 = 235 ε33 = 1984 k33 = 54.4
Zgonik et al. 1994[12] BaTiO3 single crystals [111] neutral (domain size of 60 ľm) d33 = 241 ε33 = 1959 k33 = 55.9
Zgonik et al. 1994[12] BaTiO3 single crystals [111] (domain size of 22 ľm) d33 = 256 ε33 = 2008 k33 = 64.7
Zgonik et al. 1994[12] BaTiO3 single crystals [111] neutral (domain size of 15 ľm) d33 = 274 ε33 = 2853 k33 = 66.1
Zgonik et al. 1994[12] BaTiO3 single crystals [111] neutral (domain size of 14 ľm) d33 = 289 ε33 = 1962 k33 = 66.7
Zgonik et al. 1994[12] BaTiO3 single crystals [111] neutral d33 = 331 ε33 = 2679 k33 = 65.2
[13] LN crystal d31 = -4.5

d33 = -0.27

Li et al. 2010[14] PMNT31 d33 = 2000 ε33 = 5100 k31 = 80
d31 = -750
Zhang et al. 2002[15] PMNT31-A 1400 ε33 = 3600
Zhang et al. 2002[15] PMNT31-B 1500 ε33 = 4800
Zhang et al. 2002[15] PZNT4.5 d33 = 2100 ε33 = 4400 k31 = 83
d31 = -900
Zhang et al. 2004[16] PZNT8 d33 = 2500 ε33 = 6000 k31 = 89
d31 = -1300
Zhang et al. 2004[16] PZNT12 d33 = 576 ε33 = 870 k31 = 52
d31 = -217
Yamashita et al. 1997[17] PSNT33 ε33 = 960 /
Yasuda et al. 2001[18] PINT28 700 ε33 = 1500 /
Guo et al. 2003[19] PINT34 2000 ε33 = 5000 /
Hosono et al. 2003[20] PIMNT 1950 ε33 = 3630 /
Zhang et al. 2002[15] PYNT40 d33 = 1200 ε33 = 2700 k31 = 76
d31 = -500
Zhang et al. 2012[21] PYNT45 d33 = 2000 ε33 = 2000 k31 = 78
Zhang et al. 2003[22] BSPT57 d33 = 1200 ε33 = 3000 k31 = 77
d31 = -560
Zhang et al. 2003[23] BSPT58 d33 = 1400 ε33 = 3200 k31 = 80
d31 = -670
Zhang et al. 2004[16] BSPT66 d33 = 440 ε33 = 820 k31 = 52
d31 = -162
Ye et al. 2008[24] BSPT57 d33 = 1150

d31 = -520

ε33 = 3000 k31 = 0.52

k33 = 0.91

Ye et al. 2008[24] BSPT66 d33 = 440 ε33 = 820 k31 = 0.52

k33 = 0.88

d31 = -162
Ye et al. 2008[24] PZNT4.5 d33 = 2000

d31 = -970

ε33 = 5200 k31 = 0.50

k33 = 0.91

Ye et al. 2008[24] PZNT8 d31 = -1455 ε33 = 7700 k31 = 0.60

k33 = 0.94

Ye et al. 2008[24] PZNT12 d33 = 576

d31 = -217

ε33 = 870 k31 = 0.52

k33 = 0.86

Ye et al. 2008[24] PMNT33 d33 = 2820

d31 = -1330

ε33 = 8200 k31 = 0.59

k33 = 0.94

Matsubara et al. 2004[25] KCN-modified KNN d33 = 100

d31 = -180

ε33 = 220-330 kp = 33-39 1200
Ryu et al. 2007[26] KZT modifiedKNN d33 = 126 ε33 = 590 kp = 42 58
Matsubara et al. 2005[27] KCT modified KNN d33 = 190 ε33 = kp = 42 1300
Wang et al. 2007[28] Bi2O3 doped KNN d33 = 127 ε33 = 1309 kp = 28.3
Jiang et al. 2009[29] doped KNN-0.005BF d33 = 257 ε33 = 361 kp= 52 45
Ceramics
Reference Material & heterostructure used for the characterization (electrodes/material, electrode/substrate) Orientation Piezoelectric coefficients, d (pC/N) Relative permittivity, εr Electromechanical coupling factor, k Quality factor
Berlincourt et al. 1958[30] BaTiO3 d15 = 270 ε11 = 1440 k15 = 0.57
d31 = -79 ε33 = 1680 k31 = 0.49
d33 = 191 k33 = 0.47
Tang et al. 2011[31] BFO d33 = 37 kt = 0.6
Zhang et al. 1999[32] PMN-PT d31 = -74 ε33 = 1170 k31 = -0.312 283
[33] PZT-5A d31 = -171 ε33 = 1700 k31 = 0.34
d33 = 374 k33 = 0.7
[34] PZT-5H d15 = 741 ε11 = 3130 k15 = 0.68 65
d31 = -274 ε33 = 3400 k31 = 0.39
d33 = 593 k33 = 0.75
[35] PZT-5K d33 = 870 ε33 = 6200 k33 = 0.75
Tanaka et al. 2009[36] PZN7%PT d33 = 2400 εr = 6500 k33 = 0.94

kt = 0.55

Pang et al. 2010[37] ANSZ d33 = 295 1.61 45.5 84
Park et al. 2006[38] KNN-BZ d33 = 400 2 57.4 48
Cho et al. 2007[39] KNN-BT d33 = 225 1.06 36.0
Park et al. 2007[40] KNN-ST d33 = 220 1.45 40.0 70
Zhao et al. 2007[41] KNN-CT d33 = 241 1.32 41.0
Zhang et al. 2006[42] LNKN d33 = 314 ~700 41.2
Saito et al. 2004[43] KNN-LS d33 = 270 1.38 50.0
Saito et al. 2004[43] LF4 d33 = 300 1.57
Tanaka et al. 2009[36] Oriented LF4 d33 = 416 1.57 61.0
Pang et al. 2010[37] ANSZ d33 = 295 1.61 45.5 84
Park et al. 2006[38] KNN-BZ d33 = 400 2 57.4 48
Cho et al. 2007[44] KNN-BT d33 = 225 1.06 36.0
Park et al. 2007[40] KNN-ST d33 = 220 1.45 40.0 70
Maurya et al. 2013[45] KNN-CT d33 = 241 1.32 41.0
Maurya et al. 2013[45] NBT-BT (001) Textured samples d33 = 322 ...
Gao et al. 2008[46] NBT-BT-KBT (001) Textured samples d33 = 192
Zou et al. 2016[47] NBT-KBT (001) Textured samples d33 = 134 kp= 35
Saito et al. 2004[43] NBT-KBT (001) Textured samples d33 = 217 kp = 61
Chang et al. 2009[48] KNLNTS (001) Textured samples d33 = 416 kp = 64
Chang et al. 2011[49] KNNS (001) Textured samples d33 = 208 kp = 63
Hussain et al. 2013[50] KNLN (001) Textured samples d33 = 192 kp = 60
Takao et al. 2006[51] KNNT (001) Textured samples d33 = 390 kp = 54
Li et al. 2012[52] KNN 1 CuO (001) Textured samples d33 = 123 kp = 54
Cho et al. 2012[53] KNN-CuO (001) Textured samples d33 = 133 kp = 46
Hao et al. 2012[54] NKLNT (001) Textured samples d33 = 310 kp = 43
Gupta et al. 2014[55] KNLN (001) Textured samples d33 = 254
Hao et al. 2012[54] KNN (001) Textured samples d33 = 180 kp = 44
Bai et al. 2016[56] BCZT (001) Textured samples d33 = 470 kp = 47
Ye et al. 2013[57] BCZT (001) Textured samples d33 = 462 kp = 49
Schultheiß et al. 2017 [58] BCZT-T-H (001) Textured samples d33 = 580
OMORI et al. 1990[59] BCT (001) Textured samples d33 = 170
Chan et al. 2008[60] Pz34 (doped PbTiO3) d15 = 43.3 ε33 = 237 k31 = 4.6 700
d31 = -5.1 ε33 = 208 k33 = 39.6
d33 = 46 k15 = 22.8
kp = 7.4
Lee et al. 2009[61] BNKLBT d33 = 163 εr = 766 k31 = 0.188 142
ε33 = 444.3 kt = 0.524
kp = 0.328
Sasaki et al. 1999[62] KNLNTS εr = 1156 k31 = 0.26 80
ε33 = 746 kt = 0.32
kp = 0.43
Takenaka et al. 1991[63] (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 (BNT)-based BNKT d31 = 46 εr = 650 kp = 0.27
d33 = 150 k31 = 0.165
Tanaka et al. 1960[64] (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 (BNT)-based BNBT d31 = 40 εr = 580 k31 = 0.19
d33 = 12.5 k33 = 0.55
Hutson 1960[65] CdS d15 = -14.35
d31 = -3.67
d33 = 10.65
Schofield et al. 1957[66] CdS d31 = -1.53
d33 = 2.56
Egerton et al. 1959[67] BaCaOTi d31 = -50 k15 = 0.19 400
d33 = 150 k31 = 0.49
k33 = 0.325
Ikeda et al. 1961[68] Nb2O6Pb d31 = -11 kr = 0.07 11
d33 = 80 k31 = 0.045
k33 = 0.042
Ikeda et al. 1962[69] C6H17N3O10S d23 = 84 k21 = 0.18
d21 = 22.7 k22 = 0.18
d25 = 22 k23 = 0.44
Brown et al. 1962[70] BaTiO3 (95%) BaZrO3 (5%) k15 = 0.15 200
d31 = -60 k31 = 0.40
d33 = 150 k33 = 0.28
Huston 1960[65] BaNb2O6 (60%) Nb2O6Pb (40%) d31 = -25 kr = 0.16
Baxter et al. 1960[71] BaNb2O6 (50%) Nb2O6Pb (50%) d31= -36 kr = 0.16
Pullin 1962[72] BaTiO3 (97%) CaTiO3 (3%) d31 = -53 ε33 = 1390 k15 = 0.39
d33 = 135 k31 = 0.17
k33 = 0.43
Berlincourt et al. 1960[73] BaTiO3 (95%) CaTiO3 (5%) d15 = -257 ε33 = 1355 k15 = 0.495 500
d31 = -58 k31 = 0.19
d33 = 150 k33 = 0.49
kr = 0.3
Berlincourt et al. 1960[73] BaTiO3 (96%) PbTiO3 (4%) d31 = -38 ε33 = 990 k15 = 0.34
d33 = 105 k31 = 0.14
k33 = 0.39
Jaffe et al. 1955[74] PbHfO3 (50%) PbTiO3 (50%) d31 = -54 kr = 0.38
Kell 1962[75] Nb2O6Pb (80%) BaNb2O6 (20%) d31 = 25 kr = 0.20 15
Brown et al. 1962[70] Nb2O6Pb (70%) BaNb2O6 (30%) d31 = -40 ε33 = 900 k31 = 0.13 350
d33 = 100 k33 = 0.3
kr = 0.24
Berlincourt et al. 1960[76] PbTiO3 (52%) PbZrO3 (48%) d15 = 166 k15 = 0.40 1170
d31 = -43 k31 = 0.17
d33 = 110 k33 = 0.43
kr = 0.28
Berlincourt et al. 1960[77] PbTiO3 (50%) lead Zirconate (50%) d15 = 166 k15 = 0.504 950
d31 = -43 k31 = 0.23
d33 = 110 k33 = 0.546
kr = 0.397
Egerton et al. 1959[67] KNbO3 (50%) NaNbO3 (50%) d31 = -32 140
d33 = 80 k31 = 0.21
k33 = 0.51
Brown et al. 1962[70] NaNbO3 (80%) Cd2Nb2O7 (20%) d31 = -80 ε33 = 2000 k31 = 0.17
d33 = 200 k33 = 0.42
kr = 0.30
Schofield et al. 1957[66] BaTiO3 (95%) CaTiO3 (5%) CoCO3 (0.25%) d31 = -60 ε33 = 1605 kr = 0.33
Pullin 1962[72] BaTiO3 (80%) PbTiO3 (12%) CaTiO3 (8%) d31 = -31 k31 = 0.15 1200
d33 = 79 k33 = 0.41
kr = 0.24
Defaÿ 2011[78] AlN (Pt-Mo) d31 = -2.5
Shibata et al. 2011[79] KNN(Pt-Pt) <001> d31 = -96.3 εr = 1100
d33 = 138.2
Sessler 1981[80] PVDF d31 = 17.9 k31 = 10.3
d32 = 0.9 k33 = 12.6
d33 = -27.1
Ren et al. 2017[81] PVDF d31 = 23 εr = 106
d32 = 2
d33 = -21
Tsubouchi et al. 1981[82] Epi AlN/Al2O3 <001> d33 = 5.53 ε33 = 9.5 kt = 6.5 2490
Nanomaterials
Reference Material Structure Piezoelectric coefficients, d (pC/N) Characterization method Size (nm)
Ke et al. 2008[83] NaNbO3 nanowire d33 = 0.85-4.26 pm/V PFM d = 100
Wang et al. 2008[84] KNbO3 nanowire d33 = 0.9 pm/V PFM d = 100
Zhang et al. 2004[85] PZT nanowire PFM d = 45
Zhao et al. 2004[86] ZnO nanobelt d33 = 14.3-26.7 pm/V PFM w = 360 t = 65
Luo et al. 2003[87] PZT nanoshell d33 = 90 pm/V PFM d = 700 t = 90
Yun et al. 2002[88] BaTiO3 nanowire d33 = 0.5 pm/V PFM d = 120
Lin et al. 2008[89] CdS nanowire Bending with AFM tip d = 150
Wang et al. 2007[90] PZT nanofiber piezoelectric voltage constant~0.079 Vm/N Bending using a tungsten probe d = 10
Wang et al. 2007[91] BaTiO3 - d33 = 45 pC/N Direct tensile test d ~ 280
Jeong et al. 2014[92] Alkaline niobate (KNLN) film d33 = 310 pC/N -
Park et al. 2010[93] BaTiO3 Thin film d33 = 190 pC/N
Stoppel et al. 2011[94] AlN Thin film d33 =5 pC/N AFM
Lee et al. 2017[95] WSe2 2D nanosheet d11 = 3.26 pm/V
Zhu et al. 2014[96] MoS2 Free standing layer e11 = 2900pc/m AFM
Zhong et al. 2017[97] PET/EVA/PET film d33 = 6300 pC/N

References

  1. ^ Liu, Huicong; Zhong, Junwen; Lee, Chengkuo; Lee, Seung-Wuk; Lin, Liwei (December 2018). "A comprehensive review on piezoelectric energy harvesting technology: Materials, mechanisms, and applications". Applied Physics Reviews. 5 (4): 041306. Bibcode:2018ApPRv...5d1306L. doi:10.1063/1.5074184. ISSN 1931-9401. S2CID 117451095.
  2. ^ Hutson, Andrew R. "Piezoelectric devices utilizing aluminum nitride." U.S. Patent 3,090,876, issued May 21, 1963.
  3. ^ Cook, W. R.; Berlincourt, D. A.; Scholz, F. J. (May 1963). "Thermal Expansion and Pyroelectricity in Lead Titanate Zirconate and Barium Titanate". Journal of Applied Physics. 34 (5): 1392–1398. Bibcode:1963JAP....34.1392C. doi:10.1063/1.1729587. ISSN 0021-8979.
  4. ^ Warner, A. W.; Onoe, M.; Coquin, G. A. (December 1967). "Determination of Elastic and Piezoelectric Constants for Crystals in Class (3m)". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 42 (6): 1223–1231. Bibcode:1967ASAJ...42.1223W. doi:10.1121/1.1910709. ISSN 0001-4966.
  5. ^ Smith, R. T.; Welsh, F. S. (May 1971). "Temperature Dependence of the Elastic, Piezoelectric, and Dielectric Constants of Lithium Tantalate and Lithium Niobate". Journal of Applied Physics. 42 (6): 2219–2230. Bibcode:1971JAP....42.2219S. doi:10.1063/1.1660528. ISSN 0021-8979.
  6. ^ Yamada, Tomoaki; Niizeki, Nobukazu; Toyoda, Hiroo (February 1967). "Piezoelectric and Elastic Properties of Lithium Niobate Single Crystals". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 6 (2): 151–155. Bibcode:1967JaJAP...6..151Y. doi:10.1143/jjap.6.151. ISSN 0021-4922. S2CID 122641950.
  7. ^ Yamada, Tomoaki; Iwasaki, Hiroshi; Niizeki, Nobukazu (September 1969). "Piezoelectric and Elastic Properties of LiTaO3: Temperature Characteristics". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 8 (9): 1127–1132. Bibcode:1969JaJAP...8.1127Y. doi:10.1143/jjap.8.1127. ISSN 0021-4922. S2CID 120188917.
  8. ^ Cao, Hu; Luo, Haosu (January 2002). "Elastic, Piezoelectric and Dielectric Properties of Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -38%PbTiO 3 Single Crystal". Ferroelectrics. 274 (1): 309–315. Bibcode:2002Fer...274..309C. doi:10.1080/00150190213965. ISSN 0015-0193. S2CID 122744640.
  9. ^ Badel, A.; Benayad, A.; Lefeuvre, E.; Lebrun, L.; Richard, C.; Guyomar, D. (April 2006). "Single crystals and nonlinear process for outstanding vibration-powered electrical generators". IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control. 53 (4): 673–684. doi:10.1109/TUFFC.2006.1621494. ISSN 0885-3010. PMID 16615571.
  10. ^ Kobiakov, I.B. (July 1980). "Elastic, piezoelectric and dielectric properties of ZnO and CdS single crystals in a wide range of temperatures". Solid State Communications. 35 (3): 305–310. Bibcode:1980SSCom..35..305K. doi:10.1016/0038-1098(80)90502-5. ISSN 0038-1098.
  11. ^ Zgonik, M.; Bernasconi, P.; Duelli, M.; Schlesser, R.; Günter, P.; Garrett, M. H.; Rytz, D.; Zhu, Y.; Wu, X. (September 1994). "Dielectric, elastic, piezoelectric, electro-optic, and elasto-optic tensors of BaTiO3 crystals". Physical Review B. 50 (9): 5941–5949. Bibcode:1994PhRvB..50.5941Z. doi:10.1103/physrevb.50.5941. ISSN 0163-1829. PMID 9976963.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Zgonik, M.; Bernasconi, P.; Duelli, M.; Schlesser, R.; Günter, P.; Garrett, M. H.; Rytz, D.; Zhu, Y.; Wu, X. (September 1994). "Dielectric, elastic, piezoelectric, electro-optic, and elasto-optic tensors of BaTiO3 crystals". Physical Review B. 50 (9): 5941–5949. Bibcode:1994PhRvB..50.5941Z. doi:10.1103/physrevb.50.5941. ISSN 0163-1829. PMID 9976963.
  13. ^ "LiNbO3 Properties". unitedcrystals.com. Retrieved 2020-01-26.
  14. ^ Li, Fei; Zhang, Shujun; Xu, Zhuo; Wei, Xiaoyong; Luo, Jun; Shrout, Thomas R. (2010-04-15). "Investigation of Electromechanical Properties and Related Temperature Characteristics in Domain-Engineered Tetragonal Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 Crystals". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 93 (9): 2731–2734. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.03760.x. ISSN 0002-7820.
  15. ^ a b c d Zhang, Shujun; Laurent, Lebrun; Rhee, Sorah; Randall, Clive A.; Shrout, Thomas R. (2002-07-29). "Shear-mode piezoelectric properties of Pb(Yb1/2Nb1/2)O3–PbTiO3 single crystals". Applied Physics Letters. 81 (5): 892–894. Bibcode:2002ApPhL..81..892Z. doi:10.1063/1.1497435. ISSN 0003-6951.
  16. ^ a b c Zhang, Shujun; Randall, Clive A.; Shrout, Thomas R. (July 2004). "Dielectric, piezoelectric and elastic properties of tetragonal BiScO3-PbTiO3 single crystal with single domain". Solid State Communications. 131 (1): 41–45. Bibcode:2004SSCom.131...41Z. doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2004.04.016. ISSN 0038-1098.
  17. ^ Yamashita, Yohachi; Harada, Kouichi (1997-09-30). "Crystal Growth and Electrical Properties of Lead Scandium Niobate-Lead Titanate Binary Single Crystals". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 36 (Part 1, No. 9B): 6039–6042. Bibcode:1997JaJAP..36.6039Y. doi:10.1143/jjap.36.6039. ISSN 0021-4922. S2CID 250802280.
  18. ^ Yasuda, N; Ohwa, H; Kume, M; Hayashi, K; Hosono, Y; Yamashita, Y (July 2001). "Crystal growth and electrical properties of lead indium niobate–lead titanate binary single crystal". Journal of Crystal Growth. 229 (1–4): 299–304. Bibcode:2001JCrGr.229..299Y. doi:10.1016/s0022-0248(01)01161-7. ISSN 0022-0248.
  19. ^ Guo, Yiping; Luo, Haosu; He, Tianhou; Pan, Xiaoming; Yin, Zhiwen (April 2003). "Electric-field-induced strain and piezoelectric properties of a high Curie temperature Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–PbTiO3 single crystal". Materials Research Bulletin. 38 (5): 857–864. doi:10.1016/s0025-5408(03)00043-6. ISSN 0025-5408.
  20. ^ Hosono, Yasuharu; Yamashita, Yohachi; Sakamoto, Hideya; Ichinose, Noboru (2003-09-30). "Crystal Growth of Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3and Pb(Sc1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3Piezoelectric Single Crystals Using the Solution Bridgman Method". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 42 (Part 1, No. 9B): 6062–6067. Bibcode:2003JaJAP..42.6062H. doi:10.1143/jjap.42.6062. ISSN 0021-4922. S2CID 120150824.
  21. ^ Zhang, Shujun; Lebrun, Laurent; Randall, Clive A.; Shrout, Thomas R. (2012-04-25), "High Curie Temperature, High Performance Perovskite Single Crystals in the Pb(Yb1/2 Nb1/2 )O3 -PbTiO3 and BiScO3 -PbTiO3 Systems", Ceramic Transactions Series, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 85–93, doi:10.1002/9781118380802.ch7, ISBN 978-1-118-38080-2
  22. ^ Zhang, Shujun; Randall, Clive A.; Shrout, Thomas R. (2003-10-13). "High Curie temperature piezocrystals in the BiScO3-PbTiO3 perovskite system". Applied Physics Letters. 83 (15): 3150–3152. Bibcode:2003ApPhL..83.3150Z. doi:10.1063/1.1619207. ISSN 0003-6951.
  23. ^ Zhang, Shujun; Randall, Clive A.; Shrout, Thomas R. (October 2003). "Electromechanical Properties in Rhombohedral BiScO3-PbTiO3Single Crystals as a Function of Temperature". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 42 (Part 2, No. 10A): L1152–L1154. Bibcode:2003JaJAP..42L1152Z. doi:10.1143/jjap.42.l1152. ISSN 0021-4922. S2CID 120306552.
  24. ^ a b c d e f Ye, Zuo-Guang; Ye, Zuo-Guang, eds. (April 2008). Handbook of Advanced Dielectric, Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Materials. doi:10.1201/9781439832882. ISBN 978-1-4200-7085-9.
  25. ^ Matsubara, Masato; Yamaguchi, Toshiaki; Kikuta, Koichi; Hirano, Shin-ichi (2004-10-08). "Sinterability and Piezoelectric Properties of (K,Na)NbO3Ceramics with Novel Sintering Aid". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 43 (10): 7159–7163. Bibcode:2004JaJAP..43.7159M. doi:10.1143/jjap.43.7159. ISSN 0021-4922. S2CID 93156866.
  26. ^ Ryu, Jungho; Choi, Jong-jin; Hahn, Byung-dong; Park, Dong-soo; Yoon, Woon-ha; Kim, Kun-young (December 2007). "Sintering and piezoelectric properties of KNN ceramics doped with KZT". IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control. 54 (12): 2510–2515. doi:10.1109/tuffc.2007.569. ISSN 0885-3010. PMID 18276547. S2CID 1947693.
  27. ^ Matsubara, Masato; Yamaguchi, Toshiaki; Kikuta, Koichi; Hirano, Shin-ichi (2005-01-11). "Sintering and Piezoelectric Properties of Potassium Sodium Niobate Ceramics with Newly Developed Sintering Aid". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 44 (1A): 258–263. Bibcode:2005JaJAP..44..258M. doi:10.1143/jjap.44.258. ISSN 0021-4922. S2CID 121788834.
  28. ^ Wang, Ying; Li, Yongxiang; Kalantar-zadeh, K.; Wang, Tianbao; Wang, Dong; Yin, Qingrui (2007-09-13). "Effect of Bi3+ ion on piezoelectric properties of K x Na1−x NbO3". Journal of Electroceramics. 21 (1–4): 629–632. doi:10.1007/s10832-007-9246-8. ISSN 1385-3449. S2CID 136916970.
  29. ^ Jiang, Minhong; Liu, Xinyu; Chen, Guohua; Zhou, Changrong (June 2009). "Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of LiSbO3 doped 0.995 K0.5Na0.5NbO3–0.005BiFeO3 piezoelectric ceramics". Materials Letters. 63 (15): 1262–1265. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2009.02.066. ISSN 0167-577X.
  30. ^ Berlincourt, Don; Jaffe, Hans (1958-07-01). "Elastic and Piezoelectric Coefficients of Single-Crystal Barium Titanate". Physical Review. 111 (1): 143–148. Bibcode:1958PhRv..111..143B. doi:10.1103/physrev.111.143. ISSN 0031-899X.
  31. ^ Tang, Xianwu; Dai, Jianming; Zhu, Xuebin; Lin, Jianchao; Chang, Qing; Wu, Dajun; Song, Wenhai; Sun, Yuping (2011-11-04). "Thickness-Dependent Dielectric, Ferroelectric, and Magnetodielectric Properties of BiFeO3 Thin Films Derived by Chemical Solution Deposition". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 95 (2): 538–544. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.04920.x. ISSN 0002-7820.
  32. ^ Zhang, Q.M.; Jianzhong Zhao (November 1999). "Electromechanical properties of lead zirconate titanate piezoceramics under the influence of mechanical stresses". IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control. 46 (6): 1518–1526. doi:10.1109/58.808876. ISSN 0885-3010. PMID 18244349. S2CID 22968703.
  33. ^ "Future of Ferroelectric Devices", Ferroelectric Devices 2nd Edition, CRC Press, 2009-11-04, pp. 297–338, doi:10.1201/b15852-12, ISBN 978-1-4398-0375-2
  34. ^ "Your Partner in Smart Solutions". CTS. Retrieved 2020-01-26.
  35. ^ Morgan Electroceramics Co., Ltd (http://www.morganelectroceramics.com )
  36. ^ a b Tanaka, Daisuke; Tsukada, Takeo; Furukawa, Masahito; Wada, Satoshi; Kuroiwa, Yoshihiro (2009-09-24). "Thermal Reliability of Alkaline Niobate-Based Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 48 (9): 09KD08. Bibcode:2009JaJAP..48iKD08T. doi:10.1143/jjap.48.09kd08. ISSN 0021-4922. S2CID 120110825.
  37. ^ a b Pang, Xuming; Qiu, Jinhao; Zhu, Kongjun (2010-10-07). "Morphotropic Phase Boundary of Sodium-Potassium Niobate Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 94 (3): 796–801. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04143.x. ISSN 0002-7820.
  38. ^ a b Park, Hwi-Yeol; Ahn, Cheol-Woo; Song, Hyun-Cheol; Lee, Jong-Heun; Nahm, Sahn; Uchino, Kenji; Lee, Hyeung-Gyu; Lee, Hwack-Joo (2006-08-07). "Microstructure and piezoelectric properties of 0.95(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3–0.05BaTiO3 ceramics". Applied Physics Letters. 89 (6): 062906. Bibcode:2006ApPhL..89f2906P. doi:10.1063/1.2335816. ISSN 0003-6951.
  39. ^ Cho, Kyung-Hoon; Park, Hwi-Yeol; Ahn, Cheol-Woo; Nahm, Sahn; Uchino, Kenji; Park, Seung-Ho; Lee, Hyeung-Gyu; Lee, Hwack-Joo (June 2007). "Microstructure and Piezoelectric Properties of 0.95(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3?0.05SrTiO3Ceramics". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 90 (6): 1946–1949. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01715.x. ISSN 0002-7820.
  40. ^ a b Park, Hwi-Yeol; Cho, Kyung-Hoon; Paik, Dong-Soo; Nahm, Sahn; Lee, Hyeung-Gyu; Kim, Duk-Hee (2007-12-15). "Microstructure and piezoelectric properties of lead-free (1−x)(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-xCaTiO3 ceramics". Journal of Applied Physics. 102 (12): 124101–124101–5. Bibcode:2007JAP...102l4101P. doi:10.1063/1.2822334. ISSN 0021-8979.
  41. ^ Zhao, Pei; Zhang, Bo-Ping; Li, Jing-Feng (2007-06-11). "High piezoelectric d33 coefficient in Li-modified lead-free (Na,K)NbO3 ceramics sintered at optimal temperature". Applied Physics Letters. 90 (24): 242909. Bibcode:2007ApPhL..90x2909Z. doi:10.1063/1.2748088. ISSN 0003-6951.
  42. ^ Zhang, Shujun; Xia, Ru; Shrout, Thomas R.; Zang, Guozhong; Wang, Jinfeng (2006-11-15). "Piezoelectric properties in perovskite 0.948(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3–0.052LiSbO3 lead-free ceramics". Journal of Applied Physics. 100 (10): 104108–104108–6. Bibcode:2006JAP...100j4108Z. doi:10.1063/1.2382348. ISSN 0021-8979.
  43. ^ a b c Saito, Yasuyoshi; Takao, Hisaaki; Tani, Toshihiko; Nonoyama, Tatsuhiko; Takatori, Kazumasa; Homma, Takahiko; Nagaya, Toshiatsu; Nakamura, Masaya (2004-10-31). "Lead-free piezoceramics". Nature. 432 (7013): 84–87. Bibcode:2004Natur.432...84S. doi:10.1038/nature03028. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15516921. S2CID 4352954.
  44. ^ Cho, Kyung-Hoon; Park, Hwi-Yeol; Ahn, Cheol-Woo; Nahm, Sahn; Uchino, Kenji; Park, Seung-Ho; Lee, Hyeung-Gyu; Lee, Hwack-Joo (June 2007). "Microstructure and Piezoelectric Properties of 0.95(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3?0.05SrTiO3Ceramics". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 90 (6): 1946–1949. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01715.x. ISSN 0002-7820.
  45. ^ a b Maurya, Deepam; Zhou, Yuan; Yan, Yongke; Priya, Shashank (2013). "Synthesis mechanism of grain-oriented lead-free piezoelectric Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–BaTiO3 ceramics with giant piezoelectric response". Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 1 (11): 2102. doi:10.1039/c3tc00619k. ISSN 2050-7526.
  46. ^ Gao, Feng; Liu, Xiang-Chun; Zhang, Chang-Song; Cheng, Li-Hong; Tian, Chang-Sheng (March 2008). "Fabrication and electrical properties of textured (Na,K)0.5Bi0.5TiO3 ceramics by reactive-templated grain growth". Ceramics International. 34 (2): 403–408. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2006.10.017. ISSN 0272-8842.
  47. ^ Zou, Hua; Sui, Yongxing; Zhu, Xiaoqing; Liu, Bo; Xue, Jianzhong; Zhang, Jianhao (December 2016). "Texture development and enhanced electromechanical properties in <00l>-textured BNT-based materials". Materials Letters. 184: 139–142. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2016.08.039. ISSN 0167-577X.
  48. ^ Chang, Yunfei; Poterala, Stephen F.; Yang, Zupei; Trolier-McKinstry, Susan; Messing, Gary L. (2009-12-07). "⟨001⟩ textured (K0.5Na0.5)(Nb0.97Sb0.03)O3 piezoelectric ceramics with high electromechanical coupling over a broad temperature range". Applied Physics Letters. 95 (23): 232905. doi:10.1063/1.3271682. ISSN 0003-6951.
  49. ^ Chang, Yunfei; Poterala, Stephen; Yang, Zupei; Messing, Gary L. (2011-03-24). "Enhanced Electromechanical Properties and Temperature Stability of Textured (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3-Based Piezoelectric Ceramics". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 94 (8): 2494–2498. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.04393.x. ISSN 0002-7820.
  50. ^ Hussain, Ali; Kim, Jin Soo; Song, Tae Kwon; Kim, Myong Ho; Kim, Won Jong; Kim, Sang Su (August 2013). "Fabrication of textured KNNT ceramics by reactive template grain growth using NN templates". Current Applied Physics. 13 (6): 1055–1059. Bibcode:2013CAP....13.1055H. doi:10.1016/j.cap.2013.02.013. ISSN 1567-1739.
  51. ^ Takao, Hisaaki; Saito, Yasuyoshi; Aoki, Yoshifumi; Horibuchi, Kayo (August 2006). "Microstructural Evolution of Crystalline-Oriented (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 Piezoelectric Ceramics with a Sintering Aid of CuO". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 89 (6): 1951–1956. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01042.x. ISSN 0002-7820.
  52. ^ Li, Yali; Hui, Chun; Wu, Mengjia; Li, Yongxiang; Wang, Youliang (January 2012). "Textured (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 ceramics prepared by screen-printing multilayer grain growth technique". Ceramics International. 38: S283–S286. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2011.04.102. ISSN 0272-8842.
  53. ^ Cho, H. J.; Kim, M.-H.; Song, T. K.; Lee, J. S.; Jeon, J.-H. (2012-04-13). "Piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties of textured (Na0.50K0.47Li0.03)(Nb0.8Ta0.2)O3 ceramics by using template grain growth method". Journal of Electroceramics. 30 (1–2): 72–76. doi:10.1007/s10832-012-9721-8. ISSN 1385-3449. S2CID 138436905.
  54. ^ a b Hao, Jigong; Ye, Chenggen; Shen, Bo; Zhai, Jiwei (2012-04-25). "Enhanced piezoelectric properties of 〈001〉 textured lead-free (KxNa1 − x)0.946Li0.054NbO3 ceramics with large strain". Physica Status Solidi A. 209 (7): 1343–1349. doi:10.1002/pssa.201127747. ISSN 1862-6300. S2CID 121548719.
  55. ^ Gupta, Shashaank; Belianinov, Alexei; Baris Okatan, Mahmut; Jesse, Stephen; Kalinin, Sergei V.; Priya, Shashank (2014-04-28). "Fundamental limitation to the magnitude of piezoelectric response of ⟨001⟩pc textured K0.5Na0.5NbO3 ceramic". Applied Physics Letters. 104 (17): 172902. Bibcode:2014ApPhL.104q2902G. doi:10.1063/1.4874648. ISSN 0003-6951.
  56. ^ Bai, Wangfeng; Chen, Daqin; Li, Peng; Shen, Bo; Zhai, Jiwei; Ji, Zhenguo (February 2016). "Enhanced electromechanical properties in <00l>-textured (Ba 0.85 Ca 0.15 )(Zr 0.1 Ti 0.9 )O 3 lead-free piezoceramics". Ceramics International. 42 (2): 3429–3436. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.10.139. ISSN 0272-8842.
  57. ^ Ye, Shukai; Fuh, Jerry; Lu, Li; Chang, Ya-lin; Yang, Jer-Ren (2013). "Structure and properties of hot-pressed lead-free (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3 piezoelectric ceramics". RSC Advances. 3 (43): 20693. Bibcode:2013RSCAd...320693Y. doi:10.1039/c3ra43429j. ISSN 2046-2069.
  58. ^ Schultheiß, Jan; Clemens, Oliver; Zhukov, Sergey; von Seggern, Heinz; Sakamoto, Wataru; Koruza, Jurij (2017-03-03). "Effect of degree of crystallographic texture on ferro- and piezoelectric properties of Ba0.85 Ca0.15 TiO3 piezoceramics". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 100 (5): 2098–2107. doi:10.1111/jace.14749. ISSN 0002-7820.
  59. ^ Omori, T.; Suzuki, H.; Sampei, T.; Yako, K.; Kanero, T. (1990). "High performance soft magnetic material "Ferroperm"". Bulletin of the Japan Institute of Metals. 29 (5): 364–366. doi:10.2320/materia1962.29.364. ISSN 0021-4426.
  60. ^ Chan et al., 2008
  61. ^ Lee et al., 2009
  62. ^ Sasaki, Atsushi; Chiba, Tatsuya; Mamiya, Youichi; Otsuki, Etsuo (1999-09-30). "Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties of (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–(Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3Systems". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 38 (Part 1, No. 9B): 5564–5567. Bibcode:1999JaJAP..38.5564S. doi:10.1143/jjap.38.5564. ISSN 0021-4922. S2CID 118366580.
  63. ^ Takenaka, Tadashi; Maruyama, Kei-ichi; Sakata, Koichiro (1991-09-30). "(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3-BaTiO3System for Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 30 (Part 1, No. 9B): 2236–2239. Bibcode:1991JaJAP..30.2236T. doi:10.1143/jjap.30.2236. ISSN 0021-4922. S2CID 124093028.
  64. ^ Tanaka, Toshio; Tanaka, Shoji (1960-04-15). "Measurement of Piezoelectric Constants of a CdS Crystal". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 15 (4): 726. Bibcode:1960JPSJ...15..726T. doi:10.1143/jpsj.15.726. ISSN 0031-9015.
  65. ^ a b Hutson, A. R. (1960-05-15). "Piezoelectricity and Conductivity in ZnO and CdS". Physical Review Letters. 4 (10): 505–507. Bibcode:1960PhRvL...4..505H. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.4.505. ISSN 0031-9007.
  66. ^ a b Schofield, D.; Brown, R. F. (1957-05-01). "An Investigation of Some Barium Titanate Compositions for Transducer Applications". Canadian Journal of Physics. 35 (5): 594–607. Bibcode:1957CaJPh..35..594S. doi:10.1139/p57-067. ISSN 0008-4204.
  67. ^ a b EGERTON, L.; DILLON, DOLORES M. (September 1959). "Piezoelectric and Dielectric Properties of Ceramics in the System Potassium-Sodium Niobate". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 42 (9): 438–442. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1959.tb12971.x. ISSN 0002-7820.
  68. ^ Ikeda, Takuro; Tanaka, Yoichi; Toyoda, Hiroo (1961-12-15). "Piezoelectric Properties of Triglycine Sulphate". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 16 (12): 2593–2594. Bibcode:1961JPSJ...16.2593I. doi:10.1143/jpsj.16.2593. ISSN 0031-9015.
  69. ^ Ikeda, Takuro; Tanaka, Yoichi; Toyoda, Hiroo (January 1962). "Piezoelectric Properties of Triglycine-Sulphate". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 1 (1): 13–21. Bibcode:1962JaJAP...1...13I. doi:10.1143/jjap.1.13. ISSN 0021-4922. S2CID 250862299.
  70. ^ a b c Brown, C.S.; Kell, R.C.; Taylor, R.; Thomas, L.A. (1962). "Piezo-electric materials". Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Electronic and Communication Engineering. 109 (43): 99. doi:10.1049/pi-b-2.1962.0169. ISSN 0369-8890.
  71. ^ BAXTER, P.; HELLICAR, N. J. (November 1960). "Electrical Properties of Lead-Barium Niobates and Associated Materials". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 43 (11): 578–583. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1960.tb13619.x. ISSN 0002-7820.
  72. ^ a b Pullin, A.D.E. (August 1962). "Statistical mechanics Norman Davidson. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1962. pp. ix + 540. £5.12.6". Talanta. 9 (8): 747. doi:10.1016/0039-9140(62)80173-8. ISSN 0039-9140.
  73. ^ a b Berlincourt, D.; Jaffe, B.; Jaffe, H.; Krueger, H.H.A. (February 1960). "Transducer Properties of Lead Titanate Zirconate Ceramics". IRE Transactions on Ultrasonic Engineering. 7 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1109/t-pgue.1960.29253. ISSN 0096-1019. S2CID 51638579.
  74. ^ Jaffe, B.; Roth, R.S.; Marzullo, S. (November 1955). "Properties of piezoelectric ceramics in the solid-solution series lead titanate-lead zirconate-lead oxide: Tin oxide and lead titanate-lead hafnate". Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards. 55 (5): 239. doi:10.6028/jres.055.028. ISSN 0091-0635.
  75. ^ Kell, R.C. (1962). "Properties of niobate high-temperature piezo-electric ceramics". Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Electronic and Communication Engineering. 109 (22S): 369–373. doi:10.1049/pi-b-2.1962.0065. ISSN 2054-0418.
  76. ^ Berlincourt, D.; Cmolik, C.; Jaffe, H. (February 1960). "Piezoelectric Properties of Polycrystalline Lead Titanate Zirconate Compositions". Proceedings of the IRE. 48 (2): 220–229. doi:10.1109/jrproc.1960.287467. ISSN 0096-8390. S2CID 51673445.
  77. ^ Berlincourt, D.; Cmolik, C.; Jaffe, H. (February 1960). "Piezoelectric Properties of Polycrystalline Lead Titanate Zirconate Compositions". Proceedings of the IRE. 48 (2): 220–229. doi:10.1109/jrproc.1960.287467. ISSN 0096-8390. S2CID 51673445.
  78. ^ Defaÿ, Emmanuel (2011-03-14). Integration of Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Thin Films. doi:10.1002/9781118616635. ISBN 9781118616635.
  79. ^ Shibata, Kenji; Suenaga, Kazufumi; Watanabe, Kazutoshi; Horikiri, Fumimasa; Nomoto, Akira; Mishima, Tomoyoshi (2011-04-20). "Improvement of Piezoelectric Properties of (K,Na)NbO3Films Deposited by Sputtering". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 50 (4): 041503. Bibcode:2011JaJAP..50d1503S. doi:10.1143/jjap.50.041503. ISSN 0021-4922. S2CID 97530996.
  80. ^ Sessler, G. M. (December 1981). "Piezoelectricity in polyvinylidenefluoride". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 70 (6): 1596–1608. Bibcode:1981ASAJ...70.1596S. doi:10.1121/1.387225. ISSN 0001-4966.
  81. ^ Ren, Baiyang; Cho, Hwanjeong; Lissenden, Cliff (2017-03-01). "A Guided Wave Sensor Enabling Simultaneous Wavenumber-Frequency Analysis for Both Lamb and Shear-Horizontal Waves". Sensors. 17 (3): 488. Bibcode:2017Senso..17..488R. doi:10.3390/s17030488. ISSN 1424-8220. PMC 5375774. PMID 28257065.
  82. ^ Tsubouchi, K.; Sugai, K.; Mikoshiba, N. (1981). "AlN Material Constants Evaluation and SAW Properties on AlN/Al2O3and AlN/Si". 1981 Ultrasonics Symposium. IEEE: 375–380. doi:10.1109/ultsym.1981.197646.
  83. ^ Ke, Tsung-Ying; Chen, Hsiang-An; Sheu, Hwo-Shuenn; Yeh, Jien-Wei; Lin, Heh-Nan; Lee, Chi-Young; Chiu, Hsin-Tien (2008-05-27). "Sodium Niobate Nanowire and Its Piezoelectricity". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 112 (24): 8827–8831. doi:10.1021/jp711598j. ISSN 1932-7447.
  84. ^ Wang, J.; Stampfer, C.; Roman, C.; Ma, W. H.; Setter, N.; Hierold, C. (December 2008). "Piezoresponse force microscopy on doubly clamped KNbO3 nanowires". Applied Physics Letters. 93 (22): 223101. Bibcode:2008ApPhL..93v3101W. doi:10.1063/1.3000385. ISSN 0003-6951.
  85. ^ Zhang, X. Y.; Zhao, X.; Lai, C. W.; Wang, J.; Tang, X. G.; Dai, J. Y. (November 2004). "Synthesis and piezoresponse of highly ordered Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 nanowire arrays". Applied Physics Letters. 85 (18): 4190–4192. Bibcode:2004ApPhL..85.4190Z. doi:10.1063/1.1814427. hdl:10397/4241. ISSN 0003-6951.
  86. ^ Zhao, Min-Hua; Wang, Zhong-Lin; Mao, Scott X. (April 2004). "Piezoelectric Characterization of Individual Zinc Oxide Nanobelt Probed by Piezoresponse Force Microscope". Nano Letters. 4 (4): 587–590. Bibcode:2004NanoL...4..587Z. doi:10.1021/nl035198a. ISSN 1530-6984.
  87. ^ Luo, Yun; Szafraniak, Izabela; Zakharov, Nikolai D.; Nagarajan, Valanoor; Steinhart, Martin; Wehrspohn, Ralf B.; Wendorff, Joachim H.; Ramesh, Ramamoorthy; Alexe, Marin (2003-07-21). "Nanoshell tubes of ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate and barium titanate". Applied Physics Letters. 83 (3): 440–442. Bibcode:2003ApPhL..83..440L. doi:10.1063/1.1592013. ISSN 0003-6951. S2CID 123413166.
  88. ^ Yun, Wan Soo; Urban, Jeffrey J.; Gu, Qian; Park, Hongkun (May 2002). "Ferroelectric Properties of Individual Barium Titanate Nanowires Investigated by Scanned Probe Microscopy". Nano Letters. 2 (5): 447–450. Bibcode:2002NanoL...2..447Y. doi:10.1021/nl015702g. ISSN 1530-6984.
  89. ^ Lin, Yi-Feng; Song, Jinhui; Ding, Yong; Lu, Shih-Yuan; Wang, Zhong Lin (2008-01-14). "Piezoelectric nanogenerator using CdS nanowires". Applied Physics Letters. 92 (2): 022105. Bibcode:2008ApPhL..92b2105L. doi:10.1063/1.2831901. hdl:1853/27469. ISSN 0003-6951. S2CID 123588080.
  90. ^ Wang, J.; Sandu, C. S.; Colla, E.; Wang, Y.; Ma, W.; Gysel, R.; Trodahl, H. J.; Setter, N.; Kuball, M. (2007-03-26). "Ferroelectric domains and piezoelectricity in monocrystalline Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 nanowires". Applied Physics Letters. 90 (13): 133107. Bibcode:2007ApPhL..90m3107W. doi:10.1063/1.2716842. ISSN 0003-6951. S2CID 123121473.
  91. ^ Wang, Zhaoyu; Hu, Jie; Suryavanshi, Abhijit P.; Yum, Kyungsuk; Yu, Min-Feng (October 2007). "Voltage Generation from Individual BaTiO3Nanowires under Periodic Tensile Mechanical Load". Nano Letters. 7 (10): 2966–2969. Bibcode:2007NanoL...7.2966W. doi:10.1021/nl070814e. ISSN 1530-6984. PMID 17894515.
  92. ^ Jeong, Chang Kyu; Park, Kwi-Il; Ryu, Jungho; Hwang, Geon-Tae; Lee, Keon Jae (May 2014). "Nanogenerators: Large-Area and Flexible Lead-Free Nanocomposite Generator Using Alkaline Niobate Particles and Metal Nanorod Filler (Adv. Funct. Mater. 18/2014)". Advanced Functional Materials. 24 (18): 2565. doi:10.1002/adfm.201470112. ISSN 1616-301X.
  93. ^ Park, Kwi-Il; Xu, Sheng; Liu, Ying; Hwang, Geon-Tae; Kang, Suk-Joong L.; Wang, Zhong Lin; Lee, Keon Jae (2010-12-08). "Piezoelectric BaTiO3Thin Film Nanogenerator on Plastic Substrates". Nano Letters. 10 (12): 4939–4943. Bibcode:2010NanoL..10.4939P. doi:10.1021/nl102959k. ISSN 1530-6984. PMID 21050010.
  94. ^ Stoppel, F.; Schröder, C.; Senger, F.; Wagner, B.; Benecke, W. (2011). "AlN-based piezoelectric micropower generator for low ambient vibration energy harvesting". Procedia Engineering. 25: 721–724. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.12.178. ISSN 1877-7058.
  95. ^ Lee, Ju-Hyuck; Park, Jae Young; Cho, Eun Bi; Kim, Tae Yun; Han, Sang A.; Kim, Tae-Ho; Liu, Yanan; Kim, Sung Kyun; Roh, Chang Jae; Yoon, Hong-Joon; Ryu, Hanjun (2017-06-06). "Reliable Piezoelectricity in Bilayer WSe2 for Piezoelectric Nanogenerators". Advanced Materials. 29 (29): 1606667. Bibcode:2017AdM....2906667L. doi:10.1002/adma.201606667. ISSN 0935-9648. PMID 28585262. S2CID 5516996.
  96. ^ Zhu, Hanyu; Wang, Yuan; Xiao, Jun; Liu, Ming; Xiong, Shaomin; Wong, Zi Jing; Ye, Ziliang; Ye, Yu; Yin, Xiaobo; Zhang, Xiang (2014-12-22). "Observation of piezoelectricity in free-standing monolayer MoS2". Nature Nanotechnology. 10 (2): 151–155. doi:10.1038/nnano.2014.309. ISSN 1748-3387. PMID 25531085.
  97. ^ Zhong, Junwen; Zhong, Qize; Zang, Xining; Wu, Nan; Li, Wenbo; Chu, Yao; Lin, Liwei (July 2017). "Flexible PET/EVA-based piezoelectret generator for energy harvesting in harsh environments". Nano Energy. 37: 268–274. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.05.034. hdl:10356/83115. ISSN 2211-2855.
Categories